ANSI
– American National Standards Institute
API
– American Petroleum Institute
ASME
– American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
AWWA
– American Water Works Association
MSS-SP
– Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valves and Fittings Industry
BSI
– British Standards Institute
STANDARDS CODE
API 600
Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends
API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves- Flanged, Threaded, Welding and Extended-Body
Ends
API 603
Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate Valves
API 608
Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
API 609
Butterfly Valves, Lug-Type and Wafer Type
API 598
Valve Inspection & Testing
API 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball and Check Valves)
ANSI B16.34
Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends
ANSI B16.10
Face-to-Face Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
MSS SP-55
Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other
Piping Components
BS 1873
"Steel Globe Stop and Check Valves For The Petroleum, Petrochemical and Allied
Industries
BS 5352
Steel Wedge Gate, Globe and Check Valves 50mm (2") and Smaller For The
Petroleum, Petrochemical an Allied Industries.
BS 5160
Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type
check valves
OBJECTIVES
Type of valves and strainers,steam traps
introduction in Piping network.
Valve Selection cratia, Moc / Standards
Function of various industrial valve
How to control the flow of fluids/head Loss
Operational ,Size limitations
How to prepare to valve specification
Def’n: devices which control the amount and
direction of fluid flow in piping systems
Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, or steel
alloy, plastic.
Components:
-
Valve body
- Packing
- Disc
- Packing gland/nut
- Seat
- Stem
- Bonnet
- Wheel
Valve Selection (6-Q)
What is the valve size?
What is the Media in Pipe line?
What is the Temperature ?
What is the Pressure?
What is the Material ?
Valve Sizes/Application
Valve Types
Purpose
Example of a system
Gate ( From 6 NB)
Isolation
Pump suction,pipe line
Globe ( From 6 NB)
steam, air, oil and water
Ball ( from 15 NB)
Isolation /
Throttling
Seawater, sanitary, trim
and drain, air, hydraulic,
and oil transfer
Butterfly ( From 50 NB)
Throttling
freshwater, saltwater, lube
oil, and chill water
Check ( L.C 6 NB)
Swing Ch. V/V- 50
NB(FE)
Allows fluid to flow in
one direction; prevents
backflow and damage to
equipment
Any
Relief
Protects a system from
overpressure
High pressure system
Media
Water is the easy media can be handled
any valves .
Air is a very simple media.
Suspended solid,mixer of air & oil .
Hp. Steam for process.
Temperatute/ Material
Temp -50°C to Below 200°C use soft seated
valve (Class VI)
Cast iron valves to be use - 10°C to 210°C
Carbon steel - 20°C to 425°C
Alloy steel - 20°C to 600°C
SS Casting : -220°C to 815°C
Bronze :160°C to 280°C
Inconel : 160°C to 650°C
Monel : 160°C to 480°C
PVC : 100 °C to 125°C
Pressure
Pressure is always connected with Temperature
The material which can handle 16 bar Pr.in 20°C
Might not do that in 200°C.
Piping flange class is same of valve class.
Ex. #150 , #300 or PN10 . PN20,
End Connections
Flanges end. (faces- flate,raised , Groove)
Welded end.( Rating #600 )
Threaded end. ( BSP / NPT #2000 lbs )
Socket welded End (#3000 lbs)
Valve Material for non corrosives application
cont..
Material
ASTM
Service Condition
Trim low
Temp
Trim high
Temp
Carbon steel
A216 Gr WPB
Non corrosive water, oil and gas
Temp -30°C to 430 °C
1 or 8
8 or 5
CS Low Temp
Services
A352 Gr LCB
A352 Gr LC2
A352 Gr LC3
Cryogenic services low Temp.
