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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT WSN/IOT SMART PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLER
ABDULWAHHAB ESSA HAMZAH
A project thesis submitted in
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Electrical: Communication Engineering
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROINC ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
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DEDICATION
For my beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, family For my better friends Ahmmed Thanoon, Hamzah Hadi
,Almamon Wahed and Salam Qusay For my beloved IRAQ
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, praise and thanksgiving to Allah for the blessing of mind and health and “Tofiqi me” to complete this thesis. In spite of the fact that my name is printed on the cover of this thesis, the word”I” does not appear within its chapters. I do this to pay tribute to the myriad contributions of my supervisors and mentors, and the support of my family and friends. To my supervisor DR. LUKMAN HANIF BIN MUHAMMED AUDAH: Thank you for your constant guidance and endless patience towards the completion of this thesis. Without your insights and encouragement, this thesis would not have been completed. To my parents: I owe you for your love, affection and sacrifice. Thank you for giving me the freedom and opportunity to pursue my studies, and forgive me for not being there, when you needed me the most. To My sisters: Thank you for the encouragement, to my Brothers: Thank you for things which you don’t even know you have done for me - I can even write another thesis. To my brothers and sisters: You are always happy with my every success, thanks a lot for your moral supports. To UTHM University and the staffs of Faculty of electrical and electronic engineering: Thanks for providing me with an excellent research environment and the necessary resources to undertake this research. Last but not least, I would like to thank a person who contributes to complete my final thesis report directly or indirectly. I would like to acknowledge him/her helps, which was necessary to complete this.
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ABSTRACT
With the rapid proliferation of vehicle availability and usage in recent years, finding a vacant car parking space is becoming more and more difficult, resulting in a number of practical conflicts. Parking problems are becoming ubiquitous and ever growing at an alarming rate in every major city. Lot of research and development is being done all over the world to implement better and smarter parking management mechanisms. Widespread use of wireless technologies paired with the recent advances in wireless applications for parking, manifests that digital data dissemination could be the key to solve emerging parking problems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has attracted increased attention and is rapidly emerging due to their enormous application potential in diverse fields. This buoyant field is expected to provide an efficient and cost-effective solution to the effluent car parking problems. This thesis proposes a Smart Parking on wireless sensor network technology which provides advanced features like remote parking monitoring by using Android application, the alarm when parking the car at the wrong place and save the energy of light system can open at the night when any human come inside the garage only. The thesis describes the overall system architecture of smart parking from hardware to software implementation in the view point of sensor networks. We implemented a full-fledged prototype system for parking management to realize the design functionalities and features mentioned. Our preliminary test results show that the performance of this WSN and internet of thing IOT based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing parking hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking lot, real-time information rendering.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini,terdapat peningkatan yang pesat dalam penyediaan Dan penggunaan kenderaan diseluruh dunia terutama dibandar bandar utama,ini menyebabkan kesukaran Untuk mencari ruang kosong untuk tempat letak kereta. Ianya menjadi semakin rumit terutamanya dibandar bandar utama. Banyak penyelidikan Dan pembangunan sedang dijalankan di seluruh dunia Untuk melaksanakan Pengurusan tempat letak kereta supaya lebih teratur. Penggunaan Teknologi tanpa wayar juga akan digabungkan dengan teknologi terkini ditempat tempat meletak kereta. Teknologi tersebut membuktikan Data digital boleh menyelesaikan masaalah yg berkaitan dengan tempat letak kereta. Ciri-ciri keselamatan juga akan dilaksanakan melalui sistem prototaip Untuk kesan yang lebih baik. Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar ini mampu menarik perhatian ramai kerana potensi penggunaan aplikasi canggih ini. Dengan adanya Teknologi ini kemungkinan dapat diselesaikan dengan lebih efisien Dan menjadikan tempat letak kereta yang lebih canggih dengan penggunaan Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar Serta menyediakan ciri-ciri canggih seperti pemantauan ditempat letak kereta dengan menggunakan aplikasi Android.Sistem Penggera akan berbunyi sekiranya kereta diletakkan ditempat yang salah,ini bagi menggalakkan penjimatan tenaga cahaya Dan hanya digunakan diwaktu malam sahaja Dan jika terdapat sesuatu objek yg masuk ditempat tersebut secara automatik cahaya akan menyala. Dari sudut Teknologi Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar ini Keseluruhannya mengambarkan seni bina sistem keselamatan tempat letak kereta yang canggih dengan ciri- ciri keselamatan. Banyak penyelidikan Dan pembangunan sedang dijalankan di seluruh dunia Untuk melaksanakan Pengurusan tempat letak kereta supaya lebih teratur. Penggunaan Teknologi tanpa wayar juga akan digabungkan dengan teknologi terkini ditempat tempat meletak kereta. Teknologi tersebut membuktikan Data digital bole menyelesaikan masaalah yang berkaitan dengan tempat meletak kereta. Keputusan ujian awal menunjukan potensi Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar Dan Internet ini sangat berkesan dan memenuhi keperluan tempat letak kereta yang sedia Ada dengan meminimumkan Masa yang digunakan Untuk mencari tempat letak kereta dimasa yang tepat.
