Bioscience Discovery, 11(1):27-33, Jan. – 2020
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Research Article
Seasonal Biochemical Changes in the fresh water Fish Rohitee cotio (Ham)
Ganeshwade R. M.
Department of Zoology,
Smt. Meenalben Mehta College, Panchgani, Tal. Mahabaleshwar, Dist. Satara Email: rmganeshwade@gmail.com
Article Info Abstract
Received: 10-10-2019, Revised: 11-12-2019, Accepted: 20-12-2019
Fresh water Fish Rohitee cotio (Ham) were collected from Krishna River near Audumber. The seasonal changes in the biochemical contents of the muscles were analyzed. Seasonal variation in the Protein, Glycogen, Ascorbic acid and Lipid are given in the table no 4 and graph number 13-16. Protein level in this fish increases from the month of October (10.6892 ±0.043689) to June (19.10747 ±0.043689). From the month of July (17.8633 ±0.02184) its value decreases up to the month of October (10.6892 ±0.043689).Glycogen level steadily decreases from the month of February (0.6578 ± 5.9888-3) to December (0.192098 ± 5.15697-3). This is the period of spawning and post-spawning, during this glycogen contents from the muscles is utilized to meet energy demand. Ascorbic acid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the months of March to June (0.4052 ±6.45495-3 to 0.4628 ±6.45495-3) and October to December (0.2937 ±4.62561-3 to 0.4463 ±9.25122-3). Ascorbic acid content is high during breeding season. Lipid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the month of August (0.3876 ± 2.8588-3) and December (0.60687 ± 2.4842-3).
Very low level of lipid is observed during breeding period.
Keywords: Rohitee cotio, Protein, Glycogen, Lipid and Ascorbic
INTRODUCTION
Fish is a good source of readily digestible high quality animal protein, fat, mineral and vitamins specially vitamin A, D and E. It plays important role in the prevention and management of many human diseases such as heart disorders, neurological diseases, mood swings and when fish is substituted for beef, the nitrogen is utilized better resulting in a decreased excretion of uric acid in the Urine (Thilsted and Roos, 1999 and Conquer and Holub, 2002).
Proteins have multiple functions in the body. First, proteins are necessary for the growth and maintenance of tissues. This includes growth of embryos and developing young animals, as well as replacement of worn out cells such as in the blood,
gastrointestinal tract, and skin (Williams, 1995).
Fish protein produces a good influence on the assimilation of magnesium, phosphorous and iron.
The protein seems important roles in primitive organisms for ionic balance and in moving up the evolutionary scale (Thilsted and Roos, 1999).
Glycogen is a vital source of muscle energy of live animal and it is utilized during muscular action and stored up during rest. Glycogen in different tissues shows remarkable difference. Fats are nutritionally important because they are the primary form of stored energy in the body. Because they are able to provide more than twice the energy of proteins and carbohydrates, fats provide a compact source of energy, which is valuable in periods of low food availability.
Fats are also important as shock absorbers and insulation around vital organs, as structural components of cell membranes, and as a medium for obtaining fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and essential fatty acids from the diet (Sizer et al., 1994).The lipids are the most important biochemical compounds of fish (Akpınar, 1986).
Fish store the lipids in various organs; particularly in muscles and liver. On the contrary, the mammals store in adipose tissue. A great amount of these lipids are transferred to the different parts of the body to be used for various physiological actions (Yilmaz, 1995). Generally fish lipids are known to contain n-3 series unsaturated fatty acids which reduce the level of serum triglyceride and cholesterol. As a result of this sudden heart attacks ratio and the risk of thrombosis, which is mainly the reason for heart attacks are reduced. Some researchers reported that the n-3 fatty acids facilitate some cancer treatments such as breast tumours (Konar et al., 1999; El-Sayed et al., 1984).
In addition to the clear benefits of fish lipids in treatments, it is observed that lack of these essential fatty acids causes some symptoms to appear, such as slow growth, deformation of tail fin, faded and fatty liver, skin depigmentation and being shocked in case of stress (Ackman and Eaton, 1976).
Amino acids are important because animals require them in their diets for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and lactation. The metabolism of amino acids by the animal in their gastrointestinal tract can change the composition of the dietary amino acids. Enrichment, impoverishment, or changes of the proportional quantities of the amino acids absorbed into the circulation can occur (Williams 1995).
The above mentioned biochemical components of fish flesh are plays an important role in deciding the nutritional value or quality of a particular fish. These components are variable and variation in biochemical composition of fish flesh may occur within same species depending upon the fishing ground, fishing season, age and sex of the individual and reproductive status. In general, the biochemical composition of the whole body indicates the fish quality. Therefore, biochemical composition of a species helps to assess its nutritional and edible value in terms of energy units compared to other species. Similar results were also reported by Al-Dubaikel (1996) and Al-Mhanawi (2001). Hence present investigation is undertaken to study seasonal biochemical changes in the muscles
of Rohitee cotio (Ham) and to report their nutritional value from the public health point view.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The fish Rohitee cotio(Ham) were collected from Krishna River during January 2013 to Dec 2014 and were obtained from fisherman. They were brought in to the laboratory and then scarified for further studies. The tissue was processed for Protein, Glycogen, Lipid and Ascorbic Acid estimations.
