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A CRITICAL EDITION OF MiM

AL-14ASA,

lLt BY AL-

(d. 538 H-/1144)

IV

AEWL RALIK BIN MUHAMD

Thesis presented to the University

of Sto Indrews

for _{the degree of Doctor of n2llosoplW}

-1-

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the following is a -record of

research _{work carried} out by me; that the thesis is my

own composition, _{and that} it has not previously been

presented for _{any other} degree.

St. Andrews,

16th., December, _1976.

j

-

II

CERT

IFICAT

ION

I CERTIPY-MT

_{Abdul Halim bin Mmmad}

has

completed nine term

_{of i-esserch work in the United College}

of St., Salvatox and St* Imonardg University

of St. Andrevaq

that he has fulfilled

_{the conditions}

_{of Resolution}

No. 1

(1967) of the University

_{Court* and that be in qualified}

to subatit the accompatVing thesis in application

for

the degree of Doctor of Philosopbye

J. Burton (Mr.

- ill -

TAI.

W&CIV =-IlSTTTfWLlflj

in . %.

_&-

tm.

k

t

th

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kh

d

.

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d h

1

1r.

* ta

j

n

4.

r

.h

eh

_zu

_L;

,v

0

₄₀

Z

2=

_{Hamza 9}

demma

_{+ vcv -}

fgell

fotha + yi'b m

ei

tatha + vav

u

latha + allt

- iv -

ABBREVIATIONS

A. H.

After

Hijra.

Before Hijra.

b.

Son of.

bint.

Daughter of.

Of.

_{Compare, confer.}

d.

Died.

ed.

Edited.

fo.

Folio*

ff,

Folios.

H.

Hijra.

Ms

Manuscript.

MSS

n. d. No date.

no, Note# number.

rM,

pe Page.

pp. Pages.

suggest. Suggestion.

Vol. Volume.

Vols. Volumes.

Note:

t[II

Represents _{an insert within an insert.}

-v-

ACKNOWLMM. _MENTS

Dr. John Burton has super-ýised my studies during the pre-

paration

_{of this thesis.}

It is my duty to offer him my sincere

thanks for his scholastic

_{guidance and his encouragement. My}

thanks are also due to Dr. Jackson for his valuable suggestions

in the course of preparation

_{of this work in the absence of}

Dr. John Burton.

I would like to thank the staff

of the Chester Beatty

Library, _{Dublin, for providing me with a microfilm of the Text}

Ru3iis al-Yasq'ils _{and for} giving me access to other materials

in their library.

My thanks _{are also due to the staff of the Library of the}

British _{Museumt Londont the staff of the Library of the Arab}

League, _{and the staff of the Egyptian National Library, Cairo,}

for _{sending me microfilms of various MSS which are relevant to}

the subject, _{and for allowing me to use other} materials available

in their _libraries.

Pinally, _{I also wish to thank the staff of the Library of}

the University _{of St. Andrews for their assistance and co -}

operation, _{and to the Universiti} Kebangsa! an Malaysia (The

National _{University of Malaysia)q for sponsoring me to undertake}

I conducted my research under the supervision

of bra Joba Ruptono

I was admitted as a

rosesvRi student under Ordinance General No*

12 on lot October 1973 and as a candidate for

the degree of Ph*Do under this ordinance an

lot October 1973*

00

Abdul Bolin bin Muhammad

STe ANEREWS

CONTENTS

Pages

Declaration

Certification

Transliteration table ill

Abbreviations 1V

Acknowledgments V

Contents

Abstract

PART ONE : INTRODUCTION

Chapter _{one :. Introduction} to the MS and Text.

1- The NS used in this _edition 1- 2

2- _{The copyist and orthography} 2-

5

3 - Purpose and date of composition 5 -6

4 - Critical apparatus 7 -8

Chapter _{two : Author}

1- _{His nameg kunyal} nisbahs and

, titles

9-

2- His Family 11 - 13

3- _{His education and his}

teachers 13 - 16

4- His pupils

16 - 17

5- _{His literary output} 18 - 30

6- _{His travels 30 - 34}

Chapter three _{: Place in literature}

1- Compositions _{of RuTs al-Masa'il 35 - 36}

2- _{Authorshiý of the present work 36 - 38}

3- _{Comparison of Ru"ýs al-Masa'il}

with _{other works of Ikhtil7f 39 - 42}

a) The significance of the work 42 - 43

b) Zamakhshaýlls legal thought _{43 - 46}

Chapter _{four : Development of Ikhtil7af literature 47}

1- Ikhtilaf _{in general, 48 - 53}

2- _{Birth of the science of al-}

Xhilýfi _{53 - 57}

Chapter _{five The (scope of application of) classical}

theory _{of UZI of jurisprudence to the}

0

Ikhtil7af literature

The classical

theory of UZ-1

7-

of jurisprudence 58 - 59

2- _{The application of the theory 59 - 68}

3- _Conclusion 68

- 69

Bibliography

_{70 - 85}

PART TWO

ABSTRACT

This thesis

_consists

_{of two parts.}

_{The first}

_{part deals with}

an introduction which is divided into five _chapters,

Chapter _{one provides, general} information _{on the MS, the copyist}

and the orthography. The date and purpose of composition of the

work is also discussed, and the critical apparatus explained.

Chapter _{two concerns the authorship and outlines} briefly the

author's

career.

The discussion

involves

the author's

namep family,

educationg his teachers,

his pupils and his other works. The date

of his death is also ascertained.

Chapter three deals _{with the place of the Ru'ýis al-Maia"il}

I

type in literature, _{and consists of a review of works of similar}

title. _{Confirmation of the authorship of the present work , and}

comparison _{of this work with other similar works results} in

showing its _{significance and in illustrating} the attitude of the

author _{on matters} dealt _{with on Figh.}

A historical _{survey of the development of Ikhtiiaf} literature

and the beginnings of the science of al-Khil; fiZZat have been

discussed _{in chapter four.}

Finallyt _chapter five deals _{with the classical} theory _{of Usul}

and its application in the Ikhtil7af literature which is followed

0

The second part presents the Text. _{This contains 407 ralings-}

under 62 titles

_{and sub -. titles}

which deal with different

subjects

ranging from ritual, family law and penal law to the ralings on

food and drink.

