Construction Safety. Mark Reising, Tetra Tech, Inc. NARPM Training Program nd Annual nd Annual NARPM Training Program. NARPM Training Program

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22^nd₂₂ Annual NARPM Training Program nd22 Annual NARPM Training Program ^nd Annual NARPM Training Program ₀

Construction Safety

Mark Reising, Tetra Tech, Inc.

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22^nd Annual NARPM Training Program 1 1 22^nd22 Annual NARPM Training Program ^nd Annual NARPM Training Program

Construction Concerns

 Excavations

 Confined spaces

 Scaffolds

 Fall protection

 Electrical

 Heavy equipment

 Ladders

 Power tools

 Noise

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Excavation Definition

OSHA defines an excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth's surface formed by earth removal.

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Excavation Hazards

 Unstable ground

 Trench cave-ins

 Equipment rollover

 Spoils near edge of trench

 A cubic yard of soil weighs about a ton

 Difficult ingress and egress

 Underground utilities

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Excavation Hazards

Spoils Placement No Protective System

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Excavation Fatalities

 Worker was killed when part of a trench wall fell on him.

 Worker died from falling debris while working in a trench.

 Worker was engulfed when the sewer and water trench he was digging caved in.

 Worker died after being trapped in soil over his head as a result of a trench that caved-in.

The trench wall that collapsed was not shored or otherwise protected from earth movement

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Confined Spaces

 Large enough and so configured that a worker can bodily enter and perform assigned work

 Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit

 Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

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Confined Space Issues

 Recognition of confined space

 Recognition of a hazard

 Permit preparation

 Following the permit

 No OSHA standard for construction, except

 1926.21 – training

 1926 Subpart P Excavations

 Draft Standard

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Confined Spaces

 Two workers died after entering an activated carbon water filtration tank. Cause of death was asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen. The damp carbon absorbed the oxygen and has been known to decrease an oxygen level from 21% to 4% in a closed vessel.

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Scaffolds

 An elevated, temporary work platform

 Three basic types

 Supported scaffolds

 Suspended scaffolds

 Aerial Lifts

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Scaffold Hazards

 Falls from elevation – caused by slipping,

unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection

 Struck by falling tools/debris

 Electrocution – from overhead power lines

 Scaffold collapse – caused by instability or overloading

 Bad planking giving way

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Scaffold Problems

 15 to 20% of scaffold-related injuries involve erecting and dismantling

 15% of scaffold-related injuries occur when workers are climbing up and down

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Scaffold Problems

 Worker for an environmental hazards

solutions company died after falling 10 stories from a self-lifting scaffold.

 Worker standing on a scaffold platform was killed when a forklift hit the platform, which then hit a building under construction. The

worker fell and the building collapsed on him.

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Fatal Fact – Moving a Lift

Employee was operating an aerial lift, with an extendable boom

rotating work platform

The boom was fully extended and the machine apparently ran over some bricks, causing the boom to flex or spring, throwing the

employee from the basket

The employee fell 37 feet to a

concrete surface

Source: OSHA Office of Training &

Education, Scaffolds

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Fall Protection

 Safety railing

 Hand rails

 Safety harness and line

 Safety nets

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Electrical Fatalities

 Contact with power lines

 Lack of ground-fault protection

 Path to ground missing or discontinuous

 Equipment not used in manner prescribed

 Improper use of extension and flexible cords

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Grounding Path

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17

Prohibited Uses of Flexible Cords

Examples

Substitute for fixed wiring

Run through walls, ceilings, floors,

doors, or windows

Concealed behind or attached to

building surfaces

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Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

 Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

 Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes

 GFCI that shuts off a circuit

 Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection

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Electrical Fatalities

 Worker using metal poles to catch bats was electrocuted when the poles touched power lines.

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Heavy Equipment

 “Struck by” is 2^nd leading cause of fatalities (75% involve heavy equipment) – OSHA

 465 fatalities from 1992 to 1998 – NIOSH

 180 fatalities due to vehicles in 2000 - BLS

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Types of Heavy Equipment

 Bulldozers

 Backhoes

 Bucket loaders and end loaders

 Excavators and trackhoes

 Drill rigs

 Dump trucks

 Cranes

 Forklifts

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General Hazards

 Struck-by incidents

 Fall-from accidents

 Limited visibility for operators

 Noise

 Vibration

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General Hazards (continued)

 Overhead/underground utilities

 Toxic releases

 Hot parts

 Burrs and sharp edges

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Bulldozer

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Backhoe

LIMITED VISION 180° MOVEMENT OF ARM

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Backhoe

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Backhoe

 A contractor was operating a backhoe when an employee attempted to walk between the swinging superstructure of the backhoe and a concrete wall. As the employee approached from the operator's blind side, the

superstructure hit the victim, crushing him against the wall. Employees had not been trained in safe work practices, and no

barricades had been erected to prevent employee access to a hazardous area.

