Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits_N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha and S. C. Gupta

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Basic Electronics And Linear Circuits

by N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha And S.

C. Gupta

1 Created by

Mohammad Faisal Siddiqi

B.Tech (pursuing)

Electronics Engineering

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

College Teacher

Dr. Sajad A. Loan

Cross-Checked by

TechPassion

August 10, 2013

1_{Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,} http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project” section at the website http://scilab.in

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Book Description

Title: Basic Electronics And Linear Circuits

Author: N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha And S. C. Gupta Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education, New Delhi

Edition: 1 Year: 2008

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Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

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List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence 8

Exa 1.2 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence 9

Exa 2.1 Equivalent Current Source Representation . . . 10

Exa 2.2 Equivalent Voltage Source Representation . . . 11

Exa 2.3 Current Determination using Voltage Source and Cur-rent Source Representations . . . 11

Exa 2.4 Output Voltage Determination . . . 12

Exa 4.1 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation . . . 14

Exa 4.2 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation . . . 15

Exa 4.3.a Peak Value of Current Calculation . . . 15

Exa 4.3.b DC or Average Value of Current Calculation . . . 16

Exa 4.3.c RMS Value of Current Calculation . . . 16

Exa 4.3.d Ripple Factor Determination . . . 17

Exa 4.3.e Rectification Efficiency Calculation . . . 17

Exa 4.4 Maximum Permissible Current Determination . . . 18

Exa 4.5 Capacitance Determination on changing Bias Voltage . 19 Exa 5.1 Collector and Base Currents Calculation . . . 20

Exa 5.2 Dynamic Input Resistance Determination . . . 20

Exa 5.3 Short Circuit Current Gain Determination . . . 21

Exa 5.4.a Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain Calculation 22 Exa 5.4.b Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain Calcula-tion . . . 22

Exa 5.5 DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration. . . 23

Exa 5.6 Determination of Dynamic Output Resistance and AC and DC Current Gains. . . 23

Exa 5.7 Q Point Determination . . . 24

Exa 5.8 Calculation of Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET . . 25

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Exa 6.2 Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics . . . 29

Exa 7.1 Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit . . . 32

Exa 7.2 Calculate coordinates of Operating Point . . . 33

Exa 7.3 Quiescent Operating Point Determination . . . 34

Exa 7.4.a Calculate value of Resistance Rb . . . 35

Exa 7.4.b Calculation of Collector Current Ic . . . 36

Exa 7.5 Calculation of Ie and Vc in the Circuit . . . 36

Exa 7.6 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Collector Currents 37 Exa 7.7 Calculate Values of the three Currents . . . 38

Exa 7.8 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Ie and correspond-ing Vce . . . 38

Exa 7.9 Determine the new Q Points . . . 40

Exa 7.10 Calculate the value of Rb . . . 41

Exa 7.11 Calculate DC bias Voltages and Currents . . . 42

Exa 7.12 Calculate Re and Vce in the Circuit . . . 42

Exa 8.1 Determination of Hybrid Parameters . . . 46

Exa 8.2.a Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier. . . 47

Exa 8.2.b Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . 47

Exa 8.2.c Calculation of Current Gain of Amplifier . . . 48

Exa 8.3.a Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . 48

Exa 8.3.b Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier. . . 49

Exa 8.3.c Calculation of Q Point Parameters of Amplifier . . . . 49

Exa 8.4 Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . 50

Exa 8.5 Calculation of Gain of Single Stage Amplifier . . . 51

Exa 8.6 Calculation of Output Signal Voltage of FET Amplifier 51 Exa 9.1 Calculate overall Voltage Gain in dB . . . 53

Exa 9.2 Calculate Voltage at the Output Terminal . . . 53

Exa 9.3 To Plot the Frequency Response Curve . . . 54

Exa 9.4.a Calculate Input Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier . . . 57

Exa 9.4.b Calculate Ouput Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier . . . 57

Exa 9.4.c Calculate Voltage Gain of Two Stage RC Coupled Am-plifier . . . 58

Exa 9.5 Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain and Bandwidth of Triode Amplifier . . . 59

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Exa 10.1 Calculation of Transformer Turns Ratio . . . 61

Exa 10.2 Calculation of Effective Resistance seen at Primary . . 61

Exa 10.3.a Calculation of 2nd 3rd and 4th Harmonic Distortions . 62

Exa 10.3.b Percentage Increase in Power because of Distortion . . 63

Exa 11.1.a Calculation of Resonant Frequency . . . 64

Exa 11.1.b Calculation of Impedance at Resonance . . . 64

Exa 11.1.c Calculation of Current at Resonance . . . 65

Exa 11.1.d Calculation of Voltage across each Component . . . . 66

Exa 11.2 Calculation of Parameters of the Resonant Circuit at Resonance . . . 66

Exa 11.3 Calculation of Impedance Q and Bandwidth of Reso-nant Circuit . . . 67

Exa 12.1 Calculation of Gain of Negative Feedback Amplifier . . 69

Exa 12.2 Calculation of Internal Gain and Feedback Gain . . . 69

Exa 12.3 Calculation of change in overall Gain of Feedback Am-plifier . . . 70

Exa 12.4 Calculation of Input Impedance of the Feedback Ampli-fier . . . 71

Exa 12.5 Calculation of Feedback Factor and Percent change in overall Gain. . . 71

Exa 13.1 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Tuned Collector Oscillator . . . 73

Exa 13.2 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Phase Shift Oscil-lator . . . 73

Exa 13.3 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Wein Bridge Os-cillator . . . 74

Exa 14.1 Caculation of Series Resistance for coversion to Voltmeter 75

Exa 14.2 Calculation of Shunt Resistance . . . 76

Exa 14.3 Designing of a Universal Shunt for making a Multi Range Milliammeter . . . 76

Exa 14.4 Determination of Peak and RMS AC Voltage . . . 78

Exa 14.5 Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage Fed to Y Input . . . 78

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List of Figures

6.1 Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determination . . . 28

6.2 Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics . . . 29

9.1 To Plot the Frequency Response Curve . . . 55

14.1 Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage Fed to Y Input . . . 79

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRONICS

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Se-quence

1 // Example 1 . 1

2 // Program t o f i n d Range o f a R e s i s t o r s o a s t o s a t i s f y m a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s T o l e r a n c e s

3 // C o l o u r Band S e q u e n c e : YELLOW, VIOLET , ORANGE, GOLD

4 c l e a r all;

5 clc ;

6 c l o s e ;

7 A =4;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND YELLOW

8 B =7;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND VIOLET

9 C =3;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND ORANGE

10 D =5;//TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i . e . 5%

11 // R e s i s t o r V a l u e C a l c u l a t i o n 12 R =( A *10+ B ) *10^ C ; 13 // T o l e r a n c e V a l u e C a l u l a t i o n 14 T = D * R / 1 0 0 ; 15 R1 = R - T ; 16 R2 = R + T ;

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18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f kOhms +− %f p e r c e n t . ” ,R /1000 , D ) ;

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f kOhms +− %f kOhms . ” ,R /1000 , T /1000) ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t Range o f V a l u e s o f t h e R e s i s t o r i s %f kOhms & %f kOhms . ” , R1 /1000 , R2 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Se-quence