Temp -46°C to 343°C
Temp -73°C to 343°C
Temp -101°C to 343 °C
2 or 12
12 or 5
Alloy Steel
A217 Gr WC1
Non corrosive water, Oil and Gas
Temp -20°F to 875°F
2 or 12
12 or 5
11/4Cr-1/2 Mo
A217 Gr WC6
Non corrosive water, Oil and Gas
Temp -20°C to 649°C
8 or 5
5
21/4Cr-1 Mo
A217 Gr WC9
Non corrosive water, Oil and Gas
Temp -20°C to 649 °C
8 or 5
5
5%Cr-1/2 Mo
A217 Gr C5
Corrosive water, Oil and Gas
Temp -20°C to 649 °C
8 or 5
5
9%Cr-1 Mo
A217 Gr C12
Corrosive water, Oil and Gas
Temp -20°C to 649 °C
Valve Material for corrosives application
Cast Stainless Steel
Corrosive high Temp Applications
18% Cr-8% Ni
A351 Gr
CF8
Temp -10°C to 816°C
10 or 12
5
18% Cr-8%
Ni(L.Carbon)
A351 Gr
CF5
Temp -10°C to 427°C
10 or 12
5
16%Cr-12%Ni-2%Mo
A351 Gr
CF8M
Temp -254°C to 649°C
10 or 12
5
16%Cr-12%Ni-2%Mo (L.Carbon)
A351 Gr
CF3M
Temp -10°C to 454°C
10 or 12
5
18% Cr-8% Ni-cb
A351 Gr
CF8C
Temp -10°C to 816°C
10 or 12
5
Alloy 20
A351 Gr
CN7M
Corrosive Viz hydrogen sulphide dry
13
13 or 14
Monel
A94 M35-1
Hydrochloric acid (Air free) all
concentrated
13
9
Hastelloy B
A94 N12MV
Hydro choleric acid <1% at ambient
temp
13
Hastelloy
C
Hastelloy C
A94 N12MV
Crrosive.CholrineGas,dry etc
All ambient temperature
13
Hastelloy
C
Material and hardness of stem and backseat bushing or weld deposit
STD-API 600
Trim No
Material Type
Type
Stem (
Hard-HB)
Backseat/bushi
ng
1
13 Cr
ASTM A276
T410 or T240
200min 275
Max
250 Min
2
18 Cr-8Ni
ASTM A276
T304
Mfg Std
Mfg Std
3
25 Cr-20Ni
ASTM A276
T310
Mfg Std
Mfg Std
4 to 8A
13 Cr
ASTM A276
T410 or T240
200min 275
Max
250 Min
9 and 11
Ni Cu alloy
Mfg Std
Mfg Std
Mfg Std
10 and 12
18 Cr-12Ni
ASTM A276
T316
Mfg Std
Mfg Std
Forgings
A105 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
A181 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping
A182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for
High-Temperature Service
A266 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components
A290 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears A336 Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts
A350 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
A372 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
A522 Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
A565 Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service A592 Specification for High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts for Pressure
Vessels
A638 Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Super alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service
A646 Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings
A668 Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use
A694 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
Castings
A27 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application A47 Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
A48 Specification for Gray Iron Castings
A74 Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
A126 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings A128 Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
A148 Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes
A216 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High- Temperature Service
A217 Specification for Steel Castings, Martens tic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure- Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service
A278M Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 350°C A278 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F A319 Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing Parts
A351 Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts
A352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martens tic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
A487 Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A494 Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
A518 Specification for Corrosion-Resistant High-Silicon Iron Castings
A703 Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts
A732 Specification for Castings, Investment, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, and Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures
MATERIAL DESIGNATIONS & ASTM STANDARDS
FOR VALVES
Aluminum ASTM B-85 Die Cast
3% Ni-Iron ASTM A-126-Class B Modified
Copper ASTM B-75 Wrot & ASTM B-88
Ni-Plated Ductile Iron ASTM B-320 Plating
Bronze ASTM B-61 Cast
ASTM B-62 Cast ASTM B-584, Alloy 844
400 Series Stainless Steel ASTM B-582 Type 416 Wrot ASTM A-217-Grade CA-15 ASTM A-276 Type 410 Wrot
Silicon Bronze ASTM B-98 Alloy B ASTM B-371 Wrot
316 Stainless ASTM 276 Type 316
ASTM A-351-Grade CF-8M
Aluminum Bronze ASTM B-148 Cast ASTM B-150 Rod
Brass ASTM B-16 Wrot
ASTM B-124 Forged
17-4 PH Stainless Steel ASTM A-564 Type 630
Ductile Iron ASTM A-395 Heat Treated ASTM A-536 As Cast
Carbon Steel ASTM A-216-Grade WCB Cast ASTM A-105 Forged
ASTM A-352-Grade LCB Cast
Stellite AWS 5.13 Hard Face
Gray Iron ASTM A-126 Class B
Alloy 20 ASTM A-351-Grade CN-7M ASTM B-473 20Cb-3
Monel ASTM B-164
ASTM 494 Grade M-35-1
Hastelloy C ASTM B-574
Tank
Requirement valves in Piping Network
Pumps
P-1 30
3HR
P-2
10
3HR
10
3HR
10
3HR
30
3HR
Cap
120
3Port Types Globe Valve
Most common valve in
the plant
Body may be straight,
angle, or cross type
Valve inlet and outlet
openings are designed
to suit varying
requirements of flow
Valve may be operated
in the partially open
position (throttled)
Commonly used in
steam, air, oil and
water
lines
Used for a straight line of flow
where minimum restriction is
desired
Not suitable for throttling
May be rising stem or
Ball Valve
Most ball valves are quick acting - only require 90
o
turn
to completely open or shut valve
Some ball valves may have gearing for easy of use (also
increases operating time)
Used in seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, air,
3 Way Ball Valve
3 way ball are mostly used for filter by pass lines.