The separate notes have been provided in order to show the

development _{of the Sh-aft'Ite} doctrines. An appendix is also pro-

vided aiming to illustrate the development of Zamakhshari's ideas

PART ONE

CHAPTER ONE

3WRODUCTION TO THE IIS AND TEXr

I- _{The M used in this edition}

The present edition of "Rufus al-Masglilw is based on the unique

"M no- 3600 preserved in the Chester Beatty Library

in Dublin,

Ireland.

-1, J. Arberry who described the work has briefly stated that no

other _{copy appears} to be recorded. I

The measurement of each page of the present work, consisting

altogether of 107 folios,

is 17 x 13-1 cm- Each page contains

between 11-17 lines

_{and between 7-15 words to each line.}

On the top of the front cover of the HS is written

the Shah; da

j

_{on the right}

is the title

_of

the book and the name of its author

and on the left

_appear

the names of two persons who possessed the IIS.

The following folio is the first _{page of the IM. At the top of}

it _{again the same title is written in la Tge writing, and also in the}

middle of this-folio is written twice the same title. The first and

second verses _{of the first s; ra} of the Qur3an appear in the middle of

the same page, and on the left are written the names of several persons

who studied this book.

The t! astey-w, and %ý,

estevn numbers appear together

on the top of the

left

_{hand corner, recto side of the folio,}

_{from folios}

_{2 to 75, but}

on the rest only wastem numbers are written.

The MS is well preserved, except for one minor hole on folio

5b,

a few words are obscured and there is humidity

damage on folios

29a

and 106.

.1

1, A. J. Arberry, A Handlist _{of the Arabic IISS, Dublin}

_{1955, vol- 3,}

-2-

The transcription _{of the work was completed} in Rajab, 576 H., _-

that _{is December 1180, about-thirty nine years after the death of its}

.

authoT.

2 -, The copyist and orthography

The copyist

of the Dublin MS signed his name on the bottom of

folio

_{105a. as Shibli}

_{b. ýAbdul Rahm3n b. Jandar b. Ayyab.}

He does not, seem to be among the well known figures.

No bio-

graphical

_{account of him can be traced,}

and assessment of his writing

on the basis of the present work has resulted

in the opinion that he

had insufficient _{Imowledge about both the Arabic} language _{and juris-}

prudence.

He stated the date when he finished

completing

transcription

of

this work as Rajab, 576/December, 1160.

This indicates

_{simply that}

he lived

_{during this}

_period.

His orthography is generally, good and clear.

The Text in nasldýi'

writing

is mostly provided with diacritical

points

and occasionally

supplied with vocalisations.

He applied the classical Arabic _{usageg but it seems that} he does

not consistently

follow

the recognised form. - Thisphonomenon can be

found in many places such as in the case of lal-Sh3fi5i'

'which was written

in three different

forms I

41ýý

Ill

_,

ILOW-11

2

and

and also in the case of the word Ita"9191 which was

written

I ULZ 49

_-ski

5

_{and I jW}

6

1.

_{Cf. ms, fo. llb.}

_{4- Ibid.,}

_{fo. 16a.}

2*

Ibid.

_5.

_Ibid.,

fo. l9a.

3.

Ibid.,

fo.,

15b.

6.

_Ibid.

-3-

There are many words where hamza is involved. _{The writing}

appears in various forms depending _{on the place} in which it occurs.

Generally _{hamza is omitted after} final _{long alif suchas-I} ký41 I

fox I

V1,11 and in the end of the word like I

L.

S" 12 for I Ot

Lr' 1.

3

for

,

Similarly _{when it comes in the middle} like _and

4

for I _{or when it} is in the beginning _{of the word}

5

for

6

such as and J, I for I JI, 10 For some

other _{words hamzas are provided as required,} but he puts them in the

wrong place such as for for and

'9 for

Occasionally _{Y91 replaces the alif such as I L-J} ýS 110 for

Ld

the hamza as in I P-: ý- Ill Cýjýj 112 for 1!

'. 1

for _{and I ',} pS

I

or conversely _{such as in} \-: ý, 13 for I In other cases

hamza and y7a' are written, together instead _{of hamza alone as tý.} Lvt14

for _{and occasionally he used tg3maft; ha instead of t9}

15 16

Lmartu-ta such as for and for

while in other cases he used long alif instead of alif maqsura such

as for4%Aj, >-ik,. He also used abbreviations-for some

1. _{Cf. ms, fo. 12b.}

2. Ibid., _fo. 83a.

3.

Ibid.,

_{fo. Ilb.}

4-

Ibid.,

fo. 12a.

5-

Ibid.

6.

_Ibid.,

_{fo. 4a.}

7.

Ibid.,

fo. 2a.

S.

Ibid.,

fo. 3a

g.

Ibid.,

fo- 48-

10.

Ibid.,

fo. 23b.

11.

Ibid.,

fo. 12a.

-4-

words such as

11 for

II

_{and 1}

12 for t

I.

On the other hand, some letters which are not provided with dia-

critical points in the modern Arabic usage have been so provided _as

L)Lz 5 for

3

for _and 4 for _{or ,}

II _{and 1} 16 for II

He does not seem to have been careful in copying this transcript-

ion. _{Misairangement occurs on several occasions; he misplaced.}

either

headings7 or rulings8.

He also missed out many words9 and

repeated some others

10

_*

Several _corrections have also been made in the Text. It is to

be presumed that the corrections were made by the copyist himself,

Lause

the writing of the corrections is similar to the original.

This _{gives us the idea that} the copyist had gone over it again and made

these _corrections.

He has applied vaxious methods for corrections. When a word or

words were repeated, he simply crosses out one of them; this applies

similarly to incorrect _words. If the mistake is crossed out he

places the correct _{words in the margin,} sometimes without crossing any-

thing _out.

He uses various techniques _{to cross out.} If _{some words are}

missed out, the correct _{words are placed} between the lines or in the

margin. Usually in such cases he uses týis _sign in place of

1.

_{Cf. ms fo. 16a.}

2.

_{lbid., , fo.}

15b.

3.

Ibid.,

fo.

12a.

4-

Ibid.,

fo. 88b.

5.

Ibid.,

fo. 6b.

Ibid.

7. Ibid.,

fo. 77a.

8. Ibid.,

fo. 65b.

9., Ibid.,

fo- 4b.

-5-

the missing words, but not in all _{cases, and sometimes he writes} the

word Ie ''(i. _{e. correct) at the end of the correction.} Occasion-

ally

he uses'this

_{sign I IS I at tha end of the ruling}

for a full

_stop.

On the other hand, there are words and signs which seem to have

no obvious connection

with the passage.

