The Internet of Things: Future Trends and Perspectives

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The Internet of Things: Future Trends and

Perspectives

J. Revanth

B.Tech (EEE), SASTRA University, Thanjavur

Abstract – The incipient era of computing technology that many are calling the Internet of Things (IoT). Machine to machine, machine to infrastructure, machine to the environment, the Internet of Everything, the Internet of Perspicacious Things, perspicacious systems call it what we update, but it’s transpiring, and its potential is astronomically immense. The future Internet of Things as an astute collaboration of miniaturized sensors poses incipient challenges to security and culminate-utilize privacy. The IoT as billions of keenly intellectual, connected “things” (a remotely “universal ecumenical neural network” in the cloud) that will encompass every aspect of our lives, and its substructure is the perspicacity that embedded processing provides. The IoT is comprised of keenly interactive machines interacting and communicating with other machines, objects, environments and infrastructures. The ingenuity of this incipient era is abysmal, with astonishing potential to amend our lives. This paper gives trends and perspectives in the Internet of Things.

Keywords: Future Internet, Security, Privacy, Neural Networks and Internet of Things (IoT).

I. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an expedition-emerging ecosystem of IP-connected contrivances with the potential to distribute consequential business benefits valued at trillions of dollars in the coming decade across industries. Organizations can utilize it to drive considerable cost savings by ameliorating asset utilization, enhancing process efficiency and boosting productivity. IoT is driven by a coalescence of forces, including the exponential magnification of astute contrivances, a confluence of low-cost technologies (sensors, wireless networks, immensely colossal data and computing power), pervasive connectivity and massive volumes of data. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-emerging ecosystem of IP-connected devices with the potential to deliver significant business benefits valued at trillions of dollars in the coming decade across industries. Organizations can use IoT to drive considerable cost savings by improving asset utilization, enhancing process efficiency and boosting productivity. IoT is driven by a combination of forces, including the exponential growth of smart devices, a confluence of low-cost technologies (sensors, wireless networks, big data and computing power), pervasive connectivity and massive volumes of data. By 2015, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) believes that there will be twenty-five billion things or contrivances connected to the Internet. By 2020, the FTC estimates fifty billion things. Virtually anything can have a sensor affixed to it and have it connected to a network. This conception, the Internet of Things, has a multitude of applications to benefit users. IoT is being used to monitor health, automate homes, and much more [1].

Internet of things (IoT) refers to objects (things), which are uniquely identified and utilizing the cyber world structure. IoT has four major features which are stated as follows: sensing, information processing, heterogeneous access, accommodations, and adscititious features like security and privacy. Recently, the IoT term may be called in other countries as machine- to-machine communications or cyber-physical systems. The architecture of IoT contains a most paramount data communication implements, which is called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in additament to some intricate computational items. Another definition of IoT is demonstrated and can be verbalized as follows; a microcosmic network infrastructure, communicate variants of objects through the utilization of sensing data and communication capabilities. Subsisting Internet and network implements are embedded in this infrastructure. It will offer concrete object identification, sensor, actuator and connection capability as the substratum for the development of independent federated accommodations and applications [2].

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It will ameliorate public safety, conveyance and healthcare with better information and more expeditious communications of this information. While there are many ways that the Internet of Things could impact society and business, there are at least three major benefits of IOT that will impact every business, which include: communication, control and cost savings.

Developing robust data management and analytics capabilities will be crucial for organizations to mine valuable insights from the data engendered by the transactions and interactions that occur within the IoT ecosystem. We call this affluent data source a “Code Halo™” – the information that circumvents people, organizations, processes and products. Increasingly, Code Halos are composing the incipient substratum for competition, as they contain a richness of business meaning that today’s high flying companies are utilizing to dominate their sectors [3].

According to Gartner's 2013 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, the Internet of Things has just reached the Apex of Inflated Prospects and can be expected to reach the Plateau of Productivity in over ten years. In this current phase with high future prospects, security and privacy for users become paramount concerns [4].

IoT can avail organizations utilize their business infrastructure and assets in innovative ways to offer incipient accommodations and distribute supplemental revenue. Moreover, deriving paramount information from the immensely colossal volumes of data that IoT engenders can amend decision–making and enable proactive, predictive insights. While the scope and potential of IoT is astronomical, four industries are best poised to reap the benefits (visually perceive Fig.1).

