Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 50 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Byarugaba DK. A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. 2004;24:105–10.
2. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. Infographic: antibiotic resistance the global threat. 2012;13(12):246813. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/infographics/antibiotic-resistance/antibiotic_resistance_global_threat.htm#_edn1
3. Wilkie GL, Prabhu M, Ona S, Easter SR, Tuomala RE, Riley LE, et al. Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Peripartum Bacteremia. 2019;133(2):269–75.
4. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AKM, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance — the need for global solutions. 2013;13(December). 5. Okeke IN, Klugman KP, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, Brien TFO, et al.
Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries . Part II : strategies for containment. 2005;5(September):568–80.
6. Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O’Brien TF, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Aug;5(8):481–93.
7. Hart CA, Kariuki S. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. BMJ. 1998 Sep;317(7159):647–50.
8. Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Edelman R. Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors Leading to Acquired Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Developing Countries. 1999;5(1):18–27.
9. Kunin CM. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs--a worldwide calamity. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr;118(7):557–61.
10. Klein EY, Boeckel TP Van, Martinez EM, Pant S, Gandra S, Levin SA. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. 2018;1–8.
11. Aldeyab MA, Kearney MP, McElnay JC, Magee FA, Conlon G, MacIntyre J, et al. A point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in four acute-care teaching hospitals utilizing the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) audit tool. Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Sep;140(9):1714–20.
12. Sr A, Se S. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. 2006;690(3):623–90.
13. Cizman M. The use and resistance to antibiotics in the community. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Apr;21(4):297–307.
14. Sözen H, Gönen I, Sözen A, Kutlucan A, Kalemci S, Sahan M. Application of ATC/DDD methodology to evaluate of antibiotic use in a general hospital in Turkey. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013;12:23.
15. Aminov RI. A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future. Front Microbiol. 2010;1:134.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 51 [cited 2018 Dec 1]; Available from: https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en/
17. Paterson DL. The Role of Antimicrobial Management Programs in Optimizing Antibiotic Prescribing within Hospitals. 2006;15213(Suppl 2).
18. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonsia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No 8 Tahun 2015. Program pengendalian resistensi antimikroba di rumah sakit. 2015;
19. Monnet DL, Molstad S, Cars O. Defined daily doses of antimicrobials reflect antimicrobial prescriptions in ambulatory care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Jun;53(6):1109–11.
20. Freire-Moran L, Aronsson B, Manz C, Gyssens IC, So AD, Monnet DL, et al. Critical shortage of new antibiotics in development against multidrug-resistant bacteria-Time to react is now. Drug Resist Updat. 2011 Apr;14(2):118–24. 21. Muller A, Monnet DL, Talon D, Henon T, Bertrand X. Discrepancies between
prescribed daily doses and WHO defined daily doses of antibacterials at a university hospital. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 May;61(5):585–91.
22. Filius PMG, Liem TBY, van der Linden PD, Janknegt R, Natsch S, Vulto AG, et al. An additional measure for quantifying antibiotic use in hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 May;55(5):805–8.
23. Suarez C. Antibiotic betalactam. 2009;27(2):116–29.
24. Schalock PC, Zug KA. Bacitracin. Cutis. 2005 Aug;76(2):105–7.
25. Lee T, Pang S, Abraham S, Coombs GW. Antimicrobial Resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The Past, the Present and the Future. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018 Aug;
26. Bartoletti M, Giannella M, Tedeschi S, Viale P. Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;32(3):551–80.
27. Ishii H, Hirai K, Sugiyama K, Nakatani E, Kimura M, Itoh K. Validation of a Nomogram for Achieving Target Trough Concentration of Vancomycin: Accuracy in Patients With Augmented Renal Function. Ther Drug Monit. 2018 Dec;40(6):693–8.
28. Kampmeier S, Kossow A, Clausen LM, Knaack D, Ertmer C, Gottschalk A, et al. Hospital acquired vancomycin resistant enterococci in surgical intensive care patients - a prospective longitudinal study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:103.
29. Monteiro JF, Hahn SR, Gonçalves J, Fresco P. Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring and population pharmacokinetic models in special patient subpopulations. 2018;(June).