» Source: OSHA Construction eTool

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Bucket loader

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Front end loader

 Material handler

 Not people

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Excavator

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Excavator

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Drill Rig

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Drill Rig Fatalities

 Drilling worker was killed when a hydraulic line used to lift machinery broke, pinning him

underneath the equipment.

 Worker became entangled in a rotating auger and was killed.

 Drill rig operator was electrocuted when a radio antenna on top of his drill rig boom

contacted a 7,200 volt overhead power line.

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Dump Truck

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Dump Truck

 Road construction worker was fatally injured when a dump truck partially loaded with

asphalt backed over him.

 A truck driver was electrocuted when the bed of a dump truck he was operating contacted a 7200 volt power line. A path to ground was

provided by the truck driver when he stepped out of the truck.

» Source: NIOSH FACE reports

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Crane

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Cranes

 Cranes are involved in 25 to 33% of fatal injuries in construction and maintenance.

 For the 11 years 1984-94, 502 deaths

occurred in 479 incidents involving cranes in the construction industry.

 Electrocution by power-line contact was the most common type of incident, with 198

deaths (39%) reported.

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Crane Fatalities

 Worker connecting a boom to a crane was killed after the crane's arm fell on him.

 Worker was killed at a construction site when a crane fell on him.

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Cranes

 Example:

 Wrong size shovel for crane

 Improper weight

 Lifted too fast

 Bucket came down on cab, crushing it

 Operator survived with broken bones and concussion

 Need

 Inspections

 Ratings check

 Tags

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Forklift

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Forklift Fatalities

 Worker died after falling 15 feet out of a trash box being lifted by a forklift

 Worker died from head injuries after being thrown from his forklift.

 Worker was run over and killed by a forklift

used to deliver materials at a construction site.

 Worker fell from a forklift and was then run over by the forklift.

 Worker died when he fell from a pallet elevated by a forklift.

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Visibility

COUNTERWEIGHT EXTENSIONS CAN PRESENT STRIKING HAZARD

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Blind Spots

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Blindspots

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Eye level 5 ft - 5 in above ground level

6’ 1”

11’ 7”

6’ 3”

Operator sight distances from eye level to ground

Vehicle:

Bobcat/

Skid Steer

3’ 1”

4’ 10”

11’ 5”

21’ 8”

Blind Spots

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Toxic Release?

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Precautions

 Know site safety plan

 Be aware of surroundings

 Be visible

 Stay away from equipment

 Use equipment properly

 Maintain eye contact

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Ladders

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Portable Ladders

• Inspect before use

• Designed for intended use

• Secure top

• 4:1 ratio

• 3+ foot extension

• Stable, level surface

• Keep area clear

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Ladders

 Carpenter died after jumping or losing his balance from an unsecured ladder that was falling due to a gust of wind.

 Carpenter dies after fall from a ladder that slipped from its base while positioned on frozen sand.

 Worker died of injuries sustained when he fell while attaching plastic sheathing across the inside of a 15 foot high door opening while using a 12 foot high aluminum step ladder to reach the top of the door.

 Worker died after falling 12 feet from an unsecured ladder while cutting into a 5,000-gallon tank.

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Power Tools

 Two carpenters were overcome by carbon monoxide when they entered a basement area where a gas powered engine used to power tools was running.

 A carpenter was electrocuted when a portable electric saw he was using apparently

developed a ground fault.

 Contact with moving parts

 Noise

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Noise

 Exceeding 85 dBA 8-hr Time-Weighted Average (TWA) requires hearing conservation program

 Audiometric testing

 PPE

 Exceeding 90 dBA 8-hr Time-Weighted Average requires hearing conservation program and noise controls

 Engineering controls

 Administrative controls

 PPE

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Noise Levels

Jack Hammer Chain Saw

Bulldozer Chop Saw Impact Wrench

Crane Circular Saw

Hand Drill Metal Shear Front End Loader Air Compressor

Task/Tool

75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

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Construction Safety. Mark Reising, Tetra Tech, Inc. NARPM Training Program nd Annual nd Annual NARPM Training Program. NARPM Training Program