1 // Example 1 . 2

2 // Program t o f i n d Range o f a R e s i s t o r s o a s t o s a t i s f y m a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s T o l e r a n c e s

3 // C o l o u r Band S e q u e n c e : GRAY, BLUE , GOLD, GOLD

4 c l e a r all;

5 clc ;

6 c l o s e ;

7 A =8;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GRAY

8 B =6;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND BLUE

9 C = -1;//NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GOLD

10 D =5;//TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i . e . 5%

11 // R e s i s t o r V a l u e C a l c u l a t i o n 12 R =( A *10+ B ) *10^ C ; 13 // T o l e r a n c e V a l u e C a l u l a t i o n 14 T = D * R / 1 0 0 ; 15 R1 = R - T ; 16 R2 = R + T ;

17 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f Ohms +− %f p e r c e n t . ” ,R , D ) ;

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f Ohms +− %f Ohms . ” ,R , T ) ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t Range o f V a l u e s o f t h e R e s i s t o r i s %f Ohms & %f Ohms . ” ,R1 , R2 ) ;

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Chapter 2 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

SOURCES

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Equivalent Current Source Representation

1 // Example 2 . 1 2 // Program t o O b t a i n E q u i v a l e n t C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a i o n f r o m G i v e n V o l t a g e S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // V o l t a g e S o u r c e o r T h e v e n i n ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( S e r i e s V o l t a g e S o u r c e & R e s i s t o r ) 7 Vs =2; // V o l t s 8 Rs =1; //Ohm 9 // C u r r e n t S o u r c e o r Norton ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( P a r a l l e l C u r r e n t S o u r c e & R e s i s t o r ) 10 Is = Vs / Rs ; // Amperes

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t V a l u e i s %f Amperes . ” , Is ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The S o u r c e I m p e d e n c e V a l u e i s %f Ohm . ” , Rs ) ;

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14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The C u r r e n t S o u r c e & S o u r c e I m p e d a n c e a r e c o n n e c t e d i n P a r a l l e l . ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Equivalent Voltage Source Representation

1 // Example 2 . 2 2 // Program t o O b t a i n E q u i v a l e n t V o l t a g e S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a i o n f r o m G i v e n C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // C u r r e n t S o u r c e o r Norton ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( P a r a l l e l C u r r e n t S o u r c e & R e s i s t o r ) 7 Is = 0 . 2 ; // Amperes 8 Zs = 1 0 0 ; //Ohms 9 // V o l t a g e S o u r c e o r T h e v e n i n ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( S e r i e s V o l t a g e S o u r c e & R e s i s t o r ) 10 Vs = Is * Zs ; // V o l t s

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The Open C i r c u i t V o l t a g e i s %f V o l t s . ” , Vs ) ; 13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The S o u r c e I m p e d e n c e V a l u e i s %f Ohms . ” , Zs ) ; 14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The V o l t a g e S o u r c e & S o u r c e I m p e d a n c e a r e c o n n e c t e d i n S e r i e s . ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Current Determination using Voltage Source and Cur-rent Source Representations

1 // Example 2 . 3

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e C u r r e n t i n a Br anch by U s i n g C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n

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3 // V e r i f y t h e C i r c u i t ’ s R e s u l t f o r i t s e q u i v a l e n c e w i t h V o l t a g e S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Is = 1 . 5 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ;// Amperes 9 Zs = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;//Ohms 10 Z1 = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;//Ohms 11 Z2 = 4 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;//Ohms 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n f o r C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 13 Zl = Z1 * Z2 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ; 14 I2 = Is * Zs /( Zs + Zl ) ; 15 I4I = I2 * Z1 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ;// U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r R u l e 16 // C a l c u l a t i o n f o r C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 17 Vs = Is * Zs ;// Open C i r c u i t V o l a t g e 18 I = Vs /( Zs + Zl ) ; 19 I4V = I * Z1 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ;// U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r R u l e

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The Load C u r r e n t u s i n g C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a i o n i s I 4 I = %f Amperes . ” , I4I ) ;

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t The Load C u r r e n t u s i n g V o l t a g e S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a i o n i s I4V = %f Amperes . ” , I4V ) ;

23 if I4I == I4V then

24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t Both R e s u l t s a r e E q u i v a l e n t . ” ) ;

25 else

26 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t Both R e s u l t s a r e Not E q u i v a l e n t . ” ) ;

27 end;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Output Voltage Determination

1 // Example 2 . 4

2 // Program t o O b t a i n Output V o l t a g e Vo f r o m G i v e n A . C . E q u i v a l e n t o f an A m p l i f i e r u s i n g a T r a n s i s t o r

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4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 // I n p u t S i d e 8 Vs = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ;// i . e . 10 mV 9 Rs = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;// i . e . 1 kOhms 10 // Output S i d e 11 Ro1 = 2 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;// i . e . 20 kOhms 12 Ro2 = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;// i . e . 2 kOhms 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 i = Vs / Rs ;// I n p u t C u r r e n t 15 Io = 1 0 0 * i ;// Output C u r r e n t

16 Il = Io * Ro1 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ;// U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r R u l e

17 Vo = Il * Ro2 ;// Output V o l a t g e

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Chapter 4 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

Scilab code Exa 4.1 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation

1 // Example 4 . 1 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e DC V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d and PIV o f t h e D i o d e 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vrms = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s 8 n2 =1; // A s s u m p t i o n 9 n1 =12* n2 ; // Turns R a t i o 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Vp =sqrt(2) * Vrms ;//Maximum ( Peak ) P r i m a r y V o l t a g e 12 Vm = n2 * Vp / n1 ;//Maximum S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e 13 Vdc = Vm / %pi ;//DC l o a d V o l t a g e

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The DC l o a d V o l t a g e i s = %f V . ” , Vdc ) ;

16 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) i s = %f V . ” , Vm ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 4.2 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation 1 // Example 4 . 2 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e DC V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d and PIV o f t h e 3 // C e n t r e Tap R e c t i f i e r and B r i d g e R e c t i f i e r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Vrms = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s 9 n2 =1; // A s s u m p t i o n 10 n1 =12* n2 ; // Turns R a t i o 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 Vp =sqrt(2) * Vrms ;//Maximum ( Peak ) P r i m a r y V o l t a g e 13 Vm = n2 * Vp / n1 ;//Maximum S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e 14 Vdc =2* Vm / %pi ;//DC l o a d V o l t a g e

16 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The DC l o a d V o l t a g e i s = %f V . ” , Vdc ) ;

17 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) o f B r i d g e R e c t i f i e r i s = %f V . ” , Vm ) ;

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) o f C e n t r e −t a p R e c t i f i e r i s = %f V . ” ,2* Vm ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3.a Peak Value of Current Calculation

1 // Example 4 . 3 ( a ) 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Rl = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ;//Ohms 8 rd =10;//Ohms 9 Vm = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )

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10 // C a l c u l a t i o n

11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ;// Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s = %f mA . ” , Im /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3.b DC or Average Value of Current Calculation