They normally appear between

.0

_,2

the line

_{such as 1,}

_{and 1}

ý)ýO'

, or

in the margin like

, -*ý*

Grammatical _{peculiarities and unusual expressions occur very often,}

but these phenomena were probably never due to the author, who had

specialised in grammar and therefore were almost certainly due to the

copyist.

The contents of the HS appear to end on 105a- Following this in

the IIS there is an addition

105b consisting

of two sections

the first

of which appears to belong to the Kit; b al-Da6wý, 'while the second

seems to belong to the Kit; b al-Hiba

which is absent from this work.

These have simply been reproduced according to their

position

in the HS.

Purpose and date of composition

We have no clear idea about the purpose of this composition.

r

Zamakhshari has never declared it either

in the present'work

or others.

However, following

_{the contents of the work before us encourages}

a presumption that the work. was composed in order to declare to people

that he had become a follower

of'the

Hanafite

rite

in. his late period,

0

after

_{spending most of his life}

_without

_{showing his attachment to any one}

1.

_{Cf. ms fo. 22b.}

2a Ibid.,

_{fo. 55a.}

-6-

particular school of legal thought.

It may also be presumed that the composition is intended as a

dedication

_{to those two famous imams Abý Hani-fa and Shýa_figi whom he}

highly

_-respected

1

_{This presumption is based on the ground that the}

r

argument presented in this work shows that ZamakhshaTi does not insist

on defending the madhhab which he has followed; in most cases he

produces cases and evidence for both sides equally without giving

further _{argumentation} in support _{of his madhhab as wap done by other}

Hanafite _{scholars on the subject.}

0

The present NS is obviously

not an original

copy of the work,

because transcription _{of the present work was made about thirty-nine}

lyears

after the death of the author.

Even so, the idea-contained is original, and it is to be pre-

sumed that the present work was composed after the year 528 H. in which

the author completed his other work al-Kashshaf. This suegestion is

based on the ideas present in both al-Kashsh3f and Ru7; s al-Mas; lil.

The ideas _contained in al-Kashsh; f do not show that he was interested

in a particular madhhab, whereas the ideas in the RO; s al-Mas; lil in

which he entirely

adopts the Hanafite

views are completely

different.

Thus the composition of ROUs al-MasPil

is most likely

to be placed

0

after the year 528 H.

ZamakhsharilIs appreciation

of Sh7afi"i's

ability

in Arabic language

can be found in his al-Kashshgf, Cairo 1946, Vol. lt P- 376, and

his appreciation,

of Abý Hanirfats knowledgels

mentioned in his

Naw9bigh al-Kalim. in Amthal al-Sharq wa al-Gharb, 'Cairo 1960-61,

0

-7-

Critical _apparatus

The critical apparatus has been designed to deal with the Dublin

MS.

_{The aim in this edition}

_{is to preserve the original}

_{reading of}

the Text wherever possible.

_{In order to achieve this,}

_{the words}

appearing in the Text have been kept, _{and any changes which have been}

made are. mentioned in the footnotes.

Modern Arabic _{orthography has been preferred except} for _quotations

from the Qurl; 'n.

_{This has meant that several letters}

in the MS have

had to be altered as not conforming with modern Arabic usage as, for

instance,

1 64. P-31

i to , B_A..

gjl III

LJtZ I to I Ot'3 t and I

to _{In such cases no mention has been made in the critical}

notes _{as this} is only a matter of orthography. This applies also to

words which have no diacritical points because it would be impractical

to mention them all.

An attempt has been made to limit the footnotes _{to the grammatical}

--peculiarities, incorrectly _{copied, unusual spellings, unclear writing,}

corrections by the copyist, _{and any words appearing} in the margins

and between the lines.

The vocalisations

have been ignored except where they have any

special

interest.

References _{for the rulings and the supporting evidence} have been

mentioned in the notes.

Various symbols have been used;

square brackets

L

]indicate

the words supplied by the editor,

angle brackets

/, > indicate

copy-

ist's _corrections, inverted _{commas "" indicate evidence from the}

Qurlgn and Hadith, and other direct _quotations. Round brackets

indicate th3t _{the words have no obvious connection with the passage,}

-8-

Where words are not certain

the word (sic) has been used, and

generally in this situation suggestions have been given.

-9-

CHAPTER TWO

AUTHOR

1- _{Zamarkhsha: rlts name, kunya}

, nisbahs and titles

(a) Zamakhsharl"s _name

Biographers _{who deal with} Zamakhshari. I have given-different _accounts

of his name. Yaqut said that it was Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Tmar

Qiftiv that it _{was Ab; al"Q; sim Mahm; d Ibn 'Umar Ibn Muhammad} 2

3

SuyW,, that it _{was Mahm; d Ibn} 'Umar Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad ; _and

, Ibn Khallikan that it was Abu al-Q; sim Mahnffid Ibn Tmar Ibn Muhammad

Ibn 5Umar4.

Suyuti _{and Ibn Khallikan} both seem to have named Zamakhshari _s

parental

great-grandfather,

but it appears there was disagreement

between them.

_{However, tUmar seems to me the most likely}

_{in that a}

majority

of biographers

have agreed on this5.

The others have not

paid much attention to this _{point, probably} to avoid involving them-

selves in this _{problem, and they have simply} been satisfied to mention

1.

_{YgqUt, Ifu9jam al-Buld3n,}

_{Tehran 1965, vol. 2, P- 940-}

2.

Qiftir,

_{Tgr"lkh al-Hukam33, Leipzig 1903, p. 293-}

3- SuYýtlr, BughYat 1-Wu'Ft fl' Tabaq3t al-Lughawiyyln wa al-Nuha-t,

Cairo 1965, Vol. 2, p. 279.

Ibn Khallik9n, _{Wafay9t al-Agygn wa Anbgl Abn; ýal-Zamgn, Beirut}

1968-72, vol. 5, p. 168.

5-

Among biographers

_{who agree on this are Ibn Athirr,}

_{al-Dubab fi I}

Tahdh*ipb al-Ans9b,

_{Cairo 1938, vol. 6, P- 315, and}

- 10 -

his father's _{name because it was unanimously agreed.}

(b) Zamakhsharl's'kunya', _{nisbahs'a'nd titles}

Beside his full _{name above, he has a kunya, various nisbahs and}

different

_titles:

He was called Ab; al-Casim _{as his kunya} 1 _{His nisbahs were}

-2

various; he was called _{al-Zamakhshari ,} indicating that he was born

in Zamakhsha: t!; al-Khwarzim713, _{which indicates} that he originated from

, i, 14, which

Khwarizm, _{a province which contains Zamakhshar; al-M,, eta,}

simply _{shows that} he belonged to the Multazilite _{madhhab; and finally}

al-Hanaf, 115, this last nisba' showing that he belonged to the Hanafite

sect.

