A
G
UID E TO L
EGAL ISSUES
FOR N
ON
-CUSTOD IAL PAREN TS
THIS BOOKLET EX PLA IN S LEGA L TERM S A N D SOM E GEN ERA L LA W S. IT IS N OT A SUBSTITUTE FOR HIRIN G A LA W Y ER. IN ORDER TO FULLY UN DERSTA N D A N D PROTECT Y OUR LEGA L RIGHTS, Y OU SHOULD SPEA K W ITH A LA W Y ER.
D
EFIN ITION S:
Custodial parent/ Residential parent—
This is the p arent w ho lives w ith the child m ost of the tim e. The cu stod ial p arent has p hysical cu stod y of the child .
N on-custodial parent—
This is the p arent w ho d oes not have p rim ary p hysical cu stod y of the child . D ecree—
A d ecree is an ord er m ad e by the cou rt. A d ivorce d ecree w ill sp ell ou t the rights of each p arty to p rop erty, finances and child cu stod y. Each p arty m u st obey the d ivorce d ecree or risk being charged w ith contem p t, w hich can resu lt in a fine or jail tim e.
Joint legal custody—
Joint physical custody—
Joint p hysical cu stod y m eans both p arents have p hysical cu stod y of the child . Joint p hysical cu stod y arrangem ents vary. The child m ay change hou ses every few d ays, every w eek, every m onth, or som e other arrangem ent m ay be m ad e. Cou rts w ill not ord inarily ord er joint p hysical cu stod y against a p arent's w ishes becau s e p arents sharing p hysical cu stod y need to coop erate and talk to each other on a regu lar basis. Cou rts w ill u su ally allow joint p hysical cu stod y if p arents agree to it.
Mediation—
A ju d ge can ord er m ed iation in a child cu stod y case. Med iation is not an attem p t to p ersu ad e the p arties not to d ivorce. It is u sed to help p arents agree to a cu stod y arrangem ent and avoid a cou rt battle. The m ed iator d oes not represent either p arent, and d oes not take sid es or m ake ord ers. H e or she is there to help the p a rties sp eak w ith each other and reach an agreem ent that w orks for everyone.
Som etim es the hu sband and his law yer are in one room and the w ife and her law yer are in another. If this is the case, the m ed iator goes back and forth betw een the room s u ntil an agreem ent is reached . Som etim es, everyone is in one room together. Althou gh m ed iation d oes not alw ays w ork, it is a good w ay to try to reach agreem ent w ithou t a long trial. Som etim es, p eop le can agree to som e things at m ed iation and save only the hard est issu es for the ju d ge. If both p arents agree, they can arrange for
m ed iation w ithou t a cou rt ord er. Med iation services in Polk Cou nty are available at d ecreased rates for those w ho can not afford it.
N on-custodial parent/ N on-residential parent—
This is the p arent w ho has visitation, bu t d oes not live w ith the child m ost of tim e.
Payor—
This is the p arent w ho m u st p ay child su p p ort. Payee—
This is the p arent w ho receives child su p p ort p aym ents from the other p arent (p ayor).
Physical Custody —
The p arent w ho has p hysical cu stod y has the child living w ith him or her m ost of the tim e and takes care of the child d ay to d ay.
Split custody —
Visitation—
Visitation is the right to visit w ith the child even thou gh the other parent has p hysical cu stod y. Visitation is alm ost alw ays ord ered for the p arent w ho d oes not have p hysical cu stod y. If the cou rt believes th at one p arent is a d anger to the child , the cou rt m ay ord er su p ervised visitation or no visitation. Su p ervised visitation m eans the p arent m ay not visit w ith the child w ithou t another ad u lt p resent. For exam p le, if a p arent has a continu ing d ru g or alcohol p roblem or has been accu sed of abu sing or neglecting the child , he or she m ay not be allow ed to visit w ith the child alone. It is rare for a cou rt to ord er no visitation.
There is no "regu lar" visitation requ ired by law . Parents can agree to anything that is not harm fu l to their child and can ask the ju d ge for som ething other than every other w eekend . (For more information, see “V isitation” section of this pamphlet.)
F
IN D IN G AL
AWYER:
Q : How do I find a law y er?