1 // Example 4 . 3 ( b ) 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e DC o r A v e r a g e V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Rl = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ;//Ohms 8 rd =10;//Ohms 9 Vm = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e ) 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ;// Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 12 Idc =2* Im / %pi ;//DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The DC o r A v e r a g e V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s = %f mA . ” , Idc /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3.c RMS Value of Current Calculation

1 // Example 4 . 3 ( c ) 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data

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7 Rl = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ; //Ohms 8 rd =10; //Ohms 9 Vm = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e ) 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ;// Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 12 Irms = Im /sqrt(2) ;//RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s = %f mA . ” , Irms /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3.d Ripple Factor Determination

1 // Example 4 . 3 ( d ) 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e R i p p l e F a c t o r o f C e n t r e − t a p F u l l Wave R e c t i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Rl = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ; //Ohms 8 rd =10; //Ohms 9 Vm = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e ) 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ;// Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 12 Idc =2* Im / %pi ;//DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 13 Irms = Im /sqrt(2) ;//RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 14 r =sqrt(( Irms / Idc ) ^2 -1)// R i p p l e F a c t o r

16 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The R i p p l e F a c t o r r = %f . ” ,r ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3.e Rectification Efficiency Calculation

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2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e R e c t i f i c a t i o n E f f i c i e n c y o f C e n t r e −t a p F u l l Wave R e c t i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Rl = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ; //Ohms 8 rd =10; //Ohms 9 Vm = 2 2 0 ; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e ) 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ;// Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 12 Idc =2* Im / %pi ;//DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 13 Irms = Im /sqrt(2) ;//RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t 14 Pdc = Idc ^2* Rl ; 15 Pac = Irms ^2*( rd + Rl ) ; 16 n = Pdc / Pac ;// R e c t i f i c a t i o n E f f i c i e n c y

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The R e c t i f i c a t i o n E F f i c i e n c y n ( e e t a ) = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,n *100) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Maximum Permissible Current Determination

1 // Example 4 . 4 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e Maximum C u r r e n t t h e G i v e n Z e n e r D i o d e c a n h a n d l e 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vz = 9 . 1 ; // V o l t s 8 P = 3 6 4 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; // Watts 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n 10 Iz = P / Vz ;

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max ) = %f mA . ” , Iz /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Capacitance Determination on changing Bias Voltage

1 // Example 4 . 5 2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e C a p a c i t a n c e o f V a r a c t o r D i o d e i f t h e 3 // R e v e r s e −B i a s V o l t a g e i s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 4V t o 8V 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Ci = 1 8 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ;// i . e . 18 pF 9 Vi =4; // V o l t s 10 Vf =8; // V o l t s 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 K = Ci *sqrt( Vi ) ; 13 Cf = K /sqrt( Vf ) ;

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The F i n a l V a l u e o f C a p a c i t a n c e i s C = %f pF . ” , Cf /10^( -12) ) ;

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Chapter 5 TRANSISTORS

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Collector and Base Currents Calculation

1 // Example 5 . 1 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e C o l l e c t o r and B a s e C u r r e n t s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 a l p h a = 0 . 9 8 ; // a l p h a ( dc ) 8 Ico = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; // Ampere 9 Ie = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; // Ampere 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Ic = a l p h a * Ie + Ico ; // C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 12 Ib = Ie - Ic ; // B a s e C u r r e n t

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t i s I c= %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The B a s e C u r r e n t i s I b= %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;

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1 // Example 5 . 2 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r a t // t h e p o i n t : I e = 0 . 5 mA and Vcb= −10 V . 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // From t h e I n p u t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 7 dIe = ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 3 ) *10^( -3) ; //A 8 dVeb = ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 6 2 ) ; //V 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n

10 ri = dVeb / dIe ; // Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e a t Vcb= −10 V

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e i s r i = %f Ohms . ” , ri ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Short Circuit Current Gain Determination

1 // Example 5 . 3 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n Data 7 dIe = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 8 dIc = 0 . 9 9 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n

10 hfb = dIc / dIe ; // S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain i s a l p h a o r h f b= %f . ” , hfb ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 5.4.a Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain Calcu-lation 1 // Example 5 . 4 ( a ) 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e Common B a s e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain ( a l p h a ) 3 // o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 dIe = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 9 dIc = 0 . 9 9 5 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n

11 a l p h a = dIc / dIe ; //Common B a s e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Common B a s e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain i s a l p h a= %f . ” , alpha ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.4.b Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain Cal-culation 1 // Example 5 . 4 ( b ) 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e Common E m i t t e r S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain ( b e e t a ) 3 // o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 dIe = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A

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9 dIc = 0 . 9 9 5 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A

11 a l p h a = dIc / dIe ; //Common B a s e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain

12 b e e t a = a l p h a /(1 - a l p h a ) ; //Common E m i t t e r S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Common E m i t t e r S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain i s b e e t a= %f . ” , beeta ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.5 DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration

1 // Example 5 . 5

2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common B a s e C o n f i g u r a t i o n 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n Data 7 B e e t a = 1 0 0 ; 8 // C a l c u l a t i o n 9 A l p h a = B e e t a /( B e e t a +1) ; //DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common B a s e C o n f i g u r a t i o n

11 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common B a s e C o n f i g u r a t i o n i s Alpha= %f . ” , Alpha ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Determination of Dynamic Output Resistance and AC and DC Current Gains

1 // Example 5 . 6

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3 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e ,

4 //DC C u r r e n t Gain & AC C u r r e n t Gain f r o m g i v e n o u t p u t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n Data 9 Vce =10; //V 10 Ib = 3 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //A 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n f r o m G i v e n Output C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t I b = 30uA 12 dVce = ( 1 2 . 5 - 7 . 5 ) ; //V 13 dic = ( 3 . 7 - 3 . 5 ) *10^( -3) ; //A 14 Ic = 3 . 6 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A

15 ro = dVce / dic ; // Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e

16 B e e t a _ d c = Ic / Ib ; // DC C u r r e n t Gain

17 B e e t a _ a c = ( ( 4 . 7 - 3 . 6 ) *10^( -3) ) / ( ( 4 0 - 3 0 ) *10^( -6) ) ;//AC C u r r e n t Gain , From Graph , Bac= d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( i b )

f o r g i v e n Vce

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e , r o = %f kOhms” , ro /10^(3) ) ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t DC C u r r e n t Gain , Bdc = %f ” , Be et a_ dc ) ;

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t AC C u r r e n t Gain , Bac = %f ” , Be et a_ ac ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Q Point Determination

1 // Example 5 . 7 2 // R e f e r F i g u r e 5 . 2 7 i n t h e T e x t b o o k 3 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Q p o i n t f r o m g i v e n c o l l e c t o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ;

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7 // G i v e n Data 8 Vcc =12; //V 9 Rc = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ; //Ohms 10 Vbb = 1 0 . 7 ; //V 11 Rb = 2 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( 3 ) ; //Ohms 12 Vbe = 0 . 7 ; //V 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 Ib =( Vbb - Vbe ) / Rb ;

15 // V a l u e o f I b comes o u t t o be 50uA . A d o t t e d Curve i s drawn f o r

16 // I b =40uA and I b =60uA . At t h e P o i n t o f I n t e r s e c t i o n :