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CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1 1.2 PROBLEMS STSTEMENT 3 1.3 OBJECTIVES 4 1.4 PROJECT SCOPE 4 1.5 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENT 5 1.6 THESIS OUTLINE 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.2 HISTORY OF CAR PARKS 7 2.2.1 BEFORE WORLD WAR II 8 2.2.2 AFTER WORLD WAR II 10 2.3 TYPE OF PARKING 11 2.4 STAHEHOLDERS 12 2.4.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 12 2.4.2 PARKING CONSUMERS 15 2.5 RELATED WORK 16 2.5.1 SMART PARKING SYSTEM BASED
ON INTERNET OF THINGS
16 2.5.2 CAR PARKING SYSTEM ANDROID
APPROACH
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2.5.3 SMART PARKINGSYSTEM OF INTERNET OF THINGS
18 2.5.4 ANDROID BASED SMART PARKING
SYSTEM USING SLOT ALLOCATION & RESERVATIONS
19 2.5.5 SMART PARKING SYSTEM USING
ANDROID APPLICATION
20 2.5.6 SMART PARKING SYSTEM BASED
ON IOT PROTOCOLS AND EMERGING ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
20 2.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM SMART
PARKING 21 2.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY 22 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 23 3.1 PROCESS FLOW OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
23 3.2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) 25 3.3 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
(WSNs)
26 3.4 MICROCONTROLLER 27 3.4.1 ARDUINO BOARD 28 3.4.2 SETTING UP THE ARDUINO BOARD 32 3.4.3 TYPE OF ARDUINO 34 3.4.3.1 THE ARDUINO UNO 34 3.4.3.2 THE ARDUINO DUE 35 3.4.3.3 THE ARDUINO MEGA 36 3.4.3.4 THE ARDUINO LEONARDO 36 3.4.3.5 THE ARDUINO SHIELDS 37 3.4.3.6 THE GSM SHIELD 38 3.4.3.7 THE ETHERNET SHIELD 39 3.4.3.8 THE PROTO SHIELDS 39 3.4.4 SOFTWARE 40 3.4.5 ADVANTAGES AND DIS
ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO
44 3.5 HARDWARE TOOLS 44 3.5.1 SERVO MOTORS 44 3.5.2 IR SENSOR 45 3.5.3 THE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ( LED ) 46 3.5.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) 47 3.5.5 BUZZER 48 3.5.6 NRF24L01 MODULE 49 3.5.7 MOTION SENSOR (PIR SENSOR) 50 3.5.8 LIGHT DEPENDNT RESISTORS
(LDRs)
51 3.5.9 CYTRON ESP8266 WiFi SHIELD 52
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3.5.10 ARDUINO NANO 52 3.5.11 ARDUINO MEGA 53 3.5.12 MALE/FEMALE CABLE 55 3.6 DESIGN SYSTEM 55 3.6.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 55 3.6.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR
INPUT AND OUTPUT
56 3.7 FLOW CHART 57 3.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY 63
CHAPTER
4 RESULTE AND ANALYSIS
4.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 64 4.1 INTRODUCTION 64 4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 65 4.2.1 ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 66 4.2.2 IOT DESIGN 66 4.2.2.1 HARDWARE SETUP 66 4..2.2.2 HARDWARE CONNECTIONS 68 4.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION 71 4.2.3.1 PART A IMPLEMENTATION 73 4.2.3.2 PART B IMPLEMENTATION 76 4.2.3.3 PART C IMPLEMENTATION 78 4.2.3.4 MAIN PART IMPLEMENTATION 80 4.3 SOFTWARE PLATFORMS AND
TOOLS 84 4.3.1 ARDUINO 84 4.3.2 ANDROID STUDIO 87 4.3.2.1 START ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION 88 4.3.2.2 OkHttpHandler CLASS IMPLEMENTATION 88 4.3.2.3 START MAINACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION 89 4.3.3 ANDROID SDK 90 4.3.4 RETROFIT 90 4.4 USER INTERFACE AND DESING 91 4.5 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
OF THIS PROJECT
92 4.6 CHAPTER SUMMERY 92