A: You can find a law yer in m any d ifferent w ays. The yellow p ages offer a large listing of the law yers available in you r area and often list their areas of p ractice. Word of m ou th is also a good w ay to find a law yer. Asking you r friend s and co -w orkers if they know of a law yer can h elp you to find one w ho know s fam ily law and w ho has a good rep u tation. The Iow a State Bar Association ru ns a law yer referral service that can help you find a law yer. The law yer referral service can be reached at 800-532-1108. The You th Law Center p rovid es legal services to m inors. They can be reached at 515-244-1172.
Q : W hat do I do if I can't afford a law y er?
A: If you can not afford a law yer, you shou ld call the Legal Aid or Legal Services office in you r area to ask if they w ill take your case. The Iow a State Bar Association ru ns a volu nteer law yer p roject that you can also contact for free legal help . Their
Q : W hen I find a law y er, w hat quest ions should I ask?
A: To begin w ith, you m ight w ant to ask the law yer how often he or she has hand led d ivorce/ child cu stod y cases. Be su re to ask you r law yer abou t his or her fees for your first ap p ointm ent before you m eet w ith the law yer. Make su re you read and u nd erstand any fee contract before you sign it. Ask how m u ch you m u st p ay u p front, w hat kind of things you w ill be billed for, how m u ch you w ill be billed by the hou r, w hat p art of an hou r they bill for (for exam p le, if you call and sp end 10 m inu tes on the p hone, how m u ch w ill they bill you ), how m u ch they charge for p hoto -cop ying, how often you w ill be billed , w hen the bill m u st be p aid , etc.
Once you find a law yer that you tru st and can afford , it is im p ortant to be op en and honest w ith him or her. The only w ay for you r law yer to help you is if they know all the facts of you r case. This inclu d es telling them exactly w hat you w ou ld like the ou tcom e of you r d ivorce/ cu stod y arrangem ent to be. You need to be honest w ith him or her abou t you r p ast, finances, fears and reservations. Only then can he or she help you effectively.
T
HER
OLE OF THEC
OURT:
Q : W hat right s do I hav e t o my child w it hout a court order?
A: If the p arents are m arried to each other at the tim e the child is born, they both have equ al rights to custod y and visitation w ithou t a cou rt ord er. If the father is not m arried to the m other at the tim e the child is born, he m ay have to p rove he is the fathe r before he gets any rights. This can be d one by ap p lying to a court or by filing an
affid avit of p aternity. You can get the affid avit of p aternity from the hosp ital w here the child w as born, the cou nty registrar, the state registrar, or the child su p p or t recovery u nit. If the m other d oes not agree or if she is m arried to som eone else you w ill have to ap p ly to a cou rt to prove you are the father. If you file an affid avit of p aternity, you w ill be requ ired to su p p ort you r child . Withou t a cou rt ord er sp ecifically giving you certain rights, it m ay be d ifficu lt for you to enforce those rights if the other p arent is not
coop erating. For exam p le, if the other p arent d oesn't allow you to visit you r child at all or as often as you w ant to or think you shou ld , a nd you have no cou rt ord er, you w ill need to ap p ly for one.
Q : W hat right s do I hav e t o my child w it h a court order?
child on those weekends. If the other parent won’t let you, they could be charged with contem p t. H ow ever, you can agree w ith the other p arent to visit you r child m ore often than the ord er allow s. By talking w ith each other, p arents can ad d op p ortu nities for visitation to the cou rt ord er, bu t one p arent cannot take visitation aw ay from the other if visitation has been granted by the ord er. If the cou rt ord er only says "reasonable" or "liberal" visitation and d oes not set tim es for visits, you m ay need to ap p ly to the cou rt to ord er sp ecific tim es for visits.
Q : W hat is t he difference bet w een court -ordered mediat ion and opt ional mediat ion?
A: Often d u ring a d ivorce, p rior to going to trial, the cou rt w ill ord er the p arties to try to m ed iate their d isagreem ent. (See m ed iation d efinition above) If the cou rt requires the p arties to go to m ed iation, it is called “cou rt ord ered m ed ia tion.” If the cou rt ord ers you to p articip ate in m ed iation, you m u st d o it. If you refu se, you cou ld be held in contem p t, w hich m ay resu lt in a fine or jail. Even if the cou rt d oes not requ ire you to m ed iate, you m ay choose to d o so on you r ow n. For exam p le, if you feel you can settle you r d isagreem ents abou t p rop erty, cu stod y, or finances w ithou t going to cou rt, bu t you need help talking to each other, you m ay d ecid e to try m ed iation. This is “optional mediation.”
V
ISITATION :
Q : W hat do I do if I’m hav ing problems w it h t he v isit at ion arrangement ? (for
example, t he ot her parent doesn't allow me t o hav e v isit s, or t he ot her parent arranges act iv it ies for t he child during my scheduled v isit at ion t ime, et c.)?
A: Generally, the first thing you shou ld d o is try to talk abou t you r concerns with the child’s other parent. Try not to argue, but instead to explain why their behavior is a p roblem for you . If talking to the other p arent d oes not correct the p roblem , you m ay need to go to cou rt to get the ord er enforced , to ad d m ore sp ecific term s, or to get the ord er changed in som e other w ay. You w ill need to p rove to the cou rt that there is a seriou s and on-going p roblem , and not ju st a single incid ent. It w ill be help fu l if you keep a record of p roblem s by w riting d ow n each incid ent, the d ate it hap p ened , w hat hap p ened , w hat w as said , if you attem p ted to talk w ith the other p arent abou t it, etc.
Q: How does t he court enforce a v isit at ion order?
to hold a cu stod ial p arent in contem p t becau se that p arent need s to be hom e to take care of the child . If the p roblem is not too bad , the ju d ge w ill likely threaten contem p t at the first hearing and not jail the cu stod ial p arent u nless they continu e to interfere seriou sly w ith visitation.
Q: How do I make changes in t he cust ody arrangement ?
A: In ord er to form ally change you r cu stod y arrangem ent if you and the child 's other parent don’t agree, you would have to prove to the court that there has been a su bstantial change in circu m stances since the last ord er and that it is in the child 's best interest to live w ith you . For exam p le, the custod ial p arent has a d ru g or alcohol p roblem or is leaving a you ng child alone w ithou t a sitter or ad u lt. The cou rt w ill not change cu stod y ju st becau se you think you w ill be a better p arent. Generally, the cou rt requ ires that you not only p rove that circu m stances have changed su bstantially bu t also that the cu stod ial p arent d oes not take p rop er care of the child . Cou rts w ill not
generally change cu stod y ju st becau se the cu stod ial p arent is not honoring the visitation term s of the cu stod y ord er. In som e cases, how ever, the cou rt m ight change cu stod y becau se of extrem e and continu ed interference w ith visitation. If joint p hysical cu stod y is not w orking, the court w ill u su ally change it to sole p hysical cu stod y by one p arent w ith visitation by the other. Each case is d ecid ed sep arately, so you need to d iscu ss you r case w ith a law yer to find ou t w hat can be d one.
Q : W hat is t he usual v isit at ion for t he non-cust odial parent ?
A: Iowa law does not set up a “usual” or required visitation schedule. There is no law that says you get to visit every other w eekend . Whatever you and the other p arent agree to or the cou rt find s ap p rop riate can be ord ered . As long as the non -cu stod ial p arent is not p roven to be a d anger to the child , som e typ e of visitation m u st be granted . The m ore tim e you r child can sp end w ith each of his or her p arents, the hap p ier you r child w ill likely be.
When you talk to the other p arent abou t visitation, you shou ld consid er school holidays and other special occasions. Don’t forget your birthday, the child's birthday, and m other's or father's d ay. If both p arents w ant to sp end Christm as w ith the child you m ight think abou t m aking Ch ristm as eve and Christm as d ay tw o sep arate holid ays so that the child can be w ith both p arents or you m ay consid er taking tu rns sp end ing holid ays w ith the child on alternate years.
Anything you can agree to is p ossible as long as it is not harm fu l to th e child . Even if you end u p in cou rt, you can ask the ju d ge for visitation that fits you r sched u le. It is then u p to the ju d ge to d ecid e w hat is best for the child .