17 Vce =6; //V

18 Ic = 6 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Q p o i n t : \ n \ n \ t I b = %f uA” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V” , Vce ) ;

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.8 Calculation of Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET

1 // Example 5 . 8 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e o f JFET 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n Data 7 u =80; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r 8 gm = 2 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; // S , T r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n 10 rd = u / gm ; // Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e o f JFET i s r d= %f kOhms . ” , rd /10^(3) ) ;

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Chapter 6 VACUUM TUBES

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determina-tion 1 // Example 6 . 1 2 // Program t o P l o t t h e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and 3 // D e t e r m i n e Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 V =[0 0.5 1 1.5 2]; //V 9 I =[0 1.6 4 6.7 9 . 8 ] ; //mA 10 // P l o t t i n g 11 plot( V , I ) ; 12 a = gca () ; 13 x l a b e l ( ’ P l a t e V o l t a g e ( i n V) ’ ) ; 14 y l a b e l ( ’ P l a t e C u r r e n t ( i n mA) ’ ) ;

15 t i t l e ( ’ STATIC CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF THE DIODE ’ ) ;

17 // V a l u e s f r o m C h a r a c t e r i s t i c P l o t

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Figure 6.2: Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics

19 dIp = 2 . 7 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A

20 rp = dVp / dIp ; // Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e i s r p= %f Ohms . ” , rp ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics

1 // Example 6 . 2

2 // Program t o P l o t t h e S t a t i c P l a t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and D e t e r m i n e // P l a t e AC R e s i s t a n c e , Mutual

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C o n d u c t a n c e & A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 // A l l V a l u e s E x t r a p o l a t e d t o Touch x−a x i s 8 V0 =[20 50 100 1 5 0 ] ; //V 9 V1 =[70 100 150 2 0 0 ] ; //V 10 V2 = [ 1 1 2 150 2 0 0 ] ; //V 11 V3 = [ 1 7 7 200 2 5 0 ] ; //V 12 V4 = [ 2 3 5 250 3 0 0 ] ; //V 13 I0 =[0 3.5 11.2 20]; //mA 14 I1 =[0 4 12.4 2 1 . 5 ] ; //mA 15 I2 =[0 5.4 1 4 . 1 ] ; //mA 16 I3 =[0 3.4 1 2 . 4 ] ; //mA 17 I4 =[0 2.5 1 1 . 3 ] ; //mA 18 // P l o t t i n g 19 plot( V0 , I0 ) ; 20 plot( V1 , I1 ) ; 21 plot( V2 , I2 ) ; 22 plot( V3 , I3 ) ; 23 plot( V4 , I4 ) ; 24 a = gca () ; 25 x l a b e l ( ’ P l a t e V o l t a g e ( i n V) ’ ) ; 26 y l a b e l ( ’ P l a t e C u r r e n t ( i n mA) ’ ) ;

27 t i t l e ( ’ STATIC PLATE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF THE TRIODE ’ ) ; 28 // C a l c u l a t i o n 29 // V a l u e s f r o m C h a r a c t e r i s t i c P l o t 30 dip = ( 1 4 . 0 - 1 0 . 7 ) *10^( -3) ;//A 31 dvp =20;//V 32 rp = dvp / dip ; 33 diP = ( 1 2 . 4 - 5 . 3 ) *10^( -3) ;//A 34 dvG =1;//V 35 gm = diP / dvG ; 36 u = gm * rp ; 37 ut = ( 1 9 2 - 1 5 0 ) /1;

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39 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The P l a t e AC R e s i s t a n c e i s r p= %f kOhms . ” , rp /10^(3) ) ; 40 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Mutual C o n d u c t a n c e i s gm= %f mS . ” , gm /10^( -3) ) ; 41 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The G r a p h i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r i s u = %f . ” ,u ) ; 42 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The T h e o r e t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r i s u t= %f . ” , ut ) ;

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Chapter 7 TRANSISTOR BIASING AND

STABILIZATION OF

OPERATING POINT

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit

1 // Example 7 . 1 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e 3 // ( a ) C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 4 // ( b ) C o l l e c t o r −t o −E m i t t e r V o l t a g e 5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 9 Vcc =9; //V 10 Rb = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Rc = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 B e e t a =50; 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ; 15 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 16 I c s a t = Vcc / Rc ; 17 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;

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18 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window 19 p r i n t f( ” The d i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e \ n \ t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ; 20 if Ic < I c s a t then 21 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ; 23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ; 24 else 25 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 26 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ; 27 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ; 28 end

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Calculate coordinates of Operating Point

1 // Example 7 . 2 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =10; //V 8 Rb = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 Rc = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 B e e t a =60; 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ; 13 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 14 I c s a t = Vcc / Rc ; 15 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;

17 p r i n t f( ” The O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e C i r c u i t a r e : \ n \ t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;

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19 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ; 21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ; 22 else 23 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ; 25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ; 26 end

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Quiescent Operating Point Determination

1 // Example 7 . 3 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =10; //V 8 Rb = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 Rc = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 B e e t a = 1 5 0 ; 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ; 13 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 14 I c s a t = Vcc / Rc ; 15 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;

17 p r i n t f( ” The O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e C i r c u i t a r e : \ n \ t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ; 18 if Ic < I c s a t then 19 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ; 21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ; 22 else

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23 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;

24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;

25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ;

26 end

Scilab code Exa 7.4.a Calculate value of Resistance Rb

1 // Example 7 . 4 ( a ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e V a l u e o f Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =6; //V 8 Vbe = 0 . 3 ; //V 9 Icbo = 2 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //A 10 Ic = 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 11 B e e t a =20; 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 // C a s e 1 : C o n s i d e r i n g I c b o and Vbe i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s 14 Ib =( Ic -( B e e t a +1) * Icbo ) / B e e t a ; 15 Rb1 =( Vcc - Vbe ) / Ib ; 16 // C a s e 2 : N e g l e c t i n g I c b o and Vbe i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s 17 Ib = Ic / B e e t a ; 18 Rb2 = Vcc / Ib ; 19 // P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r 20 E =( Rb2 - Rb1 ) / Rb1 * 1 0 0 ;

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The B a s e R e s i s t a n c e i s , Rb = %f kOhms . ” , Rb1 /10^3) ;

23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The B a s e R e s i s t a n c e ( N e g l e c t i n g I c b o and Vbe ) i s , Rb = %f kOhms . ” , Rb2 /10^3) ;

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24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r i s = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.4.b Calculation of Collector Current Ic

1 // Example 7 . 4 ( b ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Icbo = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //A 8 Ib = 4 7 . 9 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //A 9 B e e t a =25; 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Ic = B e e t a * Ib +( B e e t a +1) * Icbo ;

13 p r i n t f( ” The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t i s : ” ) ;

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.5 Calculation of Ie and Vc in the Circuit

1 // Example 7 . 5 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e 3 // ( a ) I e 4 // ( b ) Vc 5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 9 Vcc =10; //V 10 Rc = 5 0 0 ; //Ohms 11 Rb = 5 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 B e e t a = 1 0 0 ;

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13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 Ib = Vcc /( Rb + B e e t a * Rc ) ; 15 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 16 Ie = Ic ; 17 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ; 18 Vc = Vce ;

