APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

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APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: Bera, et. al (2012), www.ijsrp.org

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Kartic Bera1, Moumita Pal2 & Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay3 Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University

ABSTRACT:

Flood is a natural hazard

resulting from extreme geophysical events to create an unexpected threat to human life and property. Flood risk steams from the likelihood that a major hazards event will occur unexpectedly and that it will impact negatively on the people and their welfare. Flood management planning is a very important which helps to rescue the flood affected people to mitigate the problem of flood and to take necessary preventive measures .It is a planned and integrated management approach with the help of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System and data on socio economic characteristics to render right suggestions to the people. The study describes an efficient & scientific approach with suitable illustrations of map and real time flood inundations. The areas, which are highly flood affected, are delineated. So that, the flood affected people can be rescued from inundation and can be evacuated to different safe places.

KEYWORDS: GIS, Remote Sensing, Flood

management, Flood variation, Flood level, & Channelization.

INTRODUCTION

:

_F_{loods are one of the}

most common natural calamities that Mongalkote block has to face almost every year in varying degrees. There is now greater emphasis on non-structural measures of flood management and control, rather than on structural measures. These measures include flood forecasting, flood-inundation mapping and flood plain zoning. Remote sensing has emerged as an indispensable tool in the study of floods, particularly with its capacity to provide near real-time data, enabling preparation of maps of inundated areas and assessment of damages. Several studies connected with floods (areal extent, zonation, damages) have been undertaken on the basis of Remote Sensing Techniques (Jain and Sinha, 2003; Sankhua, et al. 2005; Jain et al. 2005; Prasad, et al. 2006).

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is also now being used in several studies to delineate the flood-hazard areas by incorporating meteorological, geomorphological, topographical, land use and demographical data, with an aim to achieve a reduction in the loss of life, disruption and damages caused by floods (Sanyal and Lu, 2003; Bapalu and Sinha, 2005). Remote sensing technologies are excellent tools in the mapping of the spatial distribution of disaster related data within a relatively short period of time. Applications of using data from satellites to predict weather-related disastrous phenomena, such as extreme rainfall is widely known and frequently utilized. Satellite data can be used before, during and after a disaster, for prevention, monitoring, mitigation and relief operations, respectively. Areas affected by flooding are typically large in size. It has been demonstrated that using satellite data for flood mapping becomes economically advantageous with respect to ground survey for a large area. Though floods are disruptive events and the occurrences of floods cannot be prevented they are actually natural features of a river system and their role in replenishing, the floodplain cannot be ignored. In recent times, the sole focus has been on how floods can be checked, not how societies can live with floods. (Chakrabarty, A.). The negative consequences can be lessened by an integrated approach to disaster management. Disaster management includes 4 elements such as: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery (Quarantelli, E.1991). Different type of physical and climatic condition of the study area must be analyzed to build a good proposal of reducing flood (Al-Sabhan et.al 2003).

HISTORICAL

OVERVIEW

ON

FLOOD:

Mongalkote block has been

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APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL,

and whitish sandy silt layer has been traced even in the river astride archeological sites that dates back to more than two millennium B. C. Ajoy river was navigable for those years and had great commercial significance some thousand years back. Many villages along the river were once important trading centers. But these settlements have lost their significance due to the changing of the river regime. During 18th and 19th century normal flood had occurred which resulted the formation of floodplain as there was no embankment in those days. A huge volume of water was flowing through the river of sufficient depth. During British period in 19th century recorded major floods were in 1867, 1877, 1885 & 1896. After that unusual high flood occurred in 1913, 1914 causing serious loss of life and property, damage to standing crops, seeds and houses. The major recorded flood years are 1956, 1959, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1978, 1984, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2007(Mukhopadhyay, 2010).

AIM:

Analysis and management of the flood.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

:

_{This study}

contains the following objectives:

1. To identify the flood zone and to find the flood intensity, periodicity, seasonality and its spatio-temporal variations.

2. To delineate the major flood risk prone areas through vulnerability analysis. 3. Flood damage assessment to find an

overview on the scale of effect of the flood.

4. To propose a suitable real time action plan to mitigate and control the disaster. 5. The objective of flood hazard analysis

and its management is to highlight the past and present scenario.

6. The preparedness condition, flood loss prevention & determine current status of evacuation routes.

ABOUT STUDY AREA:

1. GENERAL

DESCRIPTION:

Mongalkote block is the severe flood affected area of Burdwan district of West Bengal in Eastern India. Mongalkote block lies between 23°30′51″N to 23°40′37″N

latitude & 87°53′28″E to 8888°°4499′′1122″″E longitude. It extends over 364.90 sq km area and has a population, according to the census of 2001; of 233,944 persons with the density of 641/sq km.The entire block has been divided in 15 gram panchayets under which there are 164 villages. The block office situated at Nutanhat, mouza-Nutanhat, and J.L. No.-59. The study area has mainly affected by two rivers Ajoy & Kunur River.