He specialised in many subjects; therefore _{he was lalown as al-}

ILalh 68

0

EIF (gTammarian)', al-Lughawf

(philologist),

_al-Mufassir

(commentator of the Qprlgn),

(a man of letters),

and finally

al-Ilutakallimlo

(theologian).

lo _{Ibn Khallik9n, opo cit., loco cito}

2.

Ibid.

3.

_{Ibn Taghxir Bird!,}

_{al-Nujgm al-Z3hirs}

_{fir Ylul9k Misr wa al-QahiTa,}

Cairo (n. d. ), vol- 5, p. 274.

4-

Ibn KhalliOn,

'op.

_cit.,

_{Vol- 59 P. 170-}

5-

_{Ibn TaghrI Bird'17, op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

6. qift11,

7.

8. _{Ibn f-ImZd, ShadharEt al-I)hahab, Cairo 1350, VOL 4, P- 118.}

9. _{Ygqýt, op. cit., loc. cit.}

10. Kahbala, Muljam al-Mulallif'in fl _{Tar3jim Musannaf3t al-K-utub al-}

. 00 _-

- 11 -

Moreover _{sI everal titles have been given to him in'recognition of}

his intellectual _{reputation; he was called Ustadh al-Dunia} (professor

of the World), 'Sheikh al-gArab wa il-f. Ajam 2 (a teacher of the Arab and

non-Arab), and Fakhral-Khwarizm3 (pride of Khwarizm). He was also

known as J9rulIJ (neighbour of God), because he visited Mecca several

times _{and stayed} there for _years.

"I _{s family}

2- _Zamakhshar-1

5

Zamakhsharl, was born on Wednesday 27th Rajab, 467'11. /Bth. March, 1075.

This date was accepted by most of his biogra'phers

6,

except that a few

of them said it fell on 17th. Rajab, 467, H. 7 or at the end of Rajab8.

The birth

_{occurred in Zamakhshar, in Khwarizm. ,a comparatively}

_unknown

village _{at that} time, although it later became famous when it was

closely linked _with the name of Abý al-Qgsim.

He was of Persian descent 10

, but his fa'Mily was not well known.

Cf. Zamakhsharl, Maq7uý; t, Cairo 2: 325, introduction _{p. 2.}

2. Ibid.

3- _{Ibn Qutlubugha,} ýaj _{al-: Tai_:} 7jim, _{Baghdad i962, P. 71-}

4- _{Ibn Taghrl' Birdl, op. cit., vol- 5, p. 273-}

5- Ibn Khallik3n, _{OP- Cit-, vol- 5, ' P- 173.}

6.

_{Other biographers}

_{who agree on this are Qirti",}

-Inbgt

al-Ruw-at

OA19 Inb9t al-Nuh3t,

Cairo 1957, Vol. 3, p. 266., Anbgrl, ITuzhat

al-Alibb3l

fir Tabaq3t al-Udab33, Cairo (n. d. ), P. 3931

Ibn tImad, op. cit-,

vol-

4, p. 121.

8. _{Suy; tlrt op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 279.}

Bird'

9.

_{Ibn Taghri}

_{1, op. cit.,}

_{Joe. cit.}

10. Cf. Bxockelmann, Al-Zamakhsharl, _{in Encyclopaedia of Islam,}

- 12 -

This has resulted in a lack of information on the subject, _{and even}

the biographical _{works have not dealt sufficiently with} it _{except a}

1

statement which showed that his father was an Imam in Zamakhshar

Nevertheless

_{there is available}

_{another source which provides}

I

more information about his family; it is Zamakhsharills _poetic com-

position

IM7Mn al-Adabl,

where he mentions that his father

was a

learned, _{cultured and pious man, and that as a result of his} death he

himself lost. _greatly 20

Concerning his father's

_spiritual

life,

Zamakhsharl explains

that

he spent most of his time in spiritual

devotion

and did so for the sake

of piety,

in fact he did not pay much attention

to secular matterS3.

On the other hand he also mentions that his father had many

children who were left in comparative poverty, while his father was

suffering in prison4. Zamakhsharl" realised that his family was left

in a difficult _situation, therefore _{in order to rectify} this _situation

he asked-Muayyid al-Mulk for the release of his father5.

The reason

for the, imprisonment

_{of his father}

_{is not clear;}

_{it was perhaps}

political

and according

to Ibn Ath-ir Mifayyid al-Mulk was 2 man of bad

6

moral character

As a student Zamakhsharig' occasionally

left

his family

_{for the sake}

of gaining knowledge, _{and when his father} died he was away from home.

1. _{TFshkubri-ZZda, h, Mift; h al-Sa0-; da wa Misb; h al-Siyada, Cairo} (n. d. ),

vol.

2, p. 100.

2., Cf. Zamakhsharl, _{Dlwgn, MS Egyptian} National Library, No- 529, (adab),

3- Ibid.

4- Ibid., fo. 97b.

5- Ibid.

- 13 -

This _{continuous separation caused him sorrow and grief.} In fact he

was often saddened by separation from his family, but the grief caused

by the death of his father was comparatively severe 1, especially since

he was not with him when the death occurred.

He also mentions that _{his mother had a deep religious consciousness.}

He explains that when he was a child he caught a sparrow and tied its

leg with a piece of thread, but it escaped from his hand and ran away;

he followed

_{and it went into a hole;}

he pulled it out, and as he did

so the thread cut through its

leg.

His mother was'angry and upset

about the incident and said, 'May God cut off the leg of the treacherous

2

as he cut off the bird's leg'

I

In regard to his family _{as a whole he dec lares} that they respected

religious

teaohings

and that their

attitude

was well known3.

Zamakhsharl"s education and his teachers

Tracing the background _{of Zamakhsharl's parents and his family as}

a whole, as he has described them, certainly indicates that he was

brought _{up in a cultured and religious environment.}

His father _{was a learned man, even though} there is no information

indicating _{that he was involved in any educational activities.} There-

fore it _{is uncertain whether Zamakhshari} I _received his _primary

education from his father. But a statement given by him shows that

his father _{was imprisoned; this tragedy caused his separation} from

1.