CHAPTER
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 93 5.1 CONCLUSION 93 5.2 FUTURE WORK 94 REFFERENCES 95 APPENDIXES 99
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1 APPENDIX ONE RECEIVER (Main Arduino mega)
100 2 APPENDIX TWO TRANSMITTER
PART A (Arduino Nano)
110 3 APPENDIX TREE TRANSMITTER
PART B (Arduino Nano)
112 4 APPENDIX FOUR TRANSMITTER
PART C (Arduino Nano)
111 5 APPENDIX FIVE CODE OF ANDROID
APP
155 PAPER
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Downtown Parking in New York 9 Figure 2.2 Street-side parking in Detroit 10 Figure 2.3 Overall Smart Parking System Architecture 21 Figure 3.4 Flowchart of process flow for research methodology 24 Figure 3.5 Knowledge Hierarchy” in the context of IoT 26 Figure 3.6 An Arduino Uno is quite small 28 Figure 3.7 The USB and power connectors 29 Figure 3.8 The microcontroller 30 Figure 3.9 The power and analog sockets 30 Figure 3.10 The digital input/output pins 30 Figure 3.11 The onboard LEDs 31 Figure 3.12 The RESET button 31 Figure 3.13 Basic Arduino board ( Duemilanove and Uno) 32 Figure 3.14 Leonardo Board 33 Figure 3.15 An Arduino Uno 34 Figure 3.16 An Arduino Due 35 Figure 3.17 An Arduino Mega 36 Figure 3.18 An Arduino Leonardo 37 Figure 3.19 Wi-Fi Shield 38 Figure 3.20 XBee module 38 Figure 3.21 GSM Shield 38 Figure 3.22 Ethernet Shield 39 Figure 3.23 The Proto Shields 39 Figure 3.24 How to Select Serial Board 40 Figure 3.25 Program Structure 41 Figure 3.26 Arduino IDE 42 Figure 3.27 Arduino Reference 42 Figure 3.28 Arduino Sketch Structure 43 Figure 3.29 Servo motors 45 Figure 3.30 IR Model 46 Figure 3.31 Light Emitting Diode ( LED ) 47
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Figure 3.32 Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD) 48 Figure 3.33 buzzer 49 Figure 3.34 NRF24L01 Module 50 Figure 3.35 PIR sensor 51 Figure 3.36 Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) 51 Figure 3.37 Wi-Fi Shield 52 Figure 3.38 Arduino Nano 53 Figure 3.39 Arduino Mega 54 Figure 3.40 Male/Female Cable 55 Figure 3.41 Block Diagram of Hardware implementation 56 Figure 3.42 Block Diagram of Devices Input and Output 57 Figure 3.43 Flow Chart Part A 58 Figure 3.44 Flow Chart Part B 59 Figure 3.45 Flow Chart Part C 60 Figure 3.46 Main Flow Chart 61 Figure 3.47 Flow Chart Buzzer 62 Figure 3.48 Flow Chart Input for White LED 63 Figure 3.49 Cloud Based IOT Architecture 65 Figure 3.50 Hardware setup 67 Figure 3.51 Hardware setup (all the four parts) 72 Figure 3.52 Sample of CAR The Project 72 Figure 3.53 Arduino Nano micro-controller and NRF24L01 Module 73 Figure 3.54 Part A 3 Infrared and Entrance gate and servo 73 Figure 3.55 Real Test of Part "A" 74 Figure 3.56 Real Test of APP 75 Figure 3.57 Hardware setup for part A 75 Figure 3.58 NRF24L01 Module Part B 76 Figure 3.59 Part B 3 Infrared 76 Figure 3.60 Real Test of Part "B" 77 Figure 3.61 Hardware setup for part B 77 Figure 3.62 Arduino Nano micro-controller and NRF24L01 Module 78 Figure 3.63 Part C 3 Infrared and Exit gate and servo 78 Figure 3.64 Real Test of Part "C" 79 Figure 3.65 Hardware setup for part C 80
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Figure 3.66 Arduino Mega connect to Cytron Wifi shield 81 Figure 3.67 Real Test of Lighting System 82 Figure 3.68 Real Test of Alarm 82 Figure 3.69 Hardware setup for Lighting System 83 Figure 3.70 Real Test of LCD 84 Figure 3.71 Arduino IDE logo 84 Figure 3.72 Arduino IDE 85 Figure 3.73 AT Commend 86 Figure 3.74 Android Studio Interface 87 Figure 3.75 Start Activity Code 88 Figure 3.76 OkHttpHandler Class Code 89 Figure 3.77 Main Activity Code 90 Figure 4.78 User Interface and Design 91