20 p r i n t f( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie /10^( -3) ) ;

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Collector Cur-rents 1 // Example 7 . 6 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e 3 // ( a ) Minimum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 4 // ( b ) Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 9 Vcc =20; //V 10 Rc = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Rb = 2 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 B e e t a 1 =50; 13 B e e t a 2 = 2 0 0 ; 14 // C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 15 I b m i n = Vcc /( Rb + B e e t a 1 * Rc ) ; 16 I c m i n = B e e t a 1 * I b m i n ; 17 // C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−2: Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t 18 I b m a x = Vcc /( Rb + B e e t a 2 * Rc ) ; 19 I c m a x = B e e t a 2 * I b m a x ;

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%f mA . ” , Icmin /10^( -3) ) ;

22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t I c ( max ) = %f mA . ” , Icmax /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Calculate Values of the three Currents

1 // Example 7 . 7 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e 3 // ( a ) I b 4 // ( b ) I c 5 // ( c ) I e 6 c l e a r all; 7 clc ; 8 c l o s e ; 9 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 10 Vcc =10; //V 11 Rc = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Rb = 1 * 1 0 ^ 6 ; //Ohms 13 Re = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 14 B e e t a = 1 0 0 ; 15 // C a l c u l a t i o n 16 Ib = Vcc /( Rb +( B e e t a +1) * Re ) ; 17 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 18 Ie = Ic + Ib ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ; 21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The B a s e C u r r e n t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ; 22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie /10^( -3) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 7.8 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Ie and correspond-ing Vce

1 // Example 7 . 8

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e

3 // ( a ) Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

4 // ( b ) Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 9 Vcc =6; //V 10 Vbe = 0 . 3 ; //V 11 Rc =50; //Ohms 12 Rb = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 Re = 1 0 0 ; //Ohms 14 B e e t a 1 =50; 15 B e e t a 2 = 2 0 0 ;

16 // C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

17 I e m i n =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( B e e t a 1 +1) /( Rb +( B e e t a 1 +1) * Re ) ;

18 V c e m i n = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * I e m i n ;

19 // C a l c u l a t i o e n CASE−2: Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

20 I e m a x =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( B e e t a 2 +1) /( Rb +( B e e t a 2 +1) * Re ) ;

21 V c e m a x = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * I e m a x ;

23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e ( min ) = %f mA . ” , Iemin /10^( -3) ) ;

24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce = %f V . ” , V c e m i n ) ;

25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e ( max ) = %f mA . ” , Iemax /10^( -3) ) ;

26 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce = %f V . ” , V c e m a x ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 7.9 Determine the new Q Points

1 // Example 7 . 9

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e new Q p o i n t s f o r

3 // Minimum and Maximum v a l u e o f B e e t a

4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Vcc =6; //V 9 Vbe = 0 . 3 ; //V 10 Rc = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Rb = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Re = 1 0 0 ; //Ohms 13 B e e t a 1 =50; 14 B e e t a 2 = 2 0 0 ;

15 // C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

16 I e m i n =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( B e e t a 1 +1) /( Rb +( B e e t a 1 +1) * Re ) ;

17 I c m i n = I e m i n ;

18 V c e m i n = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * I e m i n ;

19 // C a l c u l a t i o e n CASE−2: Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce

20 I e m a x =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( B e e t a 2 +1) /( Rb +( B e e t a 2 +1) * Re ) ;

21 I c m a x = I e m a x ;

22 V c e m a x = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * I e m a x ;

24 I c s a t = Vcc /( Rc + Re ) ;

26 p r i n t f( ” F o r B e e t a =50 : \ n \ t ” ) ;

27 if I c m i n < I c s a t then

28 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;

29 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icmin /10^( -3) ) ;

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31 else 32 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 33 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c ( s a t ) = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ; 34 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vc ( s a t ) = %f V . ” ,0) ; 35 end 36 p r i n t f( ” \ nF or B e e t a =200 : \ n \ t ” ) ; 37 if I c m a x < I c s a t then 38 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 39 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icmax /10^( -3) ) ; 40 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vce ) ; 41 else 42 disp( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ; 43 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c ( s a t ) = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ; 44 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vc ( s a t ) = %f V . ” ,0) ; 45 end

Scilab code Exa 7.10 Calculate the value of Rb

1 // Example 7 . 1 0 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =9; //V 8 Vce =3; //V 9 Re = 5 0 0 ; //Ohms 10 Ic = 8 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 11 B e e t a =80; 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 Ib = Ic / B e e t a ; 14 Rb =( Vcc -( B e e t a +1) * Ib * Re ) / Ib ;

16 p r i n t f( ” The B a s e R e s i s t a n c e i s : ” ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 7.11 Calculate DC bias Voltages and Currents 1 // Example 7 . 1 1 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e DC B i a s V o l t a g e s and C u r r e n t s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =12; //V 8 Vbe = 0 . 3 ; //V 9 R1 = 4 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 R2 = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Re = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Rc = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 B e e t a =60; 14 // C a l c u l a t i o n 15 Vb =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ; 16 Ve = Vb - Vbe ; 17 Ie = Ve / Re ; 18 Ic = Ie ; 19 Vc = Vcc - Ic * Rc ; 20 Vce = Vc - Ve ;

22 p r i n t f( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ; 23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vb = %f V . ” , Vb ) ; 24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Ve = %f V . ” , Ve ) ; 25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie /10^( -3) ) ; 26 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ; 27 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vc ) ; 28 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;

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1 // Example 7 . 1 2

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Re and Vce o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t S p e c i f i c a t i o n s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =15; //V 8 R1 = 2 0 0 ; //Ohms 9 R2 = 1 0 0 ; //Ohms 10 Rc =20; //Ohms 11 Ic = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 Ie = Ic ; 14 Vb =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ; 15 Ve = Vb ;// N e g l e c t i n g Vbe 16 Re = Ve / Ie ; 17 Vce = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Ic ;

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The E m i t t e r R e s i s t a n c e i s Re = %f Ohms . ” , Re ) ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C o l l e c t o r t o E m i t t e r V o l t a g e i s Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;

1 // Example 7 . 1 3

2 // / Program t o C a l c u l a t e I c and Vce o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t S p e c i f i c a t i o n s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =12; //V 8 Vbe = 0 . 3 ; //V

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9 R1 = 4 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 R2 = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Re = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Rc = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 B e e t a =60; 14 // C a l c u l a t i o n 15 Vth =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ; 16 Rth = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; 17 Ib =( Vth - Vbe ) /( Rth + B e e t a * Re ) ; 18 Ic = B e e t a * Ib ; 19 Vce = Vcc - Ic *( Rc + Re ) ;

21 p r i n t f( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;

23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;

1 // Example 7 . 1 4 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e 3 // ( a ) I c 4 // ( b ) Vce 5 c l e a r all; 6 clc ; 7 c l o s e ; 8 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 9 Vcc =12; //V 10 Vee =15; //V 11 Rc = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Re = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 Rb = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 14 B e e t a = 1 0 0 ; 15 // C a l c u l a t i o n 16 Ie = Vee / Re ; 17 Ic = Ie ;

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18 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;

