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Pesticide
1Irianto Rizaldi Faturrahman
1Field of Nuclear Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Abstract: Pesticides are unusual among environmental pollutants in that they are used deliberately
for the purpose of killing some form of life. Ideally pesticides should be highly selective, destroying target organisms while leaving nontarget organisms unharmed. Most of the pesticides in use today are more water soluble and break down faster in the natural environment than the long-lived organochlorine insecticides of the past. About 50 percent of the wells sampled contained one or more pesticides, with the highest detection frequencies in shallow ground water beneath agricultural and urban areas and the lowest frequencies in major aquifers, which generally are deeper. Most pesticides are manufactured compounds that are designed to kill specific pests, such as weeds and insects. Many pesticides have the potential to harm nontarget organisms, especially if the organisms are exposed to high levels or for a long period of time. The application for pesticides are Pesticide Formulation Containing Azadiratchin and Agrochemical Formulation Comprising I-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone co-polymers.
Keywords: Pesticide
Introduction
Pesticides are unusual among environmental pollutants in that they are used deliberately for the purpose of killing some form of life. Ideally pesticides should be highly selective, destroying target organisms while leaving nontarget organisms unharmed. In reality, most pesticides
are not so selective. In considering the use of pesticides, the benefits must be weighed against the risk to human health and environmental quality. Among the benefits of pesticides are control of vector-borne diseases, increased agricultural productivity, and control of urban pests. A major
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risk is environmental contamination, especially translocation within the environment where pesticides might enter both food chains and natural water systems. Factors to be considered in this regard are persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation. Pesticides are unusual among environmental pollutants in that they are used deliberately. The term “agricultural chemicals” has largely been replaced by the term “pesticides,” defined as economic poisons, regulated by federal and state laws, that are used to control, kill, or repel pests. The primary classes of pesticides in use today are fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides with total US production of 1.2 billion pounds (1997: US Environmental Protection Agency’s latest figures) and production of some 665 million pounds of wood preservatives. More than 90 percent of water and fish samples from all streams contained one or, more often, several pesticides. Pesticides found in water were primarily those that are pesticide use. Although streams and rivers are more vulnerable than
ground water to rapid and widespread contamination, ground-water contamination is extremely difficult to reverse because of the slow rate of ground-water flow. Management practices that reduce the transport of pesticides to streams can yield rapid improvements in water quality. Ground water, on the other hand, will respond slowly to changing practices—sometimes taking many years or even decades to recover. currently used, whereas those found in fish and sediment are organochlorine insecticides, such as DDT, that were heavily used decades ago. Most of the pesticides in use today are more water soluble and break down faster in the natural environment than the long-lived organochlorine insecticides of the past. About 50 percent of the wells sampled contained one or more pesticides, with the highest detection frequencies in shallow ground water beneath agricultural and urban areas and the lowest frequencies in major aquifers, which generally are deeper. Major rivers and streams draining areas of mixed land use contain pesticides from both agricultural and
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urban sources and from both past and present use. In water that comes mainly from agricultural areas, the most commonly found pesticides are the major herbicides atrazine (and DEA), metolachlor, cyanazine, and alachlor. In water that comes mainly from urban areas, the most common pesticides are the herbicides simazine and prometon and the insecticides diazinon and carbaryl. Many large rivers with mixed landuse
influences tend to have lower concentrations of pesticides compared with agricultural and urban streams because of a larger influence of undeveloped land. Some rivers in intensive agricultural regions, however, have concentrations that are similar to those in agricultural streams, although they are less variable over time. Rivers with mixed land uses almost always contain detectable pesticides that reflect the diversity of sources present. Pesticides usually