Q : W ill mov ing change my right s t o v isit at ion and/or cust ody of my child?
cou rt m ay change visitation or cu stod y. Iow a law says that if a cu stod ial p arent m oves 150 or m ore m iles aw ay, the m ove itself is consid ered a su bstantial change in
circu m stances w hich allow s the cou rt to change the ord er if it is in the child' s best interests. The cou rt w ill not u su ally change cu stod y, bu t if the new hom e and the
reasons for the m ove d o not ou tw eigh the negative effects of the m ove, the ju d ge m ight change cu stod y. For exam p le, if the only reason for the m ove is to stop the
noncu stod ial p arent from visiting, the cou rt m ight change cu stod y. Each case is
d ifferent and you need to sp eak w ith a law yer to figu re ou t w hat is likely in you r case. N ote – If you change visitation, you need to get the original ord er changed to enforce the new visitation sched u le.
Q : W ho has t o pay for v isit at ion if one parent mov es far aw ay ?
A: There really is no bright line ru le that says that one p arent or the other has to p ay for visitation if one p arent m oves far aw ay. Essentially, this is an issu e the cou rt w ill d ecid e, if the p arents cannot settle it them selves. In m aking the d ecision, the cou rt w ill look at m any d ifferent factors, inclu d ing, bu t not lim ited to, the incom e of each p arent.
C
USTOD Y AN D SUPPORT:
Q: What do I do if the ot her parent isn’t helping me w it h t he child? Can I force him/her t o help?
A: At the very least, the non -cu stod ial p arent MUST p ay child su p p ort. If the other parent isn’t paying child support, he or she can be forced to do so. If the non -cu stod ial p arent is not p aying su p p ort, you can ask the Child Su p p ort Recovery Unit or a p rivate law yer for help . Unfortu nately, you cannot force the other p arent to help you p hysically care for the child . If you d o not have enou gh m oney, there m ight be a child care center in you r area that offers "resp ite care" or em ergency care if you are afraid you can't care for the child and need a short break.
Q : If I hav e v isit at ion, do I hav e t o pay support ?
Q : If t he cust odial parent int erferes w it h v isit at ion, do I hav e t o pay support ?
A: Yes. You r child need s su p p ort even if the cu stod ial p arent interferes w ith you r visitation rights. You can get help enforcing you r right to visitation bu t you m u st p ay child su p p ort in any event.
Q : Do w omen hav e t o pay child support ?
A: Yes. If a w om an is the non -cu stod ial p arent, she m u st p ay child su p p ort. It m akes no d ifference w hether the non -cu stod ial p arent is a w om an or a m an.
Q : W hat right s do I hav e as a non-cust odial parent t o make decisions about my child’s medical t reat ment , educat ion, et c.?
A: As long as the cou rt has not term inated you r p arental rights and you have been granted joint legal cu stod y, you have the sam e rights as the cu stod ial p arent to m ake d ecisions abou t you r child . If you have no cou rt ord er, bu t you w ere m arried to the other parent at the child’s birth or you were not married to each other but a
p aternity affid avit has been filed , you shou ld have the sam e right to m ake d ecisions as the cu stod ial p arent. This ap p lies to m ed ical, school and religiou s d ecisions and inform ation. Major d ecisions abou t you r child shou ld be m ad e w ith the help of the other p arent. In som e p laces you can get free m ed iation services to help you reach an agreem ent w ith the other p arent w ithou t having to go to cou rt. If you can't reach an agreem ent w ith the cu stod ial p arent, you m ight need to sp eak w ith a law yer if you feel the child w ill be harm ed by the cu stod ial p arent's d ecision.
Q : W hat right do I hav e t o get informat ion (medical, school, et c.) about my child if I am t he non-cust odial parent ?
A: Again, as long as you r p arental rights have not been term inated or lim ited by the cou rt and you have joint legal cu stod y, you have the sam e rights that every other p arent has to get inform ation abou t you r child . If you have no cou rt ord er, bu t you w ere m arried to the other parent at the child ’s birth or you w ere not m arried to each other bu t a p aternity affid avit has been filed , you have the sam e right to get inform ation abou t you r child as the cu stod ial p arent.
Q : Can my child decide w hich parent he or she w ant s t o liv e w it h?
to give your child ’s p reference, the cou rt w ill look at you r child ’s age, grad e level in school, m atu rity, relationship w ith fam ily m em bers and the reasons for his or her p reference. For exam ple, if the child w ants to live w ith one p arent becau se that p aren t has "p oisoned " the child 's m ind abou t the other p arent or becau se one p arent bu ys the child m ore toys, the child 's p reference is not likely to carry m u ch w eight.