30. Krause KM, Serio AW, Kane TR, Connolly LE. Aminoglycosides: An Overview. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016 Jun;6(6).
31. Ristuccia AM, Cunha BA. An overview of amikacin. Ther Drug Monit. 1985;7(1):12–25.
32. Aggen JB, Armstrong ES, Goldblum AA, Dozzo P, Linsell MS, Gliedt MJ, et al. Synthesis and spectrum of the neoglycoside ACHN-490. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Nov;54(11):4636–42.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 52 33. Schnappinger D, Hillen W. Tetracyclines: antibiotic action, uptake, and
resistance mechanisms. Arch Microbiol. 1996 Jun;165(6):359–69.
34. Chopra I, Hawkey PM, Hinton M. Tetracyclines, molecular and clinical aspects. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Mar;29(3):245–77.
35. Dinos GP, Athanassopoulos CM, Missiri DA, Giannopoulou PC, Vlachogiannis IA, Papadopoulos GE, et al. Chloramphenicol Derivatives as Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents: Historic Problems and Current Solutions. Antibiot (Basel, Switzerland). 2016 Jun;5(2).
36. Guay D. Update on clindamycin in the management of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Oct;8(14):2401–44. 37. Seah C, Alexander DC, Louie L, Simor A, Low DE, Longtin J, et al. MupB, a
new high-level mupirocin resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Apr;56(4):1916–20.
38. Smith CL, Powell KR. Review of the sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Pediatr Rev. 2000 Nov;21(11):368–71.
39. Aldred KJ, Kerns RJ, Osheroff N. Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance. Biochemistry. 2014 Mar;53(10):1565–74.
40. Komp Lindgren P, Klockars O, Malmberg C, Cars O. Pharmacodynamic studies of nitrofurantoin against common uropathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Apr;70(4):1076–82.
41. Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Feb;86(2):156–67.
42. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 195: Prevention of Infection After Gynecologic Procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;131(6):e172–89.
43. POGI. Pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteran ketuban pecah dini. 2016; 44. POGI. Pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteraan perdafrahan pasca salin. 2016; 45. POGI. Panduan antibiotik profilaksis pada pembedahan obstetri-ginekologi.
2013;
46. World Health Organization. Guidelines for atc classification and ddd assignment. 16th ed. 2013.
47. Golkar Z, Bagasra O, Pace DG. Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014 Feb;8(2):129–36. 48. Spellberg B, Gilbert DN. The future of antibiotics and resistance: a tribute to a
career of leadership by John Bartlett. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep;59 Suppl 2:S71-5.
49. Viswanathan VK. Off-label abuse of antibiotics by bacteria. Vol. 5, Gut microbes. United States; 2014. p. 3–4.
50. Michael CA, Dominey-Howes D, Labbate M. The antimicrobial resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management. Front public Heal. 2014;2:145. 51. Maharaj D. Puerperal Pyrexia: a review. Part II. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007
Jun;62(6):400–6.
52. Bebell LM, Ngonzi J, Bazira J, Fajardo Y, Boatin AA, Siedner MJ, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant infections among postpartum women at a Ugandan referral hospital. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175456.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 53 antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 May;56(10):1445–50.
54. Read AF, Woods RJ. Antibiotic resistance management. Evol Med public Heal. 2014 Oct;2014(1):147.
55. The antibiotic alarm. Vol. 495, Nature. England; 2013. p. 141.
56. Luyt C-E, Brechot N, Trouillet J-L, Chastre J. Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2014 Aug;18(5):480.
57. Gould IM, Bal AM. New antibiotic agents in the pipeline and how they can help overcome microbial resistance. Virulence. 2013 Feb;4(2):185–91.
58. Piddock LJ V. The crisis of no new antibiotics--what is the way forward? Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;12(3):249–53.
59. Nannini EC, Singh K V, Arias CA, Murray BE. In Vivo Effects of Cefazolin, Daptomycin, and Nafcillin in Experimental Endocarditis with a Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strain Showing an Inoculum Effect against Cefazolin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Sep;57(9):4276–81.
60. Wilson DN. Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014 Jan;12(1):35–48.
61. Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME. Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug Resist Updat. 2010 Dec;13(6):151–71.