The protein was estimated as method described by Lowry et al., 1951. Glycogen was estimated by Anthrone Reagent Method (De Zawaan and Zandee, 1972). The total Lipids was estimated by Vanillin Reagent Method (Barnes and Black stock, 1973) and Ascorbic Acid by Roe J.H. ((1958).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seasonal variation in the Protein, Glycogen, Ascorbic acid and Lipid are given in the table no 4 and graph number 13-16. Protein level in this fish increases from the month of October (10.6892
±0.043689) to June (19.10747 ±0.043689). From the month of July (17.8633 ±0.02184) its value decreases up to the month of October (10.6892
±0.043689).Glycogen level steadily decreases from the month of February (0.6578 ± 5.9888-3) to December (0.192098 ± 5.15697-3). This is the period of spawning and post-spawning, during this glycogen contents from the muscles is utilized to meet energy demand.
Ascorbic acid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the months of March to June (0.4052 ±6.45495-3 to 0.4628 ±6.45495-3) and October to December (0.2937 ±4.62561-3 to 0.4463
±9.25122-3). Ascorbic acid content is high during breeding season. Lipid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the month of August (0.3876 ± 2.8588-3) and December (0.60687 ± 2.4842-3). Very low level of lipid is observed during breeding period.
In the fish Rohitee cotio (Ham) protein level increases during preparatory phase i.e. from the month of October to June and it was decreased in the spawning period i.e. from July to October.
Similar result was observed by Bruce (1924) in the muscles of herrings. Shivkame et al., (1986) observed decline in muscles protein content during autumn season is due to utilization of protein for germ building in Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). Jyotsna et al., (1995) studied distribution of bio-constituents n various tissues during pre and post spawning periods of Channa striatus (Bloch) and stated that
Bioscience Discovery, 11(1):27-33, Jan. – 2020 the protein content during spawning season changes
due to change in the endocrine system that monitors supply of nutrients to gonads from all parts of body including liver and muscles. Drop in the protein level among Cyprinid may be attributed to the utilization of protein for gonads development and maturation during spawning. A similar result was also observed by Mahdi et al., (2006). Jan et al., (2012) studied seasonal variation in the protein content of the muscles of Schizothorax esocinus and observed highest protein content was observed in summer season and lowest in winter season. During spawning, muscle protein started declining gradually due to its transfer in to ovaries to meet energy requirement of fish.
In summer season protein content is maximum as temperature is changed and also different varieties of food is available and fish takes more food in comparison to other seasons resulting in higher protein percentage. Similar types of results were observed by Jan et al., (2012) and Geri et al., (1995).
Glycogen is a vital source of muscle energy of live animal and it is utilized during muscular action and stored up during rest. Glycogen in different tissues shows remarkable difference Nutritive value of fish is recognized all over the world. Vijaykumaran (1979) stated that carbohydrate plays a minor role in energy reserves of Ambasis gymnocephalus and its depletion during the spawning season is significant. Venkatesan et al., (2013) reported muscle carbohydrate content in the female showed a general decline from the stage I-VI with the advancement of maturation. However it decreased only slightly in male indicating utilization of carbohydrate to a lesser extent with the advancement of maturation. Pawar and Sonawane (2014) observed low level of muscle glycogen in the month of November and December in Garra mullya. Ganeshwade (2015) observed glycogen content in the muscles of Labeo calbasu and reported steady decrease in the muscles glycogen from the month Jan to October. Highest level was observed in the month of Jan and Feb and lowest level was observed in the month of November and December. Ganeshwade et al., (2016) studied seasonal changes in the Glycogen level in the muscles of Mystus cavasius they concluded that during preparatory phase glycogen level is increases and after spawning the level was decreased. Also Suggests that the fish requires lot of energy after spawning period therefore it utilizes reserve food material (i.e. Glycogen) from the
muscles. Similarly in the summer months food is available in more quantity therefore excess amount of food is stored in the muscles. Similar observations also found in freshwater fish Mystus malabricus by Ganeshwade (2017).
In freshwater fish Rohitee cotio, lipid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the month of August (0.3876 ± 2.8588-3) and December (0.60687 ± 2.4842-3). Very low level of lipid is observed during breeding period. This may occurs due to mobilization of lipid from the muscles towards gonads for the development of eggs and spermatogenesis. Castell et al., (1972) observed that, during reproduction period, the lipids mobilized from the livers and muscles to the gonads for development of gonads in the Salmo gairdnerii . Agren et al., (1987) also reported that in addition to liver lipids, the stored lipids in muscles tissues were used during spawning period. Sevket and Polat (2007) observed that the amount of total lipid from the muscle of O. mykiss during generation period (December- May) had a tendency to decrease. It reached the minimum level in May and increased from June to September (p<0.05).