Dual flange Type
Butterfly Valve
Lightweight, relatively small,
and quick acting
May be used for throttling
Used in freshwater,
Check Valve
Allows fluid to
flow in a system
in only one
direction
May be swing,
lift, or Ball type
check valves
Mounting as per
Disc Check valve ( NRV)
Mount horizontal direction
Plate Type Lift Check valve
Can be mount any direction
Ball type Lift Check valve
Can be Vertical direction
Dosing pump
Spring loades Lift Check valve
Can be Fix Vertical direction
Plate Type Lift Check
valve
Foot Valves used for bottom lift pump suction
Such as function as like check valves
Diaphragm Valve
Used for corrosive acidic Application
Automatic Operated
Valve
This types of valve work Pressure
Difference between inlet and Outlet
Low Pressure Application
Agricultural Water supply pump
Acts as NRV
Niddle Valve
Fine Regulating
valve
Used in Instruments,
Relief Valve
Installed in piping systems to
protect them from excessive
pressure
The relieving pressure is set by
the force exerted on the disk by
the spring
Relief valves may have a lever
which allows manual opening
of the valve for test purposes
Valve Operating Devices
Manual lever or wheel ( up to 6”)
Handwheel or lever is directly connected to the stem and is
operated by hand
Gear operated above- 6”
Pneumatic ( up to 20”)
Air pressure is applied to one side of a piston which is
connected to the stem of the valve
Motor ( Above 24” )
A hydraulic, electric, or air driven motor is used to turn the
stem of the valve
Solenoid
Uses an Electromagnet to open or close a valve against
Valves Operating devices
Gear operated
Gear operated/Manual
Motor operated
Diaphragm operated
Wheel
operated
Pneumatic operated
Control Valves
• There are many different ways to manipulate the flows of
material and energy into and out of a process; for
example, the speed of a pump drive, screw conveyer, or
blower can be adjusted.
• However, a simple and widely used method of
accomplishing this result with fluids is to use a control
valve, also called an automatic control valve.
• The control valve components include the valve body,
trim, seat, and actuator
.Dighparm, positioner,
Air-to-Open vs. Air-to-Close Control Valves
Hydraulic Open control valves
• Normally, the choice of A-O or A-C valve is based on
FCV
Fine Flow control valves
Automatics Operating,
Digital Display.
Used In Process
Control valves
Diaphragm operating
device can be operate
liner motion.
Relivetly less operating
span
Can be operate by AIR
media.
Gate Valve Pneumatic Operated
•A Pneumatic control valve Provided cylinder (air-to-open) and closed by return spring
action.
•A Pneumatic control valve (air-to-open) with spring return action.
•This is liner motion divice
•This is Rotational Motion device.
•Uses an electromagnet to open or close a valve against spring pressure
•Air to open and spring pressure
close against positioner device control
Operating Divices ( Diphragm devices)
Operating purpose required Air for 15 to 30 psi
Valve positioner device to regulate the valve flow control functions
Auto control and manual setting can done.
Positiner is Device in control valve loop of a Flow or Level
Control Process that improves Valve response to change in the
demand from a process controller
Valve Positioner operation logics
Setting can done by auto Mode or Manually
The IP is an Electronic pressure regulator that converts a
variable 4 to 20 mA signal to a proportional pneumatic output. Its
compact housing, accessible ports and easy adjustments
provide an ideal applications of Process. This economical
instrument provides precision air pressure regulation to
actuators, valves, positioner and other final control elements.
