Relative Time and Atomic Structure Unit

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Spring Final Exam 2016 Review Guide

Hints on what to study:

 Videos – go over the notes you took, watch the videos again, listening for things you forgot to include in the notes the first time.

 First Things First Folder – the warm up questions and vocabulary are essential!

 Quizzes – check the questions you missed, have someone else quiz you on the material again to review.

 Problem sets – the answers to many of the worksheets are on the class website (go to documents)

 Vocabulary - draw pictures, make flashcards, practice with a friend.

Relative Time and Atomic Structure Unit

Rock Cycle, Weathering and Erosion

 Be able to identify differentiate the three types of rocks based on their characteristics and origins. (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)

 Understand how the three types of rocks are formed.

 What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

 What types of features are formed by erosion?

 Be able to give examples of weathering and erosion.

 How do humans contribute to erosion?

Relative Dating

 Be able to use Steno’s Laws and Principles to put geologic events in chronologic order. Be able to identify which rock feature is younger or older. Use the problem sets to practice this!

o Principle of original horizontality o Principle of lateral continuity o Law of Superposition

o Law of cross-cutting relationships o Law of included fragments

o Principle of fossil succession

 What is an unconformity?

 How can index fossils help you understand the age of a layer of rock?

 How do fossils form?

 What type of rocks can contain fossils?

Absolute Dating

 Understand how radioactive isotopes decay over time.

 What is a half-life?

 How long is a half-life for commonly used isotopes? (Uranium-238, Potassium-40, Carbon-14)

 What kinds of things can be dated using Carbon-14? Uranium-238?

 Be able to determine the age of a rock based on the percentage of parent isotope left in the rock.

 Be able to determine the age of a rock based on the ratio of parent to daughter isotope found in the rock.

 Be able to predict how much parent isotope will be left in the rock after each half-life.

Atomic Structure

 Be able to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom if given other clues that atom.

 Be able to identify the name of an element if given other clues about that atom.

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Astronomy Unit

How we measure stuff in space

 How is parallax used to determine the distance to stars?

 What is a light year? How long does it take light to travel one light year? Why do we use the unit of light years to measure distances between stars and galaxies?

 What is the difference between Mass and Weight? Which one is different on other planets where the force of gravity is different from Earth’s?

 Understand how to use proportional ratios to solve for an unknown.

o circumference of a planet - Be able to calculate the distance between two spots on a planet or moon using the shadow angles (Eratosthenes’ Method)

o Angular Size – Use the size distance ratio of something close to determine the size or distance of an object that is far away.

How stuff moves in space

 Kepler’s 1

^st

law of planetary motion:

o What shape is the orbit of celestial objects like planets, comets, moons, and satellites?

o Know how to calculate the eccentricity of an ellipse

o Be able to compare the shape of a planet’s orbit to another using the eccentricity of the orbit.

 Kepler’s 2

^nd

law of planetary motion:

o Where is the planet moving the fastest? Where does it travel the greatest distance.

o Why does the orbital speed of a planet vary with its distance from the sun?

 Kepler’s 3

^rd

law of planetary motion:

o How is the distance from the sun related to a planet’s orbital speed?

 Newton’s laws of motion - Be able to use Newton’s laws of motion to make predictions about the outcome of a situation.

 Gravitation

o How is the force of gravity affected by the distance between two objects?

o How is the force of gravity affected by the mass of two objects?

o Be able to compare the force of gravity on different planets if you are given the mass of the planet relative to earth.

 Understand that an object must be moving at least as fast as the escape speed in order to leave a planet and not be recaptured by its gravity. (black holes have an escape speed that is faster than the speed of light)

 Why does Mars travel in retrograde motion occasionally? Be able to look at a map and determine which direction a planet appears to be traveling if it is in retrograde motion.

Light and the evolution of stars

 Understand how wavelength and frequency are related.

 Know which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have the most energy.

 How do astronomers use the spectral lines of stars and other celestial objects:

o What elements are burning in stars

o How the objects are moving in space relative to us

o What elements are filtering the light from distant objects

 Know the life cycle of low, medium, and high mass stars.