Langer et al., (2013) studied on seasonal fluctuations in the proximate body composition of Paratelphusa masoniana. They observed two peaks in the muscle lipid content in the months of March ( 5.49 ± 0.381) and September ( 5.85 ± 0.46) and stated high lipid content was observed in spring and post-monsoon and this could be due to active feeding and optimum availability of food as a algal blooms and planktons. There was also decline in the lipid content during spawning period and this is possibly due to mobilization of lipid as an energy source to meet the high energy demands during the act of ovulation and spawning on one hand and due to low feeding intensity and low availability of food items on the other. Reduction in the amount of lipid content in the muscles for the development and maturation of gonads has been well discussed by Gill and Weatherley, (1984); Aggelousis and Lazos, (1991); Stansby et al., (1990); Akpınar, (1987);
Raina (1999) and Samyal et al., (2011). Stored lipids in muscle tissues were also used during spawning period and similar results were observed by Agren et al., (1987) Jorgensen, et al., (1997) Sindhe & Kulkarni, (2005) and Ashashree et al., (2014)
Ascorbic acid level in the muscles shows two peak values in the months of March to June and October to December. Ascorbic acid content is high during breeding season.
Table No. 1: Seasonal variation in the biochemical components of the Muscles of Rohitee cotio (Ham.)
Bioch comp.
Months
Protein Glycogen Ascorbic Acid Lipid
Jan. 2013 16.29979199
±0.014300566
0.135061702
±1.711085499-3
0.086019828
±0.011007741
0.151345794
±1.414730017-3 Feb. 2013 12.64837927
±0.029769019
0.657798402
±5.988800297-3
0.090308566
±5.514091498-3
0.136945897
±2.858782145-3 Mar. 2013 18.83099324
±0.028601188
0.610458363
±5.566510172-3
0.405224462
±6.454950763-3
0.122091228
±2.858782151-3 Apr. 2013 19.02643439
±0.02184445
0.619298972
±3.422171314-3
0.415639968
±7.352122007-3
0.106293406
±3.938442628-3 May 2013 18.97399896
±0.028601118
0.525189256
±4.277714033-3
0.434020273
±8.422914133-3
0.069274628
±2.484185238-3 June 2013 19.10747096
±0.043688997
0.449045939
±4.763461331-3
0.462816085
±6.454951255-3
0.034142158
±2.8294605-3 July 2013 17.8633212
±0.021844484
0.360925022
±5.342863764-3
0.158315695
±7.352121998-3
0.223244259
±4.263529242-3 Aug. 2013 14.7124285
±0.028601151
0.267385667
±7.949339293-3
0.121555085
±7.352122001-3
0.387588956
±2.858782145-3 Sept.2013 12.29086497
±0.059538029
0.241149019
±0.010086701
0.168118524
±0.011079121
0.158638428
±3.241554206-3 Oct. 2013 10.6892009
±0.043688965
0.221471533
±5.610170095-3
0.293717277
±4.62560889-3
0.044752636
±3.241554638-3 Nov. 2013 11.86661466
±0.071502857
0.201508866
±3.004567789-3
0.349470869
±9.190152512-3
0.052297864
±3.18968645-3 Dec. 2013 12.52920783
±0.043688972
0.192097894
±5.156967864-3
0.44627381
±9.251217309-3
0.606872159
±2.484184876-3 Jan 2014 16.93378402
±0.050221965
0.071181167
±4.390305268-3
0.13013256
±9.432040026-3
0.398906798
±3.189686403-3 The values are expressed in mg/100mg dry weight (Mean± S.D.)
Graph 1: Seasonal variation of Protein in the Muscles of Rohitee cotio (Ham.)
Graph 2: Seasonal variation of Glycogen in the Muscles of Rohitee cotio (Ham.)
Bioscience Discovery, 11(1):27-33, Jan. – 2020
Graph 3: Seasonal variation of Ascorbic Acid in the Muscles of Rohitee cotio (Ham.)
Graph 4: Seasonal variation of Lipid in the Muscles of Rohitee cotio (Ham.)
The ascorbic acid plays an important role in detoxification of the foreign bodies or toxicants in metabolic process. The main site to synthesize the ascorbic acid is the liver. Ascorbic acid content in the muscles is less as compared to other tissues (Giroud et al., 1938; Bai and Kalyani, 1960). It plays a role directly related to homeostatic mechanism and is essential for wound healing and regeneration (Gould, 1963). Ascorbic acid act as an essential factor for normal growth in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Tucker, 1983). In terrestrial animals the dietary ascorbic acid has role in the host defense system. Though the complete prevention of viral infection is not possible, high doses of ascorbic acid reduces potency of the viral diseases (Murata, 1975). During present investigation ascorbic acid shows decreased level of content in pre-spawning and post-spawning period. During breeding season ascorbic acid content is reduces due to its utilization for the process of maturation of gonads. Some authors have observed that AA concentrated in female gonads is transferred to the oocyte during maturation and then quickly consumed during the first days of embryonic growth (Blom and Dabrowski 1995)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to University Grants Commission, New Delhi and Western Regional
Office Pune for financial support.
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Ganeshwade R. M., 2020. Seasonal Biochemical Changes in the fresh water Fish Rohitee cotio (Ham).
Bioscience Discovery, 11(1):27-33.
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