This image cannot currently be displayed. MEMORY

(1)

MEMORY

This image cannot currently be displayed.

(2)

What is Memory?

Human memory is an information processing

system that works

constructively to encode, store, and retrieve

information

(3)

What is Memory?

• Memory –

Any system – human, animal, or machine – that encodes, stores, and retrieves

information

(4)

•Putting info in the brain

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Elaboration –

trying to understand it Making it meaningful to

you

(5)

•Keeping the info in the brain

(6)

•Getting stuff out of your brain

(7)

Can you remember this?

• GBX IYU CSE GWE LIY TRN

(8)

• It’s tough. You might remember the structure (all capital letters).

• That’s structural encoding.

(9)

Try this

• Pain Crane Sane Layne

(10)

Phonemic Encoding

• That was easier because they all rhymed.

• Remembering sounds is easier than remembering structure.

(11)

Semantic encoding

• “Semantic” means meaning. We remember stuff that has meaning better than their

structure and sounds.

• Semantic memory is part of our declarative memory (learned information that can be retrieved)

(12)

(13)

Levels of Encoding

(14)

What is serial positioning effect?

Imagine a grocery list: milk, eggs, butter, bread, celery, chocolate, Big Red, Beans,

chips.

We most likely will remember the first few items and the last few.

(15)

Encoding is effective when

• You pay attention. “Selective attention” If you don’t pay attention, your sensory memory will hear blah, blah. You have to pay attention to get info into your working

memory

(16)

Effective Encoding

• We encode what we are interested in. This is called self-referent encoding.

(17)

Self referent encoding

• We remember information that is personally relevant.

(18)

Dual Encoding

Dual encoding (learning) involves combining different levels of processing.

Combine Semantic with phonemic with

structural processing when you learn and study.

(19)

A common way of dual

encoding is Mnemonics

(20)

Mnemonics (encoding)

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

like horizontal organization--1776149218121941

often occurs automatically use of acronyms

HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas-

?????

(21)

Method of loci?

• Aristotle talked about this. You have a grocery list: hot dogs, cat food, tomatoes, bananas, Dr.

Pepper.

(22)

Method of loci?

• Now imagine you are arriving home in the driveway you see hot dogs all over the driveway, INSIDE the garage your cat is eating its food, you see tomatoes spattered on the door, you hang your coat but see banannas hanging in the closet, you go to the sink and see Dr. Pepper face down in the sink.

• What’s cool about the method of loci is you remember the items in a specific order.

(23)

Encoding summary

• Encoding is most effective when we can see it, hear it, touch it, and UNDERSTAND it. Also,

it’s most effective when we combine those elements. Encoding is best when we care.

(24)

What is spacing effect?

• Memory is better for repeated information if repetitions occur spaced over time than if they occur massed, one after another. No cramming!

• Why? 1.Spacing distributed practice (instead of massed practice) reduces retroactive and proactive interference.

• 2.REM sleep helps memory. So study Tuesday, sleep, study Wednesday, sleep. You’ll do better.

• 3.Distributed practice may cause you to encode it in different ways and in different moods.

Melton & Schulman, 1970

(25)

Now let’s talk about storage

Each of the three memory stages encodes and stores memories in a different way,

but they work together to

transform sensory experience into a lasting record that has a

pattern of meaning

(26)

• Maintenance rehearsal –

Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in

working memory

(27)

What parts of brain are involved in memory?

• The Prefrontal Cortex--Site of Working

Memory (STM)

(28)

The hippocampus is part of a network of regions in the brain important for memory. Research suggests that the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala , and hippocampus may work in

concert to regulate which information is consolidated in memory

(29)

Flashbulb memories?

• Memories we never forget because of the emotion involved.

(30)

The Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Long-term Memory

Stores material organized

according to meaning, also called LTM

(31)

Semantic memory

Includes memory for:

language, facts

general knowledge

Episodic memory

Memory of life’s Episodes like first kiss

Includes memory for:

motor skills, operant and classical

conditioning

Long-term memory

Declarative memory Procedural memory

(32)

(33)

The Third Stage:

Long-Term Memory

• Procedural memory –

Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

• Declarative memory –

Division of LTM that stores explicit information (also known as fact memory)

(34)

The Third Stage:

Long-Term Memory

• Episodic memory –

Subdivision of declarative memory that stores memories for personal events, or

“episodes”

Semantic memory –

Subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge,

including meanings of words and concepts

(35)

Decay theory?

• We simply forget over time.

(36)

3 types of amnesia?

• Infantile amnesia – stuff we don’t remember as babies

• Anterograde amnesia –

Inability to form memories for new information

• Retrograde amnesia –

Inability to remember information previously stored in memory

• Note: procedural memory seems unaffected!

(37)

Retrograde amnesia

• Any soap opera where someone can’t

remember who they are, where they live, etc.

• Quarterbacks who can’t remember games when they got concussions.

(38)

How Do We

Retrieve Memories?

Whether memories are

implicit or explicit, successful retrieval depends on how they were encoded and how

they are cued

(39)

Retrieval Cues

• Retrieval cues –

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

• Example: hints that a teacher gives you during a test without giving you the answer.

(40)

Retrieval Cues

• What is Priming? –

Technique for retrieving memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory

without awareness of the connection between the cue and the retrieved memory. Giving

hints to remember.

(41)

What is Recall and Recognition?

• Recall –

Technique for retrieving explicit memories in which one must reproduce previously presented

information (fill in blank) remember without priming

• Recognition –

Technique for retrieving explicit memories in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented (multiple choice) remember with priming

(42)

Other Factors Affecting Retrieval

• Encoding specificity principle –

The more closely the retrieval clues match the form in which the information was encoded, the better the information will be

remembered

(43)

Other Factors Affecting Retrieval

• Mood congruent memory –

A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one’s mood

• A good mood reminds you of good times.

• A fight with your boyfriend reminds you of something else he did to piss you off.

(44)

Why do we forget?

1. Decay theory 2. Repression 3. Amnesia

4. Pseudoforgetting

5. Misinformation effect 6. Interference

7. Lack of mood congruency 8. Bias