 Be able to interpret an HR Diagram

o Where would stars be placed on the diagram if you are given their temperature and

luminosity?

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o Where do stars that are in the Main Sequence phase belong on the diagram? Where do stars belong if they are Red Giants? White Dwarfs? Super Massive Blue Main Sequence Stars?

 Know how the temperature and surface area of a star affect its brightness

 Understand the difference between Absolute and Apparent Magnitude of brightness.

o Use the absolute and apparent magnitude of a star to tell whether it is close or far from us.

Big questions for science

 What is the Doppler Effect?

o What happens to the spectral lines of an object that is moving towards us? Away from us?

o How is the Redshift used as evidence to support the idea that the universe is expanding?

o What is Hubble’s Law? How is the distance to an object in space related to the speed at which it is traveling away from us?

o Be able to identify an object that is moving away from us using its spectral lines.

o What do Engineers do? Be familiar with the engineering cycle and how it was used during the Marsbound Game.

Meteorology Unit

Seasons and Climate

 What causes the seasons?

 What two variables are affected by the tilt in the Earth’s axis?

o Be able to calculate the number of hours of daylight for a location if given a profile picture of the earth in sun and shadow.

o Understand how the angle of sunlight affects the amount of sunlight a location receives.

 What is albedo? How does it affect the amount of energy a location will absorb?

 What is Continentality? Be able to look at temperature graphs for different locations and predict which ones are closer to large bodies of water.

 How is elevation related to the average temperature of a location?

 How do prevailing winds affect the climate in a location?

 Be able to calculate the temperature of a location using the lapse rate and the elevation of that location.

 How do ocean currents affect the climate of a location?

Atmosphere and Climate Change

 What are the major components of the atmosphere?

 What types of gases are greenhouse gases?

 How does the greenhouse effect benefit humans? Negatively impact humans?

 How are we contributing to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

 Know the difference between positive and negative feedback loops. Be able to identify whether a system is showing a positive or negative feedback loop.

 How is heat transferred from place to place? Be able to identify the method of heat transfer in a situation – Conduction, Convection, Radiation, or Latent Heat Transfer.

Relative Humidity

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 What happens when the air temperature cools below the dew point temperature? (What can you see?)

 Know how to find the capacity of air at a given temperature using the capacity chart.

 Know how to use a sling psychrometer to find the relative humidity of the air.

 Be able to find the relative humidity on a chart using the difference in the wet and dry bulb temperatures.

 How does the relative humidity change if the air temperature drops?

 Know how to find the dew point temperature using the capacity chart and the air temperature.

 What conditions are necessary for condensation (Dew point temperature and condensation nuclei)?

 Be able to calculate the relative humidity if given the specific humidity and the capacity at a temperature.

 Be able to determine the height of cloud formation if given the dew point temperature and the air

temperature at ground level.

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Vocabulary list:

Geologic Time Astronomy Meteorology

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphism Igneous intrusion Deposit/deposition Fault

Weathering

Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Erosion

Principle of original horizontality Principle of lateral continuity Law of Superposition

Law of cross-cutting relationships Law of included fragments

Principle of fossil succession Unconformity

Correlation Index fossil Key bed

Sub-atomic particle Proton

Neutron Electron Decay Radioactive Isotope

Daughter isotope Parent isotope Carbon dating Uranium dating

Ellipse Eccentricity Focus Orbit

Period (time to orbit) Rotation

Force

Mass vs weight Acceleration Equilibrium Fusion HR Diagram

Absolute magnitude Apparent Magnitude Luminosity

Protostar Nebula

Main sequence

Red Giant / Super Red Giant Neutron star

Black hole White dwarf Spectral lines

Absorption spectrum Emission spectrum Frequency

Wavelength

Period (Time for one complete wave to pass)

Doppler effect Red/Blue shift Gravity

Parallax Circumference

Albedo Precipitation

Condensation nuclei Relative humidity Specific humidity Capacity

Dew point temperature Saturation

Continental Maritime Range Convection Conduction Radiation Latent heat

Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Ozone

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere