Behavioral Therapy

(1)

Behavioral Therapy

:

(2)

Objectives

:

1. Explain

contingency

management

2. List

and

describe

3 types of

(3)

Contingency Management

:

• Used in prisons, mental

hospitals, schools, and army

bases, as well as with

(4)

Contingency Management

:

• In these situations it is possible to

set up whole miniature systems of

rewards, called

token

(5)

Example

:

• Psychologist in some mental

hospitals select behavior they judge

desirable.

• Patients are then rewarded for these

behaviors with “hospital” or token

(6)

Example

:

• Thus if a patient cleans his room or works in the hospital garden, he is rewarded with

token money.

• The patients are able to cash in their token money for things they want, such as candy or cigarettes, for certain privileges, such

(7)

Token Money

:

• These methods are successful in

mental patients to begin leading

active lives.

(8)

Aversive Conditioning:

• A type of behavioral therapy that

associates an unpleasant (such as

nausea) with an unwanted behavior

(such as drinking alcohol).

• It associates unpleasant feelings with

unwanted behavior.

(9)

Example

:

• The therapist offers the client appealing drinks laced with a drug that induces

severe nauseas.

• By linking the drinking of alcohol with violent nausea, the therapist seeks to

(10)

Group Therapy

:

• A form of therapy in which

patients work together with the aid

of a leader to resolve

(11)

Advantages of Group

Therapy????

• A chance to see how other people are

struggling with problems similar to

their own

• One therapist can help a large

number of people at once

(12)

3 Types of Group Therapy:

1. Family Therapy

2. Self-Help Groups

(13)

Family Therapy

:

•What do you know about

(14)

Family Therapy

:

• A form of therapy aimed at

understanding and improving

relationships that have led one or

more members in a close social

unit to experience emotional

(15)

Family Therapy

:

• Often family members are unhappy

because they are mistreating or are being mistreated by other family members in

ways no one understands or wants to talk about

• The family therapist can point out what is going wrong from an objective viewpoint and can suggest ways of improving

(16)

Are all group therapies run by

professionals???

• No!!!!

– Not all group therapies are run by professionals.

(17)

Self-Help Groups

• Groups of individuals that share a problem and meet to discuss it without the active involvement of professional therapists.

• During regularly scheduled meetings,

(18)

Beyond the Classroom:

• Self-Help Books are very popular in bookstores!!

– ***Life Strategies*** (Dr. Phil)

(19)

What Kind of Problems

???

• Self-help groups have been formed to deal with problems ranging from alcoholism,

overeating, and drug addiction, to child abuse, widowhood, single parenting, adjusting to cancer, and gambling.

• The BEST known self-help group is

(20)

Alcoholic Anonymous:

• Purpose: “to carry the AA message to the sick alcoholic who wants it.”

• According to AA, the only way for

alcoholics to change is to admit publicly

that they are powerless over alcohol and that their lives have become

(21)

AA

• To adhere to the AA doctrine, a person must maintain total abstinence from

alcohol.

• According to AA, alcoholics never recover but are always in the process of

recovering.

(22)

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)

• Members of AA usually meet at least once a week to discuss the meaning of this

message, to talk about their experiences with alcohol, and to describe the new hope they have found with AA

• Mutual encouragement, friendship, and an emphasis on personal responsibility are

(23)

Objectives

:

• Describe Encounter Group Therapy

• Explain the Biomedical Approach to treatment

• Compare and Contrast the different

(24)

Encounter Groups

:

• A type of therapy for people who function adequately in everyday life but who feel unhappy, dissatisfied, or stagnant; aimed at providing experiences that will help

(25)

Encounter Groups

:

• Purpose

: to provide experiences

that will help people live more intense

lives.

• Techniques are often used in

groups

(26)

Encounter Groups

:

• Role Playing

is a common

encounter-group technique.

– It is a form of theater in which the

(27)

Role Playing

:

• A person may try acting out the role of a character in one of his dreams; another person may pretend to be herself as a child talking to her mother, played by another member.

• By switching roles and placing themselves in each other’s situation, group members are better able to see themselves as

(28)

Role Playing

:

• The advice, the support, the

common basis for understanding

the good and the bad in one

(29)

Key to Success:

• Key to a group functioning well is its LEADERS!! • Some group members, unprepared for the

intense emotional exposure that may occur, have suffered long-lasting psychological

distress.

• It is important to have leaders sensitive to the long-term implications of the group’s activities

(30)

Biomedical

(31)

Biological Approaches to Treatment

:

• The various “talking” and “learning” therapies described so far have been aimed primarily at patients who are still generally capable of functioning within society.

• BUT what of those people who are not capable of clear thinking or who are

(32)

What methods were used in the

past???

• For a long time, the most common method of keeping dangerous or overactive

schizophrenic patients in check was

physical restraint

– The strait jacket, isolation

(33)

Then Came Along

MEDICATION

!!

• From the mid-1950s on the use of

(34)

Classes of Drugs

:

• Neuroleptic drugs

(35)

Neuroleptic Drugs:

• Also known as antipsychotic or

psychoactive drugs

• Used in the treatment of Schizophrenia

• Most popular of these medicines have been the phenothizines:

(36)

Why are these drugs used to treat

Schizophrenia

??

• Schizophrenia = High levels of dopamine

• These medicines have their effect by

blocking dopamine receptor sites on neurons.

• These drugs reduce symptoms and

intensity of schizophrenia in more than

(37)

Improve in many ways with

medication

:

1. They become less withdrawn

2. They become less confused and agitated

3. They have fewer auditory hallucinations

(38)

HOWEVER, Side Effects

:

• Dry mouth

• Blurred Vision

• Grogginess

• Constipation

(39)

Antidepressants

:

• Relieve depression

• Include: Elavil, Tofranil, and Parnate

• Do NOT effect the mood of nondepressed

people.

(40)

Antidepressants

:

• Some of the antidepressants have such severe side effects that they can lead to death, so they must be given under close medical supervision

• Prozac (1987)

– MOST POPULAR antidepressant

• Unlike other antidepressants, Prozac

tends to produce weight loss instead of gain and is typically much safer than