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Month Wise Average Temperature In 2006-2010

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Janu ary Febr uary Mar ch Apr il

May June July Aug ust Sept embe r Oct ober Nov embe r Dec embe r ---Month---T em p er a tu re in D eg re e C en ti g ra d

e AverageTemperature

in 2006 Average Temperature in 2007 Average Temperature in 2008 Average Temperature in 2009 Average Temperature in 2010

2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS:

A.

GEOLOGICAL

CONDITION:

Mongalkote block has

situated at lower Ajoy basin. Below this figure (Fig. 2) showing the general geology of litho-logical structure of the Mongalkote block. The whole study area is based on Older Alluvium type geology.

B. SLOPE:

Mongalkote block have

situated in the lower Ajoy & Kunur river basin. The study area is highly flood plain and low elevation region. The figure (Fig: 2) showing the study areas slope condition. The increasingly high values indicate the increasing high slope and low value indicate low slope condition of the study area.

C. SOIL CONDITION:

Different types

of soil are encountered in different topographical biological and hydrological as well as geological condition within the block. This block can be divided by 3 soil groups (Fig: 3) at the South-West portion of this block here Lateritic Ultisols formed. The middle region is formed of Alfisols Older Alluvium & the East portion of this block is formed of Entisols Younger Alluvium soil. Alluvial soil attains an enormous thickness in the low level plains to the East. This Alluvial soil is formed of Alluvium brought down by the Ajoy River.

D. DRAINAGE:

The figure (Fig: 4)

showing the Mongalkote block has a good network of drainage system. The Ajoy river situated in

this study area at the north most portions, it is also the border of

Mongalko te block

and Burdwan district also. And the Kunur river is coming from south-west direction and go to north direction to join with Ajoy river. In the upper catchment region of the W.B. Hinglo river join with Ajoy river from the left side with huge amount of water in the monsoon time. In this study area it has very low gentle slope, so in this region more deposition of sand, silt etc are gathering day to day, due to the fact that this portion of Ajoy river has very low runoff at the monsoon time. That is why Ajoy River characterized of heavy flood discharge within a very short span of time particularly in the monsoon period. There are many Damodar Branch Canals are fulfill of water in monsoon time and occurring flood discharge a very short span of time. These rivers and canals are most important for agriculture purpose.

E. CLIMATE CONDITION:

The

block experiences a climate which is

Fig: 2

Fig: 5

Fig: 3

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 --R a in fa ll I n m m .- -2002(Rainfall in mm.) 2004(Rainfall in mm.) 2006(Rainfall in mm.) 2008(Rainfall in mm.) 2010(Rainfall in mm.)

---YEAR---Month Wise Total Rainfall Of Mongalkote Block In 2002-2011

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

transitional between CWg3 and AW1 types, where ‘C’ stands for ‘warm temperate rainy climate with mild winter’, ‘W’ stands for ‘dry winter not compensated for by total rain in the rest of the year’, ‘g3’ stands for ‘eastern Ganges type of temperature trend’ and ‘AW1’ for ‘tropical savanna climates’. _{As the Tropic of Cancer has just passed} through below this block the climate condition is ‘hot & humid’. Generally, the summer continues during April, May and June and sees frequent thunder storm with rain at afternoon due to locally created low pressure on the Bay of Bengal. Average temperature in summer season is 33°C. The monsoon enters this block at the end of June.

About 90% of total rainfall occurs during June to October. The average annual rainfall of Mongalkote block is 1300mm. The winter is short starting from end of November to mid February. The average temperature in winter season is 15°C. Usually, there is no rain during winter.

The figure 05 shows the average temperature of the study area in different year (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 & 2010). It shows the variation of temperature in different month of the year.

F. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

Road communication system of Mongalkote block is well distributed in all direction. Through Nutanhat (block office) different direction route is connected, such as Katwa-Nutanhat-Gushkara, Bolpur-Nutanhat-Burdwan, Asansol-Nutanhat-Katwa, Berhampore-Nutanhat-Burdwan-Arambag, etc. Beside the figure (Fig: 7) showing in this block middle portion are situated of state

highway (North to South), which comming from north then crossed through Nutanhat and connected with Burdwan. Gushkara-Nutanhat-Katwa metaled road join the East to West part of this block. Also a PWD road

is also present here to connect the East-West region. In this block there are several other roads are also present such as unmetalled roads, tracks, Pradhan Mantri Gram sadak Yojana roads etc. which are well distributed in overall block. A railway line (Katwa-Burdwan) is crossed through the Eastern region of this block. The major communication system of Mongalkote block is affected by several floods in monsoon time.