20 p r i n t f( ” The P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;

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Chapter 8 SMALL SIGNAL

AMPLIFIERS

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Determination of Hybrid Parameters

1 // Example 8 . 1 2 // R e f e r F i g u r e 8 . 1 5 and 8 . 1 6 i n t h e T e x t b o o k 3 // Program t o f i n d t h e H y b r i d P a r a m e t e r s f r o m t h e g i v e n T r a n s i s t o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Ic = 2 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //A 9 Vce = 8 . 5 ; //V 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 // h f e= d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( i b ) , Vce=c o n s t a n t 12 hfe = ( 2 . 7 - 1 . 7 ) *10^( -3) / ( ( 2 0 - 1 0 ) *10^( -6) ) ; 13 // h o e= d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( Vce ) , i b=c o n s t a n t 14 hoe = ( 2 . 2 - 2 . 1 ) *10^( -3) /(10 -7) ; 15 // h i e= d e l t a ( Vbe ) / d e l t a ( i b ) , Vce=c o n s t a n t 16 hie = ( 0 . 7 3 - 0 . 7 1 5 ) / ( ( 2 0 - 1 0 ) *10^( -6) ) ; 17 // h r e= d e l t a ( Vbe ) / d e l t a ( Vce ) , i b=c o n s t a n t 18 hre = ( 0 . 7 3 - 0 . 7 2 ) /(20 -0) ;

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19 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window 20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The H y b r i d P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ; 21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ n \ t h f e = %f ” , hfe ) ; 22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t h o e = %f uS ” , hoe /10^( -6) ) ; 23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t h i e = %f kOhms” , hie /10^3) ; 24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t h r e = %f ” , hre ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.2.a Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 2 ( a ) 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e I n p u t I m p e d a n c e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 ri = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 8 Rb = 1 5 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n 10 Zin = Rb * ri /( Rb + ri ) ;

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The I n p u t I m p e d a n c e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Z i n = %f kOhms . ” , Zin /10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.2.b Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 2 ( b ) 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 B e e t a = 1 0 0 ;

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8 ri = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms

9 Rac = 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms

11 Av = B e e t a * Rac / ri ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Av = %f w i t h p h a s e o f 1 8 0 d e g r e e s . ” , Av ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.2.c Calculation of Current Gain of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 2 ( c ) 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e C u r r e n t Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 // L e t i n p u t C u r r e n t i b =2A 8 ib =2 ; //A , A s s u m p t i o n 9 io = 1 0 0 * ib ; 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Ai = io / ib ; // C u r r e n t Gain

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C u r r e n t Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Ai = %f . ” , Ai ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.3.a Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 3 ( a ) 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data

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7 Bac = 1 5 0 ; 8 rin = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 R1 = 4 . 7 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 R2 = 1 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 Rac = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ;

13 Av = Bac * Rac / rin ;

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Av = %f w i t h p h a s e o f 1 8 0 d e g r e e s . ” , Av ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.3.b Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 3 ( b ) 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e I n p u t I m p e d a n c e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 rin = 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 8 R3 = 7 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 R4 = 7 . 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n

11 Zin = R3 * R4 * rin /( R3 * R4 + R4 * rin + rin * R3 ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The I n p u t I m p e d a n c e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Z i n = %f kOhms . ” , Zin /10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.3.c Calculation of Q Point Parameters of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 3 ( c )

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3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Vcc =15; //V 8 R1 = 7 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 R2 = 7 . 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 Rc = 4 . 7 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 Re = 1 . 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 Vb = Vcc * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; 14 Ve = Vb ; 15 Ie = Ve / Re ; 16 Vce = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Ie ;

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s o f t h e A m p l i f i e r a r e I e = %f mA and Vce = %f V . ” , Ie /10^( -3) , Vce ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier

1 // Example 8 . 4 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 u =20; 8 Rl = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 rp = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 A = u * Rl /( rp + Rl ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s A = %f w i t h p h a s e o f 1 8 0 d e g r e e s . ” ,A ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculation of Gain of Single Stage Amplifier 1 // Example 8 . 5 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 gm = 3 0 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; // S 8 Rl = 2 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 rp = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 //A=−(gm∗ Rl / ( 1 + ( Rl / r p ) ) ) , For rp>>Rl we g e t 12 A = gm * Rl ; // w i t h P h a s e o f 1 8 0 d e g r e e s

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s A = %f w i t h p h a s e o f 1 8 0 d e g r e e s . ” ,A ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.6 Calculation of Output Signal Voltage of FET Ampli-fier 1 // Example 8 . 6 2 // Program t o f i n d t h e Output S i g n a l V o l t a g e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Rl = 1 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 8 Rg = 1 * 1 0 ^ 6 ; //Ohms 9 Rs = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms

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10 Cs = 2 5 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //F 11 u =20; 12 rd = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 vi = 0 . 1 ; //V 14 f = 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; // Hz 15 // C a l c u l a t i o n 16 Xcs = 1 / ( 2 * %pi * f * Cs ) ; 17 // As Xcs comes o u t t o be much s m a l l e r t h a n Rs , Rs i s c o m p l e t e l y b y p a s s e d 18 A = u * Rl /( Rl + rd ) ; 19 vo = A * vi ;

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Output S i g n a l V o l t a g e o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s vo = %f V . ” , vo ) ;

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Chapter 9 MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS

Scilab code Exa 9.1 Calculate overall Voltage Gain in dB

1 // Example 9 . 1 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e o v e r a l l V o l t a g e Gain o f a M u l t i s t a g e 3 // A m p l i f i e r i n dB 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 A1 =30; 9 A2 =50; 10 A3 =80; 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 A = A1 * A2 * A3 ; // V o l t a g e Gain 13 Adb =20*l o g 1 0( A ) ; // V o l t a g e Gain i n dB

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The o v e r a l l V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e M u l t i s t a g e A m p l i f i e r Adb = %f dB” , Adb ) ;

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1 // Example 9 . 2 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e V o l t a g e a t t h e Output T e r m i n a l o f 3 //Two S t a g e D i r e c t C o u p l e d A m p l i f i e r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 Vcc =30; //V 9 Vi = 1 . 4 ; //V 10 Vbe = 0 . 7 ; //V 11 B = 3 0 0 ; // B e e t a 12 R1 = 2 7 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 R2 = 6 8 0 ; //Ohms 14 R3 = 2 4 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 15 R4 = 2 . 4 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 16 // C a l c u l a t i o n 17 Ve = Vi - Vbe ; 18 Ie1 = Vbe / R2 ; 19 Ic1 = Ie1 ; 20 Vc1 = Vcc - Ic1 * R1 ; 21 Vb2 = Vc1 ; 22 Ve2 = Vb2 - Vbe ; 23 Ie2 = Ve2 / R4 ; 24 Ic2 = Ie2 ; 25 Vc2 = Vcc - Ic2 * R3 ; 26 Vo = Vc2 ;

28 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V o l t a g e a t t h e Output T e r m i n a l o f Two S t a g e D i r e c t C o u p l e d A m p l i f i e r , Vo = %f V” , Vo ) ;

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1 // Example 9 . 3 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Gain i n dB a t C u t o f f F r e q u e n c i e s and 3 // P l o t F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e Curve 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 A = 1 0 0 ; 9 f1 = 4 0 0 ; 10 f2 = 2 5 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; 11 f3 =80; 12 f4 = 4 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 Adb =20*l o g 1 0( A ) ;

15 Adbc = Adb -3; // Lower by 3dB

17 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Gain a t C u t o f f F r e q u e n c i e s i s , Adb ( a t C u t o f f F r e q u e n c i e s ) = %f dB” , Adbc ) ;

18 // P l o t t i n g t h e F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e Curve

19 x = [ f3 f1 f2 f4 ];

20 x1 = [1 1 1 1];

21 y = [ Adbc Adb Adb Adbc ];

22 g a i n p l o t( y , x1 ) ; 23 a = gca() ; 24 a . y _ l o c a t i o n = ’ l e f t ’ ; 25 a . x _ l o c a t i o n = ’ bottom ’ ; 26 a . x _ l a b e l . text = ’ f 3 f 1 F r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) f 2 f 4 ’ ; 27 a . y _ l a b e l . text = ’ AdB 37 ’ ;

28 a . t i t l e . text = ’FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE ’ ;

29 p l o t 2 d( x , y ) ;

30 r = [37 37];

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32 p l o t 2 d 2( q , r ,6) ;

33 r2 = [37 40 40 37];

34 q2 = [ f3 f1 f2 f4 ];

35 p l o t 2 d 3( q2 , r2 ,6) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.4.a Calculate Input Impedance of Two Stage RC Cou-pled Amplifier 1 // Example 9 . 4 ( a ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e I n p u t I m p e d a n c e o f t h e g i v e n 3 //Two S t a g e RC C o u p l e d A m p l i f i e r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n Data 8 R1 = 5 . 6 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 R2 = 5 6 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 10 R3 = 1 . 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 Zi = R1 * R2 * R3 /( R1 * R2 + R2 * R3 + R3 * R1 ) ;

14 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The I n p u t I m p e d a n c e , Z i = %f kOhms ” , Zi / 1 0 ^ 3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.4.b Calculate Ouput Impedance of Two Stage RC Cou-pled Amplifier 1 // Example 9 . 4 ( b ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Output I m p e d a n c e o f t h e g i v e n 3 //Two S t a g e RC C o u p l e d A m p l i f i e r 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ;

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7 // G i v e n Data

8 Ro1 = 3 . 3 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms

9 Ro2 = 2 . 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms

11 Zo = Ro1 * Ro2 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The Output I m p e d a n c e , Zo = %f kOhms ” , Zo / 1 0 ^ 3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.4.c Calculate Voltage Gain of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

1 // Example 9 . 4 ( c )

2 // Program t o V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e g i v e n Two S t a g e RC C o u p l e d A m p l i f i e r 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n Data 7 Ro1 = 3 . 3 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 8 Ro2 = 2 . 2 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 hfe = 1 2 0 ; 10 hie = 1 . 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 11 R1 = 6 . 8 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 R2 = 5 6 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 13 R3 = 5 . 6 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 14 R4 = 1 . 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 15 // C a l c u l a t i o n

16 Rac2 = Ro1 * Ro2 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ;

17 A2 = - hfe * Rac2 / hie ;

18 Rac1 = R1 * R2 * R3 * R4 /( R1 * R2 * R3 + R2 * R3 * R4 + R1 * R3 * R4 + R1 * R2 * R4 ) ;

19 A1 = - hfe * Rac1 / hie ;

20 A = A1 * A2 ; // O v e r a l l Gain

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22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The O v e r a l l Gain , A = %f . ” , A ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.5 Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain and Bandwidth of Triode Amplifier

1 // Example 9 . 5

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Maximum V o l t a g e Gain & Bandwidth 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n Data 7 Rl = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 8 Rg = 4 7 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 9 Cs = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 10 u =25; 11 rp = 8 * 1 0 ^ 3 ; //Ohms 12 Cc = 0 . 0 1 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //F 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 gm = u / rp ; 15 Req = rp * Rl * Rg /( rp * Rl + Rl * Rg + Rg * rp ) ; 16 Avm = gm * Req ;

17 Avmd = Avm ^2; // V o l t a g e Gain o f Two S t a g e s

18 Rd =( rp * Rl /( rp + Rl ) ) + Rg ;

19 f1 = 1 / ( 2 * %pi * Cc * Rd ) ; // Lower C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y

20 f1d = f1 /sqrt(sqrt(2) -1) ; // Lower C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y o f Two S t a g e s

21 f2 = 1 / ( 2 * %pi * Cs * Req ) ; // Upper C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y

22 f2d = f2 *sqrt(sqrt(2) -1) ; // Upper C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y o f Two S t a g e s

23 BW = f2d - f1d ; // Bandwidth

25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f Two S t a g e s , Avmd = %f ” , Avmd ) ;

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Chapter 10 POWER AMPLIFIERS

Scilab code Exa 10.1 Calculation of Transformer Turns Ratio

1 // Example 1 0 . 1 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e T r a n s f o r m e r Turns R a t i o 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 RL =16;// Ohms 8 RLd = 1 0 * 1 0 ^ 3 ;// Ohms 9 // C a l c u l a t i o n 10 N12 =sqrt( RLd / RL ) ;// N12=N1/N2

12 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The T r a n s f o r m e r T u r n s R a t i o i s N1/N2 = %d : %d . ” , N12 ,1) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2 Calculation of Effective Resistance seen at Primary

1 // Example 1 0 . 2

2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e E f f e c t i v e R e s i s t a n c e s e e n l o o k i n g i n t o

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3 // t h e P r i m a r y 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 Rl =8; //Ohms 9 N12 =15; // N12=N1/N2 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Rld =( N12 ) ^2* Rl ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The E f f e c t i v e R e s i s t a n c e s e e n l o o k i n g i n t o t h e P r i m a r y , Rld = %f kOhms . ” , Rld /10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.3.a Calculation of 2nd 3rd and 4th Harmonic Distor-tions 1 // Example 1 0 . 3 ( a ) 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e S e c o n d , T h i r d & F o u r t h Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 // i o =15∗ s i n ( 6 0 0 ∗ t ) + 1 . 5 ∗ s i n ( 1 2 0 0 ∗ t ) + 1 . 2 ∗ s i n ( 1 8 0 0 ∗ t ) + 0 . 5 ∗ s i n ( 2 4 0 0 ∗ t ) 8 I1 =15; 9 I2 = 1 . 5 ; 10 I3 = 1 . 2 ; 11 I4 = 0 . 5 ; 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 D2 =( I2 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ; 14 D3 =( I3 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ; 15 D4 =( I4 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ;

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%f p e r c e n t . ” , D2 ) ;

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The T h i r d Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n i s , D3 = %f p e r c e n t . ” , D3 ) ;