_{cf. zamakhshari,}

_{op. cit.,}

_ff.

_{72a, 72b.}

2, _{Cf. Yaqut,} Kitab Irshad _{al-Arib ilg Macrifat al-Ad-ib, Cairo} 1925,

vol. 7, P. 147.

- 14 -

his father,

_{and certainly}

_{there was very little}

_opportunity

_{for them to}

meet each other.

The first

indication

_{of his education is that he appears to have}

studied

in Khwarizm

_{which was well known as a cenize of education}

2

and had produced many celebrated

scholars

He also studied in

Nany remarkable scholars who specialised in various sciences were

consulted by him. Under them he studied different branches _{of science}

which, later,

brought him up to a position

_{as a famous scholar of his}

time*

He became a pupil of Abý Mudir b. Jarl'r al-Dabbl' a, -NahW14

1 in

Khwarizm.

_{According to the biographer}

_{Y5qýt, Abý Mudir was unique in}

If

his _{time, the acknowledged authority in philology, grammar and medicine,}

who followed the blultazilite doctrine _{and was responsible} for bringing

it to Khwarizm5. _{ZamakhshaT! studied under him-both grammar} 6 _and

78

literature

, and at

the same time he was sponsored by his teacher

1.

_{Cf. Y-aq; t, op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

2.

_{Maqdisi describes Khwarizm in his Ahsan al-Taqgslv*M, Leiden 1906,}

pp. 284,285

as follows:

...

kýý ýU -** -

.!

Aý _ces\ltý Cut, Nil

3-

_{Cf. Ibn Khallik3n,}

_{op. cit-,}

_{Vol- 5t P- 170.}

4-

_{Cf. Ygq5t, op. cit.,}

_{Joe. cit.}

5- Ibid.

6.

_{Cf. Anbgril, 02- cit-,}

_{P- 391.}

7. Ygqýt, op. ci ., loc. cit.

8.

_{Cf. Zamakhsharl", op. cit.,}

_{fo. 91,}

- 15 -

On his way to Mecca, in the year 533 H., he arrived

in Baghdad

where he was warmly welcomed by the leaxned4AUE Hibatull7ah al-

Shajarl.

_{They exchan'ged greeting}

_{warmly when they Met each other}

While he was in Baghdad he consulted Abý ManOi _{al-Jawgliqll'.}

According to Qiftit I _{Ab; Mans; r al-Jawaliqll} twice _{read some philology}

2C

'ýooks to him and gave him ijaza .

He also met Abu- Abdullgh al-

Dgmighanil', but it is not clear if he studied _{any particular subject}

from him. However, _{D3migh3nI7 had a conversation with} Zamakhsharli,

and asked why his leg was cut off3. This occasion gives us the

impression that there _{must have been a close relationship} between him

and Zamakhsharl, and most likely this was the relationship between

teacher and pupil.

I

When he was in Mecca , he was a pupil of cAll b. Wahhýs for some

time4, and he, 'also became a pupil of Ab7u Bakr b. Talhah b. Mahmýd b.

000

'gAbd-ull; h al-Ygbirl

al-AndalUsi,

_{who was a grammarian, an authority}

on

r

law (usull),

_{and a jurist}

(faqlh).

_{He read to him*Kitgb Sibawaih,}

Sharh cal; Ris3la Ibn Zaid, and the book. al-Raddlala

Ibn Hazm5.

6.

Other scholars among his teachers were AbG al-Khattabal-Bitz,

,.

r

r7

. &b5 Sa "ad al-S3fani and AbU Xansýr al-E3rithi He studied jurie-

1. _{Cf. YgqUt, op. cit., loc. cit.}

2.

_{Cf. - W112", op. cit.,}

_vol.

_{3# p. 270.}

3-

Cf. Ibn Kha; li0n,

_{op. cit.,}

loc.

_cit.

4.

_{Brockelmann, op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.;

_{see also Qifti,}

_{op. cit-,}

_{Vol. 3, p. 268.}

5-

_{Cf. SuyUtI, Op. cit.,}

_{Vol. 2, P- 46;}

_{AbU Hayyan, Bahr al-Yuh-it,}

00040

Riygd-(n. d. ), vol, 4, P- 372.

6.

_{Cf. Suyiitir, Librum de InterpTe}

_{Tibus Korani,}

_{Lugduni Batavoriurii,}

1839t P. 41.

- 16 -

prudence under Sheikh al-SadId

al-Kbayygtl

_{, and}

ýIlm al-Us7ul under'

-2

Rukn al-Din Muha=ad al-Usuli

0a

On the other-hand, Ygqýt states that Abý'Al_ 1 al-Hasan b. al-

3

Muzaffar al-NaisýbUri was one of his literature

teachers

_{He was}

0

a man of letters,

a, poet, and an author, who died in 442 R.

4.

However, Nais5býrills _{death occurredrbefore} Zamakhsharl _{was born;}

this _statement is in doubt, therefore. It was obviously impossible for

the latter _{to become his pupil.}

Zamakhsharils _pupils

Zamakhshazirts intellectual _{capacity was highly regarded.} In the

course of his career in the academic field he appears to have given

instruction _{to many people in different subjects.}

Among his _pupils-were Ab; Y; suf Yasqib b. "Ill b. Muhammad b.

6

Ja9far _{al-Balldil, who was one of the famous figures} in literature5.

Abu al-Hasan b. gAli _{b. Muhammad b. Ahmad b. H3run al! I=ani7 al-}

0e& Ir

Khwarzim _studied tradition _{under himý and Muhammad b. AbZ al-Q3sim,} b,

0

Barjuk,

known as Zain al-Mashavikh learned from him philology,

'Ilm

7

al-Ifr9b _{and tradition}

I's

_friends

_{and pupils}

Moreover, Samýgnli says that among Zamakhsharl

1. _{Cf. T9shkubri-ZEdah, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 100.}

2.

Ibid.

Cf. Yaqut, op. cit.,

_{loc. cit.}

4* Cf. SuyZtl, op. cit., loo.

-cit.