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 3.1 Features types of Arduino 34 TABLE 4.2 Components Description 66 TABLE 4.3 Pins of Connecting Devices 68 TABLE 4.4 AT Command 86
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Currently, most of the existing car parks do not have a systematic system. Most of them are manually managed and a little inefficient. The problem that always occurs at the car park is time being wasted in searching for the available parking spaces [1]. Users will keep on circling the parking area until they found a vacant parking slot. This problem usually occurs in urban areas, where number of vehicles is higher as compared to the availability of parking spaces [2]. These ineffective conditions happened because of the lack of implementation in technologies which are available in the market today. Nowadays many local car parks are built inside shopping mall or multipurpose building to provide parking lot to car driver. Car park inside a building is become popular in many shopping centrals because it is user friendly and can prevent car from exposing to the sunlight [3]. This type of car park normally has a parking guidance system that primarily based on the use of message signs to give drivers information regarding parking availability inside the car park. The availability of parking lot inside car park
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normally is obtained from the sensors that count the number of cars entering and exiting or, in other cases, by comparing the tickets issued at machines. This information of parking lot availability inside car park is generally expressed in terms of full or empty on display board at the entry of car park. The actual number of parking availability inside car park is rarely given. Every day, hundreds of cars enter the car park and looking for empty parking slot inside car park. Therefore, it is difficult to find out an empty parking slot. Inside most local car park, car drivers still need to find out empty parking slot themselves. They will definitely waste a slot time for searching an empty parking slots if they do not know where they are, especially when there are only a few of empty parking slot available at each row of parking slot. Therefore, it is important to have an effective empty parking slot tracking system to display empty parking available at each row of parking slot and guide car driver to there. The development of this project prototype can act as way-finder to guide car driver inside the car park to parking slot available inside car park and guides car driver to go there. It is an Arduino microcontroller based project. It uses the infrared sensor to detect the vacancy of each parking slot at a level of car park, sending signal wireless to microcontroller to process and display total of available parking slot on 16x2 LCD displays [4]. At the same time, it also displays the locations of the empty parking spaces inside the application on the smart phones. Living in a modern, advanced country in which almost everyone has car and vehicles is quite hard especially in finding an empty parking spot. Searching for a parking space is a routine and often frustrating activity for many people in cities around the world. There are two factors that are important in human’s daily life which is time and cost.