DATA USED & SOURCE:

DATA USED DATA SOURCE

Satellite image (Landsat ETM+, TM, LISS-III), SRTM image.

www.glcf.umaic.edu.

Geology, Climate,

Groundwater, Soil map.

Deferent GOVT. office.

Rainfall data, Population data, Flood time photographs & other information at the flood time.

Mongalkote block office, and local people.

Google earth image. Geo Eye

SOFTWARE USED

1. ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2, 2. ARC GIS 9.2,

3. PCI Geomatica-9.1

Fig: 7

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RESULT

AND

DISCUSSION:

Mongalkote block is a severe flood prone area. In July to October monsoon time every year flood affected major portion in this area. This study area have 15 gram panchayat, 132 mouzas and 164 villages. In this area 9 gram panchayats and near about 57 mouzas are highly flood affected. Due to flooding in the area by Ajoy and Kunur river water spills over and the other causes are narrow river channel, over sedimentation of channel, low run-off, heavy rainfall and very low elevation of this area. The flood intensity map of Mongalkote block shows in figure 8.

VULNERABLE AREAS:

G.P Name of Village

Paligram _{Majhikhara, Paligram, Paschim}

Nabagram , Taldanga, Bargram, Kanthalbagan, Narayanpur. Chanak Mollickpur, Sarulia, Sarangapur,

Chakparag, Ujirpur, Baruipara, Mahisgoria, Jalpara

Gothistha Nowpara, Radhanagar,

Sukhpukur, Aougram, Chandra Paschim, Gopalpur, Vinvina, Pilsoa, Gothistha, Kasemnagar, Dirghasoa, Bamunara

Lakhuria Jhilera, Kotalghosh, Atghara,

Sagira, Kurgram, Kogram,

Lakhuria, Refugee Colony,

Sitahati, Mollickpur,

Monoharpur, Khatiar.

Mongalkote Puratanhat, Aral, Deulia,

Jaharpur, Kamalpur, Nutanhat,

Mongalkote

Jhiloo-I Padimpur, Baragar, Jhiloo

Simulia-II Ichhabatagram, Palishgram

Majhigram  Keotsa, Maliara, Chakulia,

Kowarpur, Bonpara,

Joykrishnapur,

Ichhapur,

Sanri, Majhigram, Kankora,

Bakulia, Madpur, Aymapara

Bhallugram Kherua, Dhanyarukhi, Atkula,

Brahmapur.

Data Source: Irrigation and Waterways

Directorate, Mayurakshi South Canal

Division, Govt. of West Bengal.

The correlation graph (Fig: 9) have shown a positive relation between the flood height of the gauge station and the flood affected

areas. The R2 value is 0.496 at Nutanhat, which indicates moderately significant relationship.

Monthly Flood Variation:

As a rain

fed river the discharges of the Ajoy increases from the month of June due to huge Monsoonal rain and it generally lasts up to the month of September and then falls down. All the highest flood level of each flood year is recorded in the month September. The flood flow from June to September has been

Fig: 8

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increased steadily but the sharp rising trend is noticed from the month of August to September in the noted flood year i.e. 1970, 1978, 1995, 1999, 2000, and 2007.

Extreme Danger Level

:

20.19mt.

Danger Level

:

19.19mt.

The figure 11 shows the flood affected and non flood affected mouza of the study area in the year of 2000, which was one of the most vulnerable floods in this block. This block was very much suffered by this flood, thousands of

people was loss their house, cattle, crops etc, and was suffered from lack of drinking water, economic imbalance, transport problem etc.

The figure 12 is prepared in GIS field to determine the flood hazard region just using by Arc GIS-3.2 software. From this software 2 km. buffer zone is created for both Ajoy & Kunur river, to show the flood inundated area without

any ground knowledge. And in compare with the

actual flood affected area some places will be plus or minus. So flood inundated area mapping using GIS is so much appropriate (Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee, 2005).

The figure 13 shows the flood preparedness facilities of this block. It shows the various road communication, rescue centers, hospitals, and helipad sites of this block. This flood preparedness map will help the flood inundated people to go to the rescue centers & safe themselves. There are showing the hospitals for flood injured people, & helipad sites where helicopters may land for food, Tripal (Plastic paper), medicine etc to distribute.

18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5

w

a

te

r

le

v

el

i

n

m

t.

1

---year---Flood Water Level Of Different Year At Nutanhat Gauge Station

year 1956 year 1959 year 1970 year 1971year 1973 year 1978 year 1984 year 1995 year 1999 year 2000 year 2006 year2007

Fig: 10

Fig: 11

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The figure (Fig: 14) showing the flood inundated areas road (when flood height is near about 23mt. at Nutanhat gauge station), which are affected. So, communication system is most affected and detaches from one place to another place, and creates a problem to rescue people in flood inundated area of Mongalkote block.