U
N MARRIED AN D TEEN PAREN TS:
Q : W hat can I do if my girlfriend get s pregnant and I am not sure I am t he fat her of t he baby ?
A: You can have a blood test d one to find ou t w hether you are the father. If you and the m other agree and have m oney to p ay for the blood test, you can have it d one w ithou t a cou rt ord er. If not, it can be d one a s p art of a p aternity proceed ing (a p etition to the cou rt to d ecid e w ho the father is). The law allow s the m other, the father and the state to file a p aternity p etition. In the p aternity p roceed ing, the cou rt w ill u su ally ord er the child , the m other and the nam ed father to take a blood test. If the state started the p aternity action, you cannot be requ ired to p ay for these tests in ad vance if you d on't have the m oney. If, on the other hand , you file the p etition, you m ay be requ ired to p ay for the tests. You m ay be able to get help p aying for the tests from som e of the agencies listed at the end of this booklet.
Q: If I t ake t he blood t est and it t urns out t hat I am t he fat her, w hat are my legal
right s and responsibilit ies?
A: After it is p roven that you are the father, you w ill be ord ered to p ay child su p p ort. You w ill also have the right to visit w ith you r child . You can also ask for cu stod y w hich w ill be ord ered if the cou rt find s it is in the child 's best interest. You m u st ap p ly to a cou rt to get visitation or cu stod y. The child su p p ort recovery u nit can’t issu e ord ers for cu stod y or visitation.
Q: Will it be difficult t o get my name on my child’s birt h cert ificat e at t he hospital if I’m not married t o his or her mot her?
m other refu se to sign the p ap ers, or she w as m arried d u ring p regnancy or at the tim e of concep tion, birth or any tim e betw een concep tion and birth, you w ill need to ask a cou rt to d eclare you are the father. This is called a p aternity proceed ing. N ote – if you sign p ap ers saying you are the father, you w ill have to p ay child su p p ort for that child .
Q : As an unmarried fat her, can I get cust ody of my child?
A: As long as the m other ad m its that you are the father of the child or you have a p aternity ord er (a cou rt ord er saying you are the father), or you filed a p aternity affid avit, you can ask for cu stod y of you r child . The child 's m other has an equ al right to cu stod y u ntil the cou rt ord ers otherw ise. The cou rt w ill give you cu stod y if they find it is in the best interests of the child for you to have cu stod y. Unless you are a d anger to the child , it is likely that the cou rt w ill aw ard you at least som e typ e of visitation.
Q : As an unmarried fat her, am I legally ent it led t o v isit my child?
A: Yes. The father of any child , inclu d ing a teenage father, has the right to be involved w ith his child u nless he has been p roven to be an u nfit p arent, has given u p his p arental rights, or the fam ily cou rt believes that contact w ith the child is not in the child 's best interest.
Q : How do I get t o v isit w it h my child if t he ot her parent w on't let me?
Q : Do I hav e t o pay child support ev en if I am only a t eenager?
A: The legal resp onsibilities of teenage p arents are the sam e as those of ad u lt p arents. In Iow a, teenage p arents m u st take care of their ch ild ren. You are requ ired to su p p ort the child regard less of the fact you are not m arried to his/ her other p arent, even if the cou rt d oes not allow you to visit the child . Unless there are sp ecial circu m stances, if you are 19 or you nger, in school or cert ified as need ing sp ecial
education, and don’t have a high school diploma, the court will order you to pay $25 a m onth for child su p p ort. If you are not in school or you have a high school d ip lom a, the cou rt can ord er you to p ay child su p p ort in the am ou nt set u p u nd er the gu id elines for ad u lts. Som etim es, the grand p arents w ill be ord ered to help p ay for the child if the m inor p arent is a child him self.
M
ORE IN FORMATION :
Q : W ho can I cont act for more informat ion about my right s?
A: There are m any resou rces available to you. You can contact a p rivate law yer w ho you fou nd in the yellow p ages or through the Iow a State Bar Association. A hotline called “Iowa Concern” is available to help with financial questions and legal issu es. The law yer at Iow a Concern w ill not rep resent you in cou rt, bu t he or she m ay be able to p rovid e som e general answ ers abou t legal issu es. Their hotline is op en to answ er legal qu estions from 8 a.m . u ntil 5 p .m . If you can't afford a law yer, you can contact Legal Aid or Legal Services in you r area. You can also contact the Drake University Legal Clinic for m ore inform ation regard ing you r rights. They take a very lim ited nu m ber of cases. There are a nu m ber of organizations that d o not p rovid e legal services bu t that give gen eral inform ation abou t p arental rights. For contact
T
IPS
D on't forget special days for visitation. When setting u p visitation, d on’t forget birthdays (the child’s and yours), Mother’s Day, and Father’s Day.