Fig.1 Four Industries with Most to Gain from IoT [Source: Cisco]

Being an unfolding technology, the definition of the Internet of Things is additionally composing. Today, this term mostly refers to physical objects (things) that are interconnected through their virtual representations in a (ecumenical) Internet‐like structure, utilizing such communication protocols as RFID or Bluetooth. This concept already gave birth to sundry use cases, among which keenly intellective home and astute office are probably the most commonly kenned scenarios.

II. THE THREE Cs OF IOT

A. Communication

IoT communicates information to people and systems, such as state and health of equipment (e.g.it’s on or off, charged, full or empty) and data from sensors that can monitor a person’s vital signs. For example, an IOT-enabled HVAC system can report if its air filter is immaculate and functioning felicitously. GPS-enabled assets can communicate their current location and kineticism. Location is paramount for items that move, such as trucks, but it’s withal applicable for locating items and people within an organization. In the healthcare industry, IoT can avail a hospital track the location of everything from wheelchairs to cardiac defibrillators to surgeons. In the conveyance industry, a business can distribute authentic-time tracking and condition of parcels and pallets. For example, Maersk can utilize sensors to track the location of a refrigerated shipping container and its current temperature.

B. Control and Automation

In a connected world, a business will have overtones into a device’s condition. In many cases, a business or consumer will withal be able to remotely control a contrivance. For example, a business can remotely turn on or shut down a specific piece of equipment or adjust the temperature in a climate-controlled environment. Meanwhile, a consumer can utilize IoT to unlock their car or start the washing machine. Once a performance baseline has been established, a process can send alerts for anomalies and possibly distribute an automated replication. For example, if the brake pads on a truck are about to fail, it can prompt the company to take the conveyance out of accommodation and automatically schedule maintenance.

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Many companies will adopt IoT to preserve mazuma. Quantification provides authentic performance data and equipment health, in lieu of just estimates. Businesses, categorically industrial companies, lose mazuma when equipment fails. With incipient sensor information, IoT can avail a company preserve mazuma by minimizing equipment failure and sanctioning the business to perform orchestrated maintenance. Sensors can additionally quantifying items, such as driving deportment and speed, to reduce fuel expense and wear and tear on consumables. Incipient astute meters in homes and businesses can withal provide data that avail people understand energy consumption and opportunities for cost savings.

Costs can be reduced through amended asset utilization, process efficiencies3 and productivity [5]. Customers and organizations can benefit from amended asset utilization (e.g., keenly intellective meters that eliminate manual meter readings) and accommodation amendments (e.g., remote monitoring of patients in clinical settings) [6]. General Electric has estimated that if astute machines and analytics caused even a minuscule reduction in fuel, capital expenditures and inefficiencies, it would result in billions of dollars in cost savings.

III. PERSUASIVE BENEFITS OF IOT

IoT offers business benefits and value that organizations cannot afford to ignore, including cost savings, amended revenues and opportunities to innovate.

A. Improved asset utilization

With ameliorated tracking of assets (machinery, equipment, implements, etc.) utilizing sensors and connectivity, businesses can benefit from authentic-time insights and overtness into their assets and supply chains [7]. For instance, they could more facilely locate assets and run preventive maintenance on critical pieces of infrastructure and machinery to ameliorate throughput and utilization [8].

B. Efficient processes

Organizations can utilize authentic-time operational insights to make more astute business decisions and reduce operating costs. They can utilize authentic-time data from sensors and actuators to monitor and ameliorate process efficiency, reduce energy costs and minimize human intervention.

C. Improved productivity

Productivity is a critical parameter that affects the profitability of any organization. IoT amends organizational productivity by offering employees just-in-time training, reducing the mismatch of required vs. available skills and amending labor efficiency [9].

IV. IOT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Regarding the security issue, several challenges obstructing the progress of IoT applications due to the following reasons:

Extension of IoT to amass recent technologies such as sensor network and mobile network The Internet will comprise the passive and active things

Communicate these things is a must.

Upon these natures of IoT, incipient security quandaries will arise. More attention to the research for IoT authenticity, confidentiality, and data integrity of data should be considered [10].

IoT’s tremendous potential, organizations must overcome numerous issues and challenges that are inhibiting IoT’s magnification. To get grounded in and eventually master IoT, organizations will require to work approximately with mature vendors to surmount key hurdles, such as:

A. A lack of standards and interoperable technologies

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B. Data and information management issues:

Map-reading, capturing, analyzing and utilizing the insights engendered by astronomically immense volumes of IoT data in timely and pertinent ways is an immensely colossal challenge with traditional infrastructures [12].