5. Cf. YgqZt, OP- cit-,

_{vol. 79 P- 304.}

Ibid.,

_{vol. 5, P- 412.}

7- Ibid.,

_{vol- 7, p- 77.}

- 17 -

r

were Ab7u al-14ah3sin Isuýi vIll b. 4Abdull7ah al-Tawirli

of Tabarist'gn,

Abý

al-Mah3sin cAbdul Rahim al-Bazz3r

_{of Aby5d, Ab-u "Umax Amir b. al-Hasan}

al-Simr

_{of Zamakhshar, Abii Salid Ahmad b. MahmUd al-Shati}

_{of Samarqand}

and Abu Tahir Sa=3n b. Abdul Malik, jurist _{of Khwarizm and others}

In addition to these _{pupils, a number of scholars} derived their

r

authority

(ijgza

) from him;

for example Zainab b, al-ShOr, # Who

authoxised Ibn Khallik5n _{was given} her authority by Zamakhsharl". She

was a learned _{woman who studied under a group of celebrated scholars,}

r2

among them Zamakhshar,

Also H3fiz Abý T3hir Ahmad b. Muhammnd al-

Salafi _wrote twice from Alexandria _asking him for his _authoritý, 3.

Zamakhshari _{agreed and authorised} him4.

Among his _{pupils who obtained authority from him were AbU T3hir}

Khash, 115

Barak3t b. IbighiM _{al- and Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Abdul}

Jal'ill _{b. Abdul Malik b. Muhammad b. Abdullýh Rashlid al-DIn al-Watwat,}

6

a man of letters and poet

Finally there _{were those who were both his} teachers-and _pupils.

Among these were Rukn al-Din Mahmud al-Us3ll,

who studied

gIlm al-

Ta.

rsir'from

him7 and "All b. fIS3 b. Wahh3s

1. _{Cf. SamcgniE. op. cit., p. 278.}

2.

_{Cf. Ibn Khallikin,}

_{op. cit.,}

_vol.

_{2, P. 344-}

Ibid.,

_{vol. 5, P. 170}

4.

_{Cf. SuY-utl', op. cit.,}

_{loc. cit.}

5.

_{Cf. SamarzZlip, al-Diras3t}

_{al-Nahwiyya wa al-Lughawiyya}

finda

al-Zamakhsharl,

Baghd9a 1971, p. 21.

Cf. Yikýt,

_{02- cit-.,}

_vol.

_{7, p. 92.}

- 18 -

The liteTary _{outDut of Zamakhshari}

Zamakhsharils _achievement in Arabic _{and Islamic} literature _was

very great. This is reflected in his numerous works on grammar,

linguistics, lexicography, literature, _{poetry, commentary on the Quil9n,}

jurisp--udence _etc.

He devoted _{most of his} life to knowledge _{and his} interest in it

was great. He denied himself a family and children because he felt

1

that it _{had a great potential as a source of problems and difficulties}

Therefore _{he chose a priestly way of life, although} this _{attitude was}

opposed by his people 2

Perhaps the way of life which he had chosen gave him more opportunity

lo

produce so many books.

Here is a survey of his works;

1- _al-Kashshaf ýan haq; 3iq_al_-tanzi, 3

This work was printed for the first time by W. Nassau Lees pnd the

Mawlawis Khadin Husain _{and Abdul Hay, Calcutta} 1859, later it _was

published _{at Bul7ak 1291, and Cairo} 1307,1308,1318 4 and 1948-

4

The commentaries on this work are variOU35; some of them have

6 been published

1,

_{Cf. Zamakhshar"ll', op. cit.,}

_{fo. 26.}

2.

Ibid.,

fo. 9.

3- Ibn KhalliOn, _{op. cit., Vol--59 p. 168.}

4. Brockelmann, _{Op- cit-, vol- 4, p. 1205-}

5. _{The detailed commentaries on this work have been mentioned by II; jI}

Khalfa; _{in his Kashf al-Zun; n, Leipzig} 1835-58, _{Vol- 5, PP- 155-157,}

0

182-198.

r

6. _{Two commentaries by al-Jurjani and al-Iskandari were printed}

on

.- 19 -

al-Mbfassal

The above work was published by J. B. Broch, Christiania 1859,

1879, with glosses _{and appendices} by Mawlawi Muhammad YalIkub Rasburi,

Delhi 1891, by Hamzah Fathallgh, Alexandria 1291, _{Ca7iTO 1323 with}

Shawahid commentary by Muhammad Badr al-Din Abý FirEs _{al-NaOZnj al-}

-2 Halabi

Several _commentaries -, jjj: jq'_.: ýwritten _{on the work3; some of}

them have been printed4.

3- al-Umýdhaj f" al-nahW5

0

This work was autographed by Broch, Christiania

1867, printed

in

6

Tehran 1269, Tabriz 1275, Cairo 1289 and Stambul 1299

7

Different

_{commentaries on this work have been mentioned}

The

best known of them were written

by Muhammad

b. c

_{Abdul Ghani}

r al-Aidabillir,

printed

Bul3k 1269, in a Persian MajZPa 1279, on. the margin of the

main work, Kazan 1901, and another two commentaries'are al-Fairgdhaj

fi _{ShaTh al-Anm7udhaj by Muha=ad cIsg 'Askar, Cairo 1289, and tUmdat}

1. Ibn Khallikan, _{op. cit., loc. cit.}

2. Bxockelmanno OP. cit.,

vol.

4, P. 1206.

The detailed

_{commentaxies on this work are mentioned by Hajil}

0

Rhalfaain op. cit., vol. 6,, PP. 37-40-

The best known commentary by Ibn Ya5i'sh was printed by Go Jahn,

Leipzig _{1882, and Cairo (n. d. ).}

Ibn Khallikan, _{op. cit., loc. cit.}

Brockelmann, op. cit.,

_{loc., cit,}

- 20 -

al-S; rl by Ibiahlm b. Savad al-Khususi, Bulak 1312

al-Muhgj3t _{wa mptammim maham arVa*b al-h-Wt} fl

i-2

al-ahaji _{wa al-gh3z}

Tne work was edited by Dr. Bahijah I _{al-Hasan! and published} by

0

University _{of Baghd9d, Baghd3d 1973-}

Mar-'ala fl' kalimat

_{al-shah; da3}

This work also was edited by Dr. Bah1jah al-HasanI7 and published

4

by Majmý al-$ilml

al-5Ir9ql*,

in 19674.

6- _{al-V53iq f! gharib al-hadith5}

6

It was published for the first

time in Haiderabad 1324

Later

it _{was edited} by 'All _{al-Bij3W71 and Muhammad Ab5 al-Fadl} Ibrah-im,

published by Iir ihyg-lal-kutub al-'Arabiyya, Cairo 1945.

7

7- al-Mustaqsa fi amthal al-r'Arab

- The work was published by Majlis dalirat al-malarif, Haiderabad,

in 1962.