Thus, all company that own a big building or even the small one must provide a sufficient parking for visitors. In the driver’s perspective, Smart Parking System helps to reduce the time consumption as the travel time is reduced because of the information provided. Based on the information provided, the drivers can avoid searching a vacant parking space that is actually fully occupied.
This project is developed based on the research in existing parking system at the crowded parking area such as shopping complex or mall. Knowing that some parking areas are hard to find an available parking lots, this project is purposely build to solve the problem. This project focus on finding the best way to guide drivers and vehicle’s users to get a free parking lot in short of time. Smart Parking System can inform the
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drivers which parking zones are available and the number of free parking space so that they can make good decision about where they wish to park, and thus find the free parking conveniently.
1.2 PROBLEMS STSTEMENT
Nowadays most of the car parks require user’s initiative to search for empty space to park their car. This will cause problems when it is too many cars and it makes them wasting their time and energy [5]. One of the factors that contribute to this problem is because of lack of information that given at parking lot. So, one system has to be design to solve this parking problem which will include the information interface criteria.
Nowadays, Parking Information and Guidance (PGI) system have been put into practice in Europe, United State, Japan and China [6]. Number of cars on the road is increasing while parking spaces are becoming increasingly scarce. Usually during school break or holiday, the numbers of cars that use the parking space in the shopping complex become higher compared to during working day. This will make the parking space become full and the driver need to drive slowly in order for them to check for the free space parking in the shopping complex. This is time consuming and people will become more impatient. Besides that, there are also problems of the parking space which are located far from the entering zone or the building or destination. This situation makes the drivers to choose the nearest parking space as they do not want to walk far.
As the fuel price is keep increase nowadays, users will try their best to save their vehicle energy. At the peak hour, they need to wait for a long time at the entrance gate before they can find the empty parking space. So the users will waste their time and energy to find a free space.
Last but not least, the major issue of the parking system is the insufficient parking spaces provided for the user. This may cause by the improper planning by developers of the places.
Besides that, the convenient system did not equip with helpful information. When the parking bay is on its peak hour, the user will search the parking space at the same area again and again before they found it, only if they are lucky. Sometimes, the car park management did not put a notice that the area was full and no more space for parking.
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1.3OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this research project are as follows:
-1- To design an automatic parking system that provides information of empty parking spaces in the indoor parking area and design Lighting System at night and save the energy for in lighting system by using Motion Sensor (PIR sensor) and Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) when any one moving inside the garage at night the lighting system will ON.
2- To develop a prototype of smart parking system using Arduino micro controller sensors and Android mobile application.
3-To evaluate the performance of developed prototype to provide information and facilitate the users to the location of empty parking spaces and calculate the distance from the location of car parking to user.
1.4 PROJECT SCOPE
To find the practical results required, this thesis will focus on the following:
1- The smart parking system consist of Arduino microcontroller, infrared sensors, servo motor and LCD display as the main components. Arduino is use as the main microcontroller for the project. The microcontroller will be program as a counter use to count the number of cars entering and exit an indoor parking space. This system uses infrared sensors to detect cars that enter or leave the parking space. Besides that, there are two automatic gates at the entrance and at the exit way that will be controlled by the Arduino microcontroller.
2- Communication between this stratification is done using the NRF24L01 Module to send data to the main controller to control the data and show the empty places inside the parking lot so that the drivers know the empty places quickly on the android app by using IOT to achieve the best efficiency and performance of the proposed system[6]. 3- The final implemented system can be used as an initial model (prototype) for future development and marketing.
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1.5 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENT
This project has produce the following list of achievements:
1. Design and implementation of smart parking system by using WSN/IOT The system is capable to show number of the empty and busy places in this system and display on LCD and show the location of empty and busy places by using android application.
2. A technical paper which will be submitted to a IEEE indexed journal
1.6 THESIS OUTLINE
The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows:
-In chapter 2, we explore literature review, which explains about Project History and the previously related work that has been done.