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The F o u r t h H a r m o n i c D i s t o r t i o n i s , D4 = %f p e r c e n t . ” , D4 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.3.b Percentage Increase in Power because of Distor-tion 1 // Example 1 0 . 3 ( b ) 2 // Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e i n Power b e c a u s e o f D i s t o r t i o n 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 P1 =poly(0 , ” P1 ” ) ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 // i o =15∗ s i n ( 6 0 0 ∗ t ) + 1 . 5 ∗ s i n ( 1 2 0 0 ∗ t ) + 1 . 2 ∗ s i n ( 1 8 0 0 ∗ t ) + 0 . 5 ∗ s i n ( 2 4 0 0 ∗ t ) 9 I1 =15; 10 I2 = 1 . 5 ; 11 I3 = 1 . 2 ; 12 I4 = 0 . 5 ; 13 // C a l c u l a t i o n 14 D2 =( I2 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ; 15 D3 =( I3 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ; 16 D4 =( I4 / I1 ) * 1 0 0 ; 17 D =sqrt( D2 ^2+ D3 ^2+ D4 ^2) ;// D i s t o r t i o n F a c t o r 18 P = ( 1 + ( D / 1 0 0 ) ^2) * P1 ; 19 Pi =(( P - P1 ) / P1 ) * 1 0 0 ;

21 disp( Pi , ” The P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e i n Power b e c a u s e o f D i s t o r t i o n i s , P i ( i n p e r c e n t )= ” ) ;

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Chapter 11 TUNED VOLTAGE

AMPLIFIERS

Scilab code Exa 11.1.a Calculation of Resonant Frequency

1 // Example 1 1 . 1 ( a ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 C = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 8 L = 2 2 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 9 R =20; //Ohms 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 fr = 1 / ( 2 * %pi *sqrt( L * C ) ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y , f r = %f kHz . ” , fr / 1 0 ^ 3 ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 11.1.b Calculation of Impedance at Resonance 1 // Example 1 1 . 1 ( b ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e I m p e d a n c e a t R e s o n a n c e o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 C = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 8 L = 2 2 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 9 R =20; //Ohms 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Rr = R ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The I m p e d a n c e a t R e s o n a n c e , Rr = %f Ohms . ” , Rr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.1.c Calculation of Current at Resonance

1 // Example 1 1 . 1 ( c ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e C u r r e n t a t R e s o n a n c e o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 V =10; //V 8 C = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 9 L = 2 2 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 10 R =20; //Ohms 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 I = V / R ;

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) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.1.d Calculation of Voltage across each Component

1 // Example 1 1 . 1 ( d ) 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e V o l t a g e a c r o s s e a c h Component o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 V =10; //V 8 C = 3 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 9 L = 2 2 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 10 R =20; //Ohms 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 fr = 1 / ( 2 * %pi *sqrt( L * C ) ) ; 13 I = V / R ; 14 Xl =2* %pi * fr * L ; 15 Vl = I * Xl ; 16 Xc = 1 / ( 2 * %pi * fr * C ) ; 17 Vc = I * Xc ; 18 Vr = I * R ;

20 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e I n d u c t a n c e , Vl = %f V . ” , Vl ) ; 21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e C a p a c i t a n c e , Vc = %f V . ” , Vc ) ; 22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e R e s i s t a n c e , Vr = %f V . ” , Vr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.2 Calculation of Parameters of the Resonant Circuit at Resonance

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1 // Example 1 1 . 2 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e f r , I l , I c , L i n e C u r r e n t & I m p e d a n c e o f 3 // t h e R e s o n a n t C i r c u i t a t R e s o n a n c e 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 C = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 9 L = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 10 R =10; //Ohms 11 V = 1 0 0 ; //V 12 // C a l c u l a t i o n 13 fr = 1 / ( 2 * %pi *sqrt( L * C ) ) ; 14 Xl =2* %pi * fr * L ; 15 Il = V / Xl ; 16 Xc = 1 / ( 2 * %pi * fr * C ) ; 17 Ic = V / Xc ; 18 Zp = L /( R * C ) ; 19 I = V / Zp ;

21 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e s a r e : ” ) ; 22 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t f r = %f kHz . ” , fr /10^3) ; 23 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I l = %f A . ” , Il ) ; 24 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I c= %f A . ” , Ic ) ; 25 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Zp= %f Ohms . ” , Zp ) ; 26 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I= %f mA. ” ,I /10^( -3) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Calculation of Impedance Q and Bandwidth of Res-onant Circuit

1 // Example 1 1 . 3

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Impedance , Q and Bandwidth o f t h e

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4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 C = 1 0 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 1 2 ) ; //F 9 L = 1 5 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 6 ) ; //H 10 R =15; //Ohms 11 // C a l c u l a t i o n 12 fr = 1 / ( 2 * %pi *sqrt( L * C ) ) ; 13 Zp = L /( R * C ) ; 14 Q =2* %pi * fr * L / R ; 15 df = fr / Q ; // Bandwidth

17 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e s a r e : ” ) ;

18 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t I m p e d a n c e , Zp= %f kOhms . ” , Zp / 1 0 ^ 3 ) ;

19 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t Q u a l i t y F a c t o r , Q= %f . ” ,Q ) ;

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Chapter 12 FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Calculation of Gain of Negative Feedback Amplifier

1 // Example 1 2 . 1 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e Gain o f a N e g a t i v e F e e d b a c k A m p l i f i e r w i t h 3 // G i v e n S p e c i f i c a t i o n s 4 c l e a r all; 5 clc ; 6 c l o s e ; 7 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 8 A = 1 0 0 ; // I n t e r n a l Gain 9 B = 1 / 1 0 ; // F e e d b a c k F a c t o r 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Af = A /(1+ A * B ) ;

13 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V a l u e o f t h e Gain o f F e e d b a c k A m p l i f i e r i s , Af = %f . ” , Af ) ;

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1 // Example 1 2 . 2

2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e A( I n t e r n a l Gain ) and B e e t a ( F e e d b a c k Gain ) o f // a N e g a t i v e F e e d b a c k A m p l i f i e r w i t h g i v e n S p e c i f i c a t i o n s 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 Af = 1 0 0 ; // V o l t a g e Gain 8 Vin = 5 0 * 1 0 ^ ( - 3 ) ; //V , I n p u t S i g n a l w i t h o u t F e e d a b a c k Gain 9 Vi = 0 . 6 ; //V , I n p u t S i g n a l w i t h F e e d a b a c k Gain 10 // C a l c u l a t i o n 11 Vo = Af * Vi ; 12 A = Vo / Vin ; 13 B =(( A / Af ) -1) / A ;

15 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V a l u e o f t h e I n t e r n a l Gain A i s , A = %f . ” ,A ) ;

16 p r i n t f( ” \ n \ t The V a l u e o f t h e F e e d b a c k Gain B i s , B = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,B *100) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3 Calculation of change in overall Gain of Feedback Amplifier 1 // Example 1 2 . 3 2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e c h a n g e i n o v e r a l l Gain o f t h e F e e d b a c k // A m p l i f i e r w i t h g i v e n Gain r e d u c t i o n 3 c l e a r all; 4 clc ; 5 c l o s e ; 6 // G i v e n C i r c u i t Data 7 A = 1 0 0 0 ; // 60dB , V o l t a g e Gain 8 B = 0 . 0 0 5 ; // N e g a t i v e F e e d b a c k

Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits_N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha and S. C. Gupta

Scilab Textbook Companion for