Keep a diary - If you are having p roblem s w ith the cu stod y/ visitation
arrangement and talking with your child’s other parent isn’t working, be sure to write d ow n each p roblem and note the d ate on w hich the p roblem occu rred . This m ay help you r legal case if you try to m od ify the cu stod y/ visitation agreem ent.
Don’t fight about custody or visitation in front of your child. It is important that you w ork together w ith you r child 's other p arent for the sake of the child . Verbal or p hysical fighting in front of you r child ren is very harm fu l to them .
Try to talk to the other parent w ithout fighting. Keep them inform ed abou t you r child . Try to talk abou t anything affecting visits. For exam p le, if there w ill be a p roblem if they are late, let them know before they p ick u p the child . Try not to m ake a big d eal abou t every little issu e bu t also try not to let things bu ild u p to the p oint w here you can’t talk about it without fighting.
Don’t use your child to get back at the other parent. Don’t say bad things about the other p arent in front of or to you r child . A child shou ld not be forced to choose betw een p arents or to p retend to d islike one p arent w hile they are w ith the other p arent. The child w ill alw ays have tw o p arents w hether you like the other p arent or not. You need to sep arate you r relationship w ith t he other p arent from your
relationship w ith you r child .
R
ESOURCES:
Child Abuse Prevention Council 1200 University, Su ite B
Des Moines, IA 50314 283-9274
Provides free parenting classes covering special problems including substance abuse, A DHD, preschool children, school age children, adolescents, etc. Des Moines Child Guidance 1206 Pleasant St.
Des Moines, IA 50309 244-2267
Children & Families of Iow a 1111 University
Des Moines, IA 50314 288-1981
Provides a host of services including counseling, respite care, parenting classes through Parents A nonymous, budget counseling, etc. A lso includes parenting tips on their web site at http://www.cfiowa.org
D rake University Legal Clinic 2400 University Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50311 271-3851
Provides free legal services to a limited number of clients.
Fathers for Equal Rights 3623 Dou glas Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50310 277-8789
Provides counseling, lawyer referral, and neutral drop off.
First Call for Help 211
Provides referrals to community
programs, agencies and resources from a database of over 2000 listings to help with just about any issue including, financial, child care, parenting, counseling, legal, etc.
Iow a State Bar Association - Law yer Referral Service 1-800-532-1108 Iow a only. 515-280-7429
Provides referrals to lawyers. The referral is free but legal services are not unless the lawyer agrees to represent you without pay.
Iow a State Bar Association - Volunteer Law yers Project 521 E. Locu st, Su ite 302 Des Moines, Iow a 50309 (515)244-8617
1-800-325-2909
Provides referrals to lawyers who offer free legal service.
Legal Aid Society of Polk County 1111 9 St.
Des Moines, IA 50314 243-1193
Parenting Monthly Web site
http :/ / w w w .p arentingm onthly.org
Provides information about parenting classes (one-time and series), support groups, step parenting workshops, a listing of community parenting resources, and a section with
information, tips and events just for dads. Local libraries supply computers and technical help to find this web site. Planned Parenthood of Greater Iow a
1040 E. Arm y Post Rd . Des Moines, IA 50315 1-866 596-1367; 515-285-6200 Provides medical and counseling services. Discounts available. Child Support Recovery Unit
Specialized Customer Services Unit 515-242-5530 (Des Moines free
calling area), or
1-888-229-9223 (Toll-free w ithin the United States)
Provid es cu stom er service and inform ation for Iow a’s child su p p ort offices.
Youth Emergency Shelter Services 918 SE 11 St.
Des Moines, IA 50309 282-9377
Young Women’s Resource Center 705 E. 2nd Street
Des Moines, IA 50309-1833 244-4901
Provides support groups and education groups about child birth.
Youth Law Center 218 6th Ave.
Des Moines, IA #515-244-1172