-In chapter 3, The software and hardware tools are explained in this chapter Furthermore, the flowchart and block diagram explanation is included in this chapter. -In chapter 4, The result and the analysis of the project have been discussed practically. -In chapter 5, The final chapter in concludes the overall conclusion of the project and future recommendations that can be done to improve this project. The final part of the thesis is included with the references list and appendix .
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter will explain what an history of parking beside the parking types; moreover, we have explained the basis of the idea of the work of this research project. At last, we have reviewed the related works of our study in addition We worked to clarify the difference and what could be added to the improvement it.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Thanks to the phenomenal growth of Internet users worldwide over the past decade, e-commerce has grown exponentially. E-commerce has changed the way businesses operate and has influenced the overall business model. “New competitors such as Internet retailers are creating a void in the revenue model and are known to
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revolutionize competition. As example, at the branch of hotel, we can notice the huge effect of this event on the site of booking.com (the online retailer).” Due to the high commission of commercial agents in 2010, they accounted for only $ 5.4 billion, which is a 'leak' in the hospitality industry (Starkov, 2010) [7]. “With the growth of urban areas caused by economic development and urbanization, car ownership has increased dramatically and it is increasingly hard to find place for parking in overcrowded areas. Many studies have clearly shown that parking time for conventional cars is around 95% (Shoup, 2005). As a result, today's parking system is, of course, an important part of the system of transportation. In overcrowded areas such cities, we can notice a high demand (the number of cars requiring parking) and a low offer (parking), so parking must be regulated and economically viable. Here, garage operators and municipalities receive revenue from regulated and public access parking spaces. Business park activity is known as a relatively traditional and relatively 'young' business, as evidenced by the fact that the scientific literature on commercial parking is very limited. Due to the relatively young and traditional commercial parking activity, existing operators may be inclined to enter the 'park brokers'. Currently, relatively small merchant brokers such Yellow Brick and Park-Line are gaining market share in the Dutch car park through websites and smartphone apps. With phenomenal growth in e-commerce and an even more accurate online buying broker, it is believed that existing fleet market participants are very important to their strategy for these new players in the parking market [7].”
2.2 HISTORY OF CAR PARKS
The old cars, like the showcase of the rich, lived in the old coach or stables, which was a miniature copy of the main house of the car stand, “no design considerations. Over time, the cars developed in their own form, as did the rich at the time: for their expensive car washes and wax stores, there was usually a low loader and a live mechanic overhead two. Or next to it is sometimes the air pump in the front.”
“As the suburbs of the middle class bought their own cars, their little homes developed wooden or brick garages - separated from the houses, to avoid the dangers that could be new family love machines. The garage of this modest owner can still be built to fit into the parents' buildings. Soon, when Frank Lloyd Wright fell in love with the car, the new car became more fashionable, bringing not only the modernity of the
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building, but also his own Oak Park home in the form of an integrated garage. Provides mobility and is a gas station [8]. Before and after the First World War and the Second World War, the history of public parking in the United States must be understood more clearly.”
2.2.1 BEFORE WORLD WAR II
Between the First World War and the Second World War, car parks were an important part of the urban landscape. Developed countries, such “as the United States, have registered parking spaces and reduced by one third to half the number of places on the streets. On the other hand, the increase in mass production technology and technology has further increased the number of cars used worldwide, so that on-road parking can only meet a small part of the total urban parking. At that time, people began to ban or restrict street parking and Increase Street parking to decongest motor vehicle parking during peak hours of the day [8].”
As early as 1917, the first noted commercial car park in the United States was established by Max Goldberg in Detroit, Michigan, although some attribute this to Herman R. Schmitt in Dusquense Pennsylvania in 1914 (Jackle, John and Sculle, 2004). During this period, parking lots were usually vacant lands converted for such use by land owners so as to finance property taxes, especially in the United States where companies such as the Ford Motor Company ensured that the motor car was made available to the general masses. As time went on and traffic increased, landowners viewed “their real estate sector as a very profitable business with almost no debt. Landlords have found that parking requires almost no remediation, maintenance or on-site operation. It has also been found that in certain areas, hourly or daily rental parking is more advantageous than renting a square meter in a building every month or every year. The early parking lot was very profitable and easy to manage, and the owners started to dismantle unsuccessful buildings and put more parking space. Parking has played a key role in defining urban landscapes.”