The figure(Fig: 15) showing the evacuation route at the time of flood (when flood level is near about 20.5mt. at Nutanhat gauge station) and directed of going to safe place(rescue centers) from flood inundated area and this route help to rescue, rehabilitee and food supply for flood affected people by government and non-government organization.

CAUSES OF FLOOD:

1. The short period massive rainfall.

2. Decrease of river width and the synchronization of water between Ajoy river. 3. Massive downpour, sudden release of water from upper catchment river’s barrage (like Hinglo) became a cause of devastative floods.

4. Upstream widths is more than the down stream widths So such saucer shape river course is predominantly convicted for the slow water movement and inundation in the study area.

PROCESS OF FLOOD LEVEL

REDUCTION:

1.

Stream channelization:

A close

network of canals mitigates flood problem to a great extent as flood water flowing in the river can be distributed to different canals. Canal work as temporary reservoir & contains the flood water which moves downward. In this way it helps mitigating the effect of flood.

2.

Channel enhancement:

One of

the main causes of floods in lower Ajoy & Kunur river basin is gradually narrow river channel. So, channel improvement will be the most important processes to mitigate the flood. It is done by deepening, widening and cleaning out of vegetation and debris from the river channel these change in the river channel increase the flood conveyance capacity of the river. Channel improvement is supplemented by bank stabilization by constructing ripraps, planting deep root trees on embankment. Meandering Ajoy river became obstacle for drainage & disposal of flood water. The meanders of the river can be straightened by artificially cutting individual or a series of bends.

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CONCLUSION:

From the study the following conclusions can be made:

 Mongalkote block is affected by flood almost every year. In this area nine gram panchayets and near about fifty seven mouza are highly flood affected.

 Structural measures are very expensive and time-consuming policies. So new solutions may increasingly acknowledge the indigenous, traditional and innovative strategies to cope with floods, like flood tolerant houses and crops.

 Also, non-structural measures, such as, a network of advance warning system, co-ordinate post-flood activities are absolutely necessary for minimizing the losses due to floods. Side-by-side people’s participation on regional co-operation basis for mitigating flood hazards in Mongalkote block will certainly minimize the problems.

 Remote Sensing and GIS is ideally suited for various floodplain analysis and management. Extensive use of these technologies have great prospect in creating long-term database on flood proneness and relief management.



This study shows a simple and cost effective way to use remote sensing & geographical information system for creating flood management plan from the available data base. It is acknowledged that accuracy of the key information, past records of flooding, depends upon the scale of the map that represents them. Although flooding is a natural phenomenon we cannot completely stop it but we can minimize its adverse effects by better planning & management system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Al-Sabhan et.al (2003). A real-time hydrological model for flood prediction

using GIS and the www. Computers, Environ. Urban Sys. 27: pp 9-32.

Bapalu, and Sinha, (2005), GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Kosi River Basin, India, GIS Development,

available online

http://www.gisdevelopment.net.

Chakraborty. A Suffering with the River: Floods, Social Transition and Local communities in the Ajoy River Basin in West Bengal, India. Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University available online

http://www.google.co.in.

Jain, et. al (2005), Delineation of Flood-Prone areas Using Remote Sensing Techniques: Water Resources Management, v. 19, p. 333-347.

Jain and Sinha, (2003), Geomorphological manifestations of the flood hazard: A Remote Sensing based approach: Geocarto International, V.18, p. 51-60.

Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee (2005), Hydrological Characteristics of Flood: A Study in the Lower Ajoy river. River Floods: A Socio Technical Approach. ACB Publication. PP 51-58.

Mukhopadhyay, S. (2010), A Geo-Environmental Assessment of Flood Dynamics in Lower Ajoy River Inducing Sandsplay Problem in Eastern India. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 3 No. 2. pp 96-110.

Prasad, et. al (2006). Potentiality of Multi-Sensor Satellite data in mapping Flood Hazard: Photonirvachack, v. 34, p. 219-231.

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APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: Bera, et. al (2012), www.ijsrp.org

Nations Center for Regional Development, Dhaka.

Sankhua, et.al (2005), Use of Remote Sensing and ANN in assessment of erosion activities in Majuli, the world’s largest river island: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 26, p. 4445-4454. Sanyal, and Lu (2003), Application of GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: A case study of Gangetic West Bengal, India: Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 27(2006) p 207–220.

First Author – Kartic Bera, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University& GIS, Vidyasagar University,

1kbrsgis@gmail.com.

Second Author – Moumita Pal, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University& GIS, Vidyasagar University.

Third Author – Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University& GIS, Vidyasagar University.