•Required DC Supply 4 to 20 mA- 10 to 12 volt Current
Controller
Input Signal
Conversion
Pneumatic
Amplifier
optional
Output signal
Generator
Output signal
Conversion
Input Signal Conversion;-
The pneumatic input is converted to Mechanical Motion
positioner used pneumatic Amplifier in such cases.
Out put Signal:-
A Mechanical motion causes a directional control valve to change
position & supply Air the actuator, positioner gain will normally developed here usually
through signal action.
Input Signal Conversion (I/P) :- The input signal sent positioner is two way
•A Pneumatic signal
can (3-15 psig) ( 6-30 psig) (3-27 Psig) Air directly from controller
•An Electrical signal
(4-20 mA- 10 volt) from controller that is converted to a pneumatic
signal by current to pneumatic (I/P) convector or Voltage to pneumatic ( E/P) convert
That is either external or internal to the positioner and regulate valve funection.
Signal Logice
Positioner unit
Control valve
Feed back
Pressure Loss in Valves
g
V
D
L
f
g
V
K
p
h
g
V
K
E
eq
v
v
v
2
2
2
2
2
2
Function of valve type and
valve position
The complex flow path through
valves can result in high head
loss (of course, one of the
purposes of a valve is to create
head loss when it is not fully
open)
E
v
are the loss in terms of
Determine for valve head loss
1. Globe Valve -25 NB
Fluid velocity-1.5 m/sec
2. Gate valve Valve -100 NB
Fluid velocity-1.2 m/sec
Guide line for Making V/V specification
• Type of valve
(Ball , Gate, Globe, Butterfly)
• Size of valves
( Ex. 25 NB / 100 NB)
• End connections
(
Screwed, Socketweld, Butweld,Flanged)
• Pressure Rating Class
(#150
#300, #600,#800 )
• Body material
( Forged/ Casting)
• Trim of valves
( Hard face, stalite)
• Seat
( PTFE, Nylon, Metal)
• Operation
( Lever, Gear, Motorized)
• Ex
….
Ball valve 100 NB Flange end class 300 Body.A216 trim 13% cr,
metal seat Lever operated…
Function
•
Strainers is to be used for piping design system
To be remove foreign partial form water. ie sand, piping
corrosive partial from Process Fluids.
• Strainers are available for CI, CS,SS of fabricated from
Y-Type Strainer
Note:-
Y- type strainer to be fixed in piping
line always horizontal of pipe axis.
Basket strainer
Basket strainer to be provided in Booster pump line , i.e. Shower system.
SS wire mesh size 80 mesh/ 0.25micron
Conical Strainer
•Conical strainer to be provided in large flow rate piping system, i.e. Cooling
tower.
•
While fixing in piping system provide removal spool before strainer
Auto / on line Strainer
Automatic Motorized operate, self cleaning Auto Strainer.
Uses for continuo's operating system
Strainer Specification
• Type;- Y type / Basket
• Media:- water , air & oil
• Size inlet/out :- 100 NB
• Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr
• Pressure drop:- 0.6 to 1 bar.
• End connection:- Flanged / Threaded
• Steel wire mesh:- 0.50u / 80 mesh
• Body material :- CI / CS / SS/ fabricated
Ball Float Steam trap
Condensate is discharged when the rising level of condensate lifts a float
attached to a level valve. A thermostatically operated vent discharges air
from the top of the trap. Condensate is discharged continuously as it
collects in the trap body.
Thormostatic Steam Trap
Operate on the difference in temperature between steam and condensate.
When condensate reaches the trap, the filled thermal element opens a pilot
valve to allow limited flow. Drain condensate continuously, closing only in the
absence of condensate
Inverted Bucket Trap
Inverted bucket trap As the level
of condensate rises, it is
discharged. Inverted bucket traps
require water, called the prime,
within the bucket to operate. This
trap is most appropriate for steady
loads such as on distribution
systems. Condensate is
discharged intermittently.
Thermodynamic Steam Trap
Have a disk situated on a central orifice. As condensate pressure builds, it lifts
the disk, passes through the orifice at the centre of the disk and exits through
smaller orifices surrounding the disk. Flash steam builds up pressure on top of
the disk and closes the orifice. Condensate is discharged intermittently.