As the use of motorcars continued to increase in the urban centers, the government began developing car parks between road lanes and by the sides of the roads in places such as New York. This solution only solved the problem for the moment, but the increasing car use soon simply overwhelmed the solution .
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Figure 2.1: Downtown Parking in New York [8]
As early as 1922, New York and Philadelphia banned parking on their major streets, with other cities following their lead. Also in the 1920s, “No Parking” areas were designated by distinctive painted lines and curbs giving way to the first stipulated parking related law in Columbus, Ohio State in the United States, in August 1923, where requirements were composed which prescribed that off-street parking spaces be provided in connection with multiple-family dwellings. This period also saw the emergence of “Traffic engineering” as a profession, and with it came off-street parking’s first appearance in zoning.
Figure 2.2 below, probably from the 1930s, shows a new parking system in Detroit: the lane of cars against the curb to the right is parked, but those cars in the lane next to it must have the driver at the wheel.
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Figure 2.2: Street-side parking in Detroit [8]
The introduction of parking meters in Oklahoma City was more efficient in 1935, and in the 1950s, nearly 3,000 cities worldwide (around the world) used parking meters. In recent years, US city center car parks are generally more accessible than European and Asian cities, but the problem has not disappeared. In fact, not only drivers, traders, owners, commercial convoys, taxis and public transit have sufficient parking needs and responsibilities [8]. By 1925 in the United States, 20% of commuters drove to work in a private automobile. This increasing statistics of the motorcar led inventors into relentless works on mechanical solutions to ease the congestion of car parks. The United States Conference of Cities declared parking, “the most widely discussed and relevant issue in cities today”, and the House of Tomorrow featured a two-car garage.
2.2.2 AFTER WORLD WAR II
With the growing demand for rapid economic growth and stability after the World War, it is clear that much has changed. “The parking used previously was not enough to accommodate the large number of cars of city dwellers. A 1981 transit survey estimated
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that if both people used a car, each car in a city would require two 250 square meters of parking per location. This means that 50 acres of parking will be needed per 10,000 people, which will increase the demand for urban land or road space by 15 to 25% [9].” By 1946 over 90% of Americans were traveling by car. Downtown parking was in such demand that it was estimated 30% of traffic during shopping hours was devoted to the quest for a parking space. The gradual revelation of these facts made the government in its planning to begin passing into legislation the expansion of the roles of the car and the parking lot rather than restraining them. In response to the increasing demand, more land and municipal funds were devoted to parking. “Until 1948, parking was the central theme of the central business district of the city and was the subject of numerous publications. In 1951, an association of national parks was created in the United States, where nearly 200 cities approved the minimum parking space in the sub district, which increased by more than 275% in six years. A special feature of a parking garage is the ramp system or the vertical circulation. Three large ramp systems are already used at this stage: spiral, continuous and backward, as well as modified split plans.”
2.3 TYPE OF PARKING
In the Netherlands there are 3 kinds of general parking facilities as shown on the survey of van Dijken done in 2002:
- Parking on garages.
- parking next and on the road.
- Parking’s surface unpaved and paved(off-street parking).
(“Looking at the 'Parkeren of Nekeland' research from Spark Parkeren (2014), we found that there were about 8 million road parks and about 2 million road parks in the Netherlands. These parking spaces are free and ruled by the government or developed by trading fleet operators. Different public parking spaces are currently free of charge and available to all park users, but are increasingly subject to price controls by local authorities and commercial fleet operators. Currently, street parking in the Netherlands costs an average of € 2.73 per hour and the cost of parking in the street is € 2.64. Currently around 1.3 million 10 million public parking spaces are ruled by commercial park operators or governments in Netherlands. Of the 1.3 million protected
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