62. Pages J-M, James CE, Winterhalter M. The porin and the permeating antibiotic: a selective diffusion barrier in Gram-negative bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Dec;6(12):893–903.
63. Hancock REW, Brinkman FSL. Function of pseudomonas porins in uptake and efflux. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002;56:17–38.
64. McMurry L, Petrucci REJ, Levy SB. Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3974–7.
65. Hiramatsu K, Ito T, Tsubakishita S, Sasaki T, Takeuchi F, Morimoto Y, et al. Genomic Basis for Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Chemother. 2013 Jun;45(2):117–36.
66. Pogliano J, Pogliano N, Silverman JA. Daptomycin-mediated reorganization of membrane architecture causes mislocalization of essential cell division proteins. J Bacteriol. 2012 Sep;194(17):4494–504.
67. Lipp EK, Huq A, Colwell RR. Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Oct;15(4):757–70.
68. Aminov RI, Mackie RI. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Jun;271(2):147–61.
69. Kakkar M, Walia K, Vong S, Chatterjee P, Sharma A. Antibiotic resistance and its containment in India. BMJ. 2017 Sep;358:j2687.
70. World Health Organization. Global report on surveilance-antimicrobial resistance [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Dec 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/
71. Mentri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.2406/MENKES/PER/XII/2011. Pedoman umum pemakaian antibiotik.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 54 Qibtiyah M, et al. Progress towards antimicrobial resistance containment and control in Indonesia. BMJ. 2017;358:j3808.
73. Wardoyo EH, Tjoa E, Ocvyanty D, Moehario LH. Infeksi Luka Operasi ( ILO ) di Bangsal Kebidanan dan Kandungan RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo ( RSCM ): Laporan Serial Kasus Bulan Agustus-Oktober 2011. 2014;(August 2016). 74. Mohan J, Thangaroja T, Menon M. Single dose antibiotic prophylaxis in elective
obstetric and gynaecological surgeries-a descriptive study. 2017;6(9):3897–902. 75. Oliphant SS, Jones KA, Wang L, Bunker CH, Lowder JL. Trends over time with
commonly performed obstetric and gynecologic inpatient procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Oct;116(4):926–31.
76. Astuti YD, Dewi A, Arini M. Evaluasi Implementasi Clinical Pathway Sectio Caesarea di RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul. 2017;6(2):97–111.
77. Blumenfeld YJ, El-Sayed YY, Lyell DJ, Nelson LM, Butwick AJ. Risk Factors for Prolonged Postpartum Length of Stay Following Cesarean Delivery. Am J Perinatol. 2015 Jul;32(9):825–32.
78. Baek H, Cho M, Kim S, Hwang H, Song M, Yoo S. Analysis of length of hospital stay using electronic health records: A statistical and data mining approach. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195901.
79. Laras N. Kuantitas Penggunaan Antibiotik di Bangsal Bedah dan Obstetri-Ginekologi setelah Kampanye PP-PPRA. 2012;
80. Yoanitha N, Wirakusumah FF, Sukarsa MRA. Gambaran Rasionalitas Penggunaan Antibiotik berdasarkan Kriteria Gyssens di Bangsal Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSUP Dr . Hasan Sadikin Bandung. 2016;0:111–6.
81. Anand NI, Parmar DM, Sukhlecha A. Comparison of combinations of ciprofloxacin-metronidazole and ceftriaxone-metronidazole in controlling operative site infections in obstetrics and gynecological surgeries: A retrospective study. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011;2(3):170–3.
82. Schalkwyk J Van, Eyk N Van. No . 247-Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Obstetric Procedures. XXX [Internet]. 2017;39(9):e293–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.06.007
83. Glover DD, Lalka D, Monif GRG, Al GET. Ampicillin Vs . Penicillin for In Utero Therapy. 1996;46(30):43–6.
84. Westen EHMN, Kolk PR, Van Velzen CL, Unkels R, Mmuni NS, Hamisi AD, et al. Single-dose compared with multiple day antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section in low-resource settings, a randomized controlled, noninferiority trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;94(1):43–9.
85. Gertner J, Goldstein FW, Pe Y. Resistance to Ceftriaxone and Other  -Lactams in Bacteria Isolated in the Community. 1995;39(11):2516–9.