C. Privacy and security concerns

Deriving value from IoT depends on the ability of organizations to amass, manage and mine data. Securing such data from unauthorized use and easements will be a key concern. Similarly, with many contrivances utilized for personal activities, many users might not be vigilant of the types of personally identifiable data being amassed, raising solemn privacy concerns. And because most contrivances involve minimal human interference, organizations need to be concerned about hacking and other malefactor abuse. A far more sizable voluminous potential for risk in the future is a security breach or a malfunctioning contrivance that induces catastrophic failures in the IoT ecosystem [13].

D. Organizational inability to manage IoT complexities

While IoT offers tremendous value, tapping into it will injuctively sanction a whole incipient caliber of systems and capabilities that can harness the ecosystem and unlock value for organizations [14]. For instance, making sense of the flood of data engendered by sensors every millisecond will require vigorous data management, storage and analytics capabilities. Similarly, policy makers will require to address data, security and privacy concerns. Organizations will additionally need to develop skills to preempt potential component failures and supersessions, utilizing preventive servicing and maintenance practices to ascertain business operations run efficaciously and efficiently.

V. CONCLUSION

The IoT relies on the principle of the extensive processing of data through these sensors that are designed to communicate unobtrusively and exchange data in a seamless way; it is approximately linked to the notions of “pervasive” and “ubiquitous” computing. The steep business and technological challenges on the path to IoT can be surmounted by taking an integrative and holistic view of the opportunities that IoT offers to build potential business cases. In mature markets today, the ultimate, pervasive consumer contrivance is a mobile phone. To commence with, organizations should consider the cull of integrating traditional infrastructures with the incipient astute assets or building incipient enabling infrastructure to fortify them. Organizations should fixate on how their ability to manage, control and monitor keenly intellective remote assets can result in material and quantifiable ameliorations in profitability and revenue.

REFERENCES

[1] Luigi A., Antonio I., Giacomo M., The Internet of Things: A survey. Science Direct journal of Computer Networks, Volume 54, Pages: 2787–2805, 2010. [2] Cerf, Vint, and Maureen Ohlhausen. "Internet of Things." Lecture. Federal Trade Commission: Internet of Things Workshop. Federal Trade Commission,

Washington DC. 19 Nov.2013.FTC.gov.http://www.ftc.gov/sites/defa-ult/files/documents/public_events/internet-things- privacy-security-connected-world /final_transcript.pdf

[3] Code Halo is the coded information surrounding people, companies and things. For more on this topic, see Code Halos: How the Digital Lives of People, Things, and Organizations are Changing the Rules of Business, written by Malcolm Frank, Paul Roehrig and Ben Pring, and published by John Wiley & Sons, March 2014, http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118862074.html .

[4] Rivera, Janessa, and Rob Van Der Meulen. Gartner's 2013 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies Maps Out Evolving Relationship Between Humans and Machines. Gartner, 19 Aug.2013.http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2575515.

[5] “The Internet of Everything: How More Relevant and Valuable Connections Will Change the World,” Cisco IBSG, 2012. http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoE.pdf .

[6] “GSMA Announces the Business Impact of Connected Devices Could Be Worth US$4.5 Trillion in 2020,” GSMA, February 2012. http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/gsma-announces-the-business-impact-of-connected-devices-could- be-worth-us4-5-trillion-in-2020/.

[7] “Building Value from Visibility: 2012 Enterprise Internet of Things Adoption Outlook,” Forrester Research and Zebra Consulting, October 2012. http://www.zebra.com/content/dam/zebra/white-papers/en-us/zebra-iot-report-en-us.pdf .

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[9] “Can the Internet of Everything Bring Back the High-Growth Economy?” Progressive Policy Institute,September2013.http://www.progressivepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/09.2013-Mandel_Can-the-Internet-of- Everything-Bring-Back-the-High-Growth-Economy-1.pdf .

[10] Yinghui H., Guanyu L., Descriptive Models for Internet of Things. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing, Pages: 483- 486, Dalian, China, 2010.

[11] “The Internet of Things Is Poised to Change Everything, Says IDC,” IDC, October 2013. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24366813. [12] “2013: The Year of the Internet of Things,” MIT Technology Review, January 2013.

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/509546/2013-the-year-of-the-internet-of-things/.

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[14] “Disruptive Technologies: Advances that Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy,” McKinsey & Co., May 2013. http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights%20and%20pubs/MGI/Research/