STEM TRAP MOUNTINGS
Separator
Valve
Strainer
Condensate drain
valve
valve
Flot ball trap
Inv.Bucket trap
Thermo Dy.trap
Ball float trap Specification
• Type;- Steam trap ball float
• Size inlet/out :- 80 NB
• PN / class :- 10 /150
• Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr
• Design pressure:- 6 bar.
• Design temperature :- 220oC
• Capacity :- 250 kg/hr
• Back pressure:- 1 bar
• End connection:- Flanged ANSI B16.5
• Body material :- A126 Gr WCB
• Float Ball ;- SS 304
Thermodynamic trap Specification
• Type;- Steam trap thermodynamic
• Size inlet/out :- 25 Nb
• Class :- #800
• Inlet flow rate:- 50 M3 / hr
• Design pressure:- 6 bar.
• Design temperature :- 220oC
• Capacity :- 100 kg/hr
• Back pressure :- 1 bar
• End connection:- Socketweld, ANSI B16.11
• Body material :- A A105
• Internals ;- SS 304
HYDRAULICE HOSE
1. Matelice hose Pipes
HYDRAULICE
Hydraulics Power Pack
Hydraulic Power Supply
Pump
Check valve
Accumulator
Pneumatic vs Hydraulic
Common advantages
Power actuation
Move significant loads
Pneumatic
Compliance of air
Mostly binary control
Lightweight
Hydraulic
Expensive
Weight – heavy
Precision control
Heavy Load
Hyd.Control Valves
Directional control
On-off (binary)
Spool valve
Most common
Requires three ports
Port 1 is air supply
Port 2 goes to actuator
Port 3 vents
Only actuates in one direction
Five port spool valve
Port 1 is air supply
Port 2 goes to actuator extension
Port 3 vents actuator extension
Port 4 goes to actuator retraction
Port 5 vents actuator retraction
Control Valves
Direction control
Poppet valve
Two ports
Port 1 Supply
Port 2 Actuator
No return or venting
Controls the flow of
Hydraulic Symbols
Tank
Pressure Relief
Dashed line is
pilot
actuated
Two position two way valve
NO, plunger activated, spring
return…
P
for pressure port
Three position four way valve
3 psn (boxes),
P
pressure,
T
tank,
B
port,
A
port,
C1
solenoid,
C2
Hydraulic Symbols (cont.)
Actuator
Two ports, double
acting: extension,
retraction
Pump
Triangle points out for
pump and in for motor,
arrow indicates variable
Actuators
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Single acting
Double acting
Questions
Actuation?
Neutral position
Sizing
1500 psi wp
±100 kip
±0.2 inches
Find cylinder
size, flow rate in
gal/min
Valves Funection
.
If
the pump is the heart of a hydraulic system then the valve is
the brain.
Valves are used to perform a large variety of governing and
controlling functions.
Function:
• Pressure control valves
• flow control valves
• check valves (non-return
valves)
Valves Types
.
Pressure control valves:
• pressure relief valves
• pressure reducing
valves
Pressure relief valve
Has the task to limit the pressure in a hydraulic system or in a part of
the system.
The pressure can rise in a hydraulic system if:
• pressure difference valve
• pressure
ratio
valve
- the flow rate from the pump is larger than the flow rate through the actuator
- the volume of a closed system is reduced
- the load of the actuator
rises
- heat is introduced into a closed system
- the hydraulic resistance of the system rises
Pressure relief valve
Hydraulic aggregate:
The simplest hydraulic system
Pump + pressure relief valve
M
Q
rvQ
aguser
Q
pp
sysreservoir
Pressure relief valve
The pressure relief valve always has to be matched with the pump.
If for example the rotational speed is increased (orange curve) then there will
be flow through the aggregate even with higher pressure.
Wrong!
Pilot Operated Preassure relief valve
fc
A
k
C
2
Pressure relief valves
Pilot-operated pressure relief valve
1 - főszelep, 2 - elővezérlő szelep, 3 - főtolattyú, 4 - 5 - 11 - fojtás, 6 - 7 - 13 - vezérlő vezeték, 8 - szeleptest, 9 - rugó, 15 - tehermentesítés