Brockelmarn, _{op. cit., loc. cit.}

2o Ygqýt, _{op. dit-, vol. 7s P. 151; but Ibn Khallikan, op. cit.,}

vol- 5t P. 168 mentions al-Muhajat _{bi al-masalil al-nahwiyya.}

3- _{Cf. Majalla Maimagal-1, ilm"I al-rIraqi, Baghdad 19679 vol. 15, p. 1210}

but _{'-'. ZaiCanpTZrIkh al-adab al-vArabl, vol- 3, P. 50 mentions}

Ris3la Al kalimat _al-shah3da.

4- _{See MaJalla Majmac al-cilm! al-vIraq_i, vol. 15, p. 121.}

5- Y5qýt, _{OP- cit-, vol. 7, P- 150, but Ibn Xhallik3n,}

op. cit.,

loc. _{cit. mentions al-P33iq fl-tafs1ral-Had"Eth.}

6. _Brockelmann,

o]2. cit., loc. _cit.

21 -

A selection from it _{entitled Zubdat al-amthal was made by Ibrahim}

al-Gallipoli in 999 with Persian _{commentary and Turkish} glosses

2

8-

_{Kit3b al-mufmad wa al-mulall-a-f}

_{fi al-nahw}

It was edited by-Dr. Bahijah al-Hasani, published by Majmalý al-

3.

ilmi

_al"Irgqi,

in 1967

Asas al-Bal; gha

The above work was published in Cairo 1299, Lucknow 13115 9

Cairo 1972*

10 - Alýjab al-tujub sharh lgmiyyat al-ýArsb 6

This work was published with a commentary by Mub7arak in Istanbul

7

(JaZlib) _{1300, 'Cairo 1'324,1328}

, Damascus 1966, with notes by Abdul

Mut'J[n al-Maluhil.

8

Kitab al-amkina wa al-j b3l wa ai-miyah

It was published by'M. Salverda De Grave (auspice T. G. Juy-nboll),

Leiden 1859

9.

1.13mockelmarm, _{op. cit., loc. cit.}

2. Ibn Qutlubugha, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit., but Ygqýt, _Vol, P- 151 mentions al-Mufrad _{wa al-muTakka_b__fi} al-tArabi37a.

3- _Cf. Muialla _{Majmagal-tilml al-tlriql, Vol-} 15, _{P- 100-} 4- Ibn Khallik3n, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

5- _{BTockelmann, op. cit., loc'.}

cit. 6. _{Ygq5t, op. cit., loc.}

cit.. 7. _{Brockelmam, op. cit. loc.}

cit.

- 22 -

12 - Atwaq al-dhahab fl _al-mawagiz

According _{to C. Barbier} de Meynard, the

-2

al-NasPih al-sighar _, by which name it is m,

the phrase mentioned could be found in Atwaq

This work was translated, and published;

above woTk also known as

entioned in al-Kashsli5f3;

al-dhahab4.

Atwaq al-dhahab, (Samach

scharis Goldene Halsbander als Keujahrsgeschenk arabisch und deutsch

von J. V. Hammer, Vienna 1835), translated by H. L. Fleischer, Leipzig

1835, by G. Weil, Stuttgart 1863, translated _{and edited} by C. Barbier

de Meynard, Paris 1876. Printed. in Beirut 1314, Istanbul _with Turkish

translation

in 1286, Beirut

1293,1322

_{and Cairo 1321 with commentary}

Qalglid

_{al-adab by Mirza Yýsuf Khan Asix5.}

I

13 - Nawabigh al-kalim

This work has been edited and illustrated by H. A. Schultensq Leiden

1772;

_{Nmiabigh al-kalim}

(Anthologia

_{sententiamum arabicarum cum scholiis}

op

Zamachsjaxii

_{ed., vertit,}

ýllustravit

H. A. Schultens);

Les Pensees de

Z,, text arabe,

par C. Barbier

de Meynard, in J. A. ser., vii.,

vol.

Vi-,

P. 3Usqq.;

of. de Goege, in Z. D, M. G., 569 sqq.;

lith.

Stambul 1866.

Printed

_{in Cairo 1287,1305}

.-

Beirut

13067 and Cairo 1960 - 1961.

1. Ygqýt, _{op. cit., Joe. cit.}

2, _{Brockelmann, op. cit., Vol- 4t p. 1207.}

3- _{Zamakhsharil, al-Keshsh-af, vol. 1, P- 368.}

Zamakhsharl', Kit9b atwaq al-dhahab fl al-mawa? iz wa al-khitab,

Paris 1876, P. 176.

5a, B:

_{rockelmann, op. cit.,}

loc.

_cit.

6.

_{Zamakhshax"l, al-Kashsh-af, vol. 1, p. 297; but YgqZt, op. cit'.,}

loc. _{cit., mentions al-Kalim al-naw7a-bigh f! al-mawaciz.}

- 23 -

1

The commentaries on this _{work are various}

14 - Mýcjaddimat al-adab

2

This work was edited by J. G. Sipaphansalar and 'published in Leipzig

1844

3,

_{Tehran 1342.}

_According-to

information

_{given by*Abý j4US*t*,}

_'there

is another volume of this work in HS form which is preserved in Dgr

al-Kutub al-Misriyya, under majmat al-lugha, no. 272 and 58 4. It was also

edited by Mohammad Kazem Emam and published in Tehran 1963 - 1965-

15 - KhasPis al-fasharatal-kir3m al-baTaTa5

It _{was edited} by Dr. Bah-ijah _{al-Hasan'll, and published} in Baghd5d

1968ý.

16 - al-QistZs

al-mustaq! m_fl' film al-ýar;

J

The above work was edited by Dr. Bahijah al-HaSanl and published

in Baghdad 1969 8

Brookelmann, _{op. cit.,} Joe. _cit.

2. Ibn Khallik9n, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.; but Y; qýt, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.,

states Muqaddimat al-adab f! al-lugha.

3- _{Brockeimann, op. cit.} loc. _cit.

4- _{Cf. AbU 14-usg, al-Bal; ghat al-qurGniyya} fi tafsl'r _{al-Zamakhshari,}

Cairo (nd,. ), P. 47.

5. Brockelmann, oj2. cit.,

loc. cit.

6. _cf. ýasani

, Khasg3is al.! asharat al-kirgm al-barara li

al-Zamakhsharl, _salsila kutub _al-turath, Baghdad 1968, rio. 10.

7- Ibn Khallik9n, _{o_p. cit., loc. cit.}

- 24 -

17 _{al-Durar al-dPir al-muntakhab} Ci kinayat _wa

istV; _{r; t wa tashbih3t al-gArab} 1

This work was edited by Dr. Bgh-ijah al-Hasan'l, _{and published} in

Baghdad 1968 2

18 - Maq; mýt f! al-mawa-ciz3

The work was published in Cairo 1313,1325-

It was translated

by

0. Rescher, Beitrý'ge zux Maqamenliteratur,

fasc.

6, Greifswald

1913.

This work is also known as al-Nas; lih al-kibaT4.

19 - Sharh al-maqýmgt

It was published on the margin of al-Maqama , Cairo edition 1313,

13255.

6

20 - Sharh abyat kitab Sibawaih

0

The M of this _{work is preserved} in Ahmad 37, Istanbul. Dr.

Bahijah _states that _{the work is being edited by Dr. 4Abdull7ah Darwish} 8

1. -Brockelmann, Geschichte'der-Arabischen

Litteratur,

Leiden 1937-42,

suPPl- 1, P- 511.

2.

_{See 14aialla Majmat al-tilml}

_al-EIT3q!,

_{1968, vol. 16.}

yaqut,

-P-P.

cit.,

loc. cit.

Brockelmann, al-Zamakhsharil in Encylopaedia of Islam, vol- 4p

1207.

5.

Ibid.

6.

_{Ibn Khallik3n,}

_{op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

- 25 -

21

- Nukt al-j'crib fi- gharib al-itT9b (fi gharlib, al QuT35n)-l

Dr. Bahijah _{also mentions that} the _{above work} is being _edited by

-2

Mr. , Abdull7ah DarwIsh

22 - Rabirt al-abr; r3

This work was edited by Dr. Bahijah al-Hasan! for the degree of

Ph. D., Cambxidge4.

23 - Kit; b nuzhat ol-mutalannis

wa nuzhat al-

6

The M of this work is preserved in the Ayb Sofia q no. 4331

1

24 - Mlw-an al-shitj

The above work remains in MS form which is preserved in DFr al-

kutub _{al-Masriyya, no, 529 (adab). The M consists of 120 folios,} in

clear naskhi writing.

25 - Ru)ýs al-masglil

The work which is pTesented in this thesis.

1.

_{Ygqýt, op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

2. See Majalla _{YajmaO al-film-i al-11raqi, vol. 15, P- 94-}

3- _{Ibn Qutlubugha, op. cit. ', loc. cit.; but Ygqýt, op. cit., loc.}

cit., _mentions Rabl$ al-abrgr f3i al-adab _{va al-muh5dar;} t.

4- _Cf. Paterson, _{Index to theses Vol. 15, p. 23.}

5- Brookelmann, _{op. cit., loc. cit.; but Yaq; t, op. cit., loc. cit.}

states Fuzhatal-m-usta-Inis.

6. _Ibid.

- 26 -

11

26 - al-minhgj fl _al-us9l

2

Brockelmann states that the above work is in Lundb

27 - Mukhtasar al-muw-afaqa baina ahl al-bait

wa al-salýaba3

This work remains in MS form which is preserved in the Library

of Ahmad Timor4.

5

28 - al-Qasidat al-batudiyya.

6

is Preserved in Berlin

29 - MasPil al-Ghaz;,,:, 7

The work also is preserved in Berlin

8.

30 - al-Kashf fl al-qir; '; t9

The above work is preserved in Medina, Maktaba Rib9t Sayyid

'UtImign".

1, Ibn Khallik3n, _{op. cit., loc. cit.; but Brockelmann, Geschichte}

der Arabischen _{Litteratur, supp. 1, P. 513t mentions el-Ifinhaj} fi

us; 1 al-din.

2.

_{Brockelmann, op. cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

3-

_{Ygqýt, ot- cit.,}

_loc.

_cit.

Brockelmann, al-Zamakhsharl

in Encycloppedia

_{of Islam, vol,}

_{4, p. 1207.}

5.

_{AbU MýsE, OP- cit-,}

_{P. 56.}

6.

_Ibid.

7.

Ibid.

B. _Ibid.

9. _{Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, EUPP1- 1, P- 511-}

- 27 -

31 - Jawahir al-lugha

Unknown 2.

32 - al-Am; 11:

3

Unkno, m4.

33 - Hashiya falg al-mufassal

6

Unknown

v

34 - Kit; b al-ainas7

Unknown

8.

35 - Kitab mutashabih Casm3l al-=wgt9-

Unknown

10

_.

36. - al-Ra'Jid fl tilm al-farglid

Unknown

12

_.

1. Yaqut, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

2* _{Abý 115s3t OP. cit., P. 49-}

3.

_{Ibn Q41abughajj2p, cit.,}

_{Joe. cit.;}

but Ibn khallik9n,

op. cit.

Vol- 5, p. 169, states

al-Amall

f, kul fan;

YgqUt, 013. cit.,

loc.

cite mentions al-Amall

fI al-nahw.

4-

_{Ab5 Musa, OP- cit-,}

_{P- 50-}

5-

_{Ygqýt, op. cit.,}

loc.

_cit.

6.

_{See Majalla}

_{Yajmal al-9ilmTal-Ijr9j,}

_{Vol. 15, P. 94-}

7.

_{YgqUt, op. cit.,}

loc.

_cit.

8. _{AbU I§sg, OP* cite, P. 49.}

9. YaqUt, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit. '

10. Abý MUsg, OP- cit-, P- 57.

11. YZqUt, op. cit., loc. _cit.

- 28 -

17 1

37 - Sarnim

38 - Mulljam al-hudUd3

Unknown4.

39 - 191lat al-nashid

Unknown 6.

40 -D-I: wan rasali17

Unknown

8.

41 - Biwan khitab

Unknown 10 _.

42 -ý Diwan al-tamthil

Unknown 12

.

1. Ygq5t, op. cit., loc. cit.

2, _{AbU IlUsE, op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

3-

ygq5t,

_{OP- cit-,}

loc-

_cit-

4-

_{AbU Mýs3, oj2. cit.,}

loc.

_cit.

5.. Y; qýt, o12. cit.,

loc. cit.

6. _{AbU M5s3, OP. cit., P. 50.}

7. YaqUt, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

8. _{Abu Mus;, op. cit-9 P. 56.}

g. Ygqýt, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

10. AbU ISs3, _{op. cit.,} loc. _cit.

11. Yzq5t, _{ED. cit.,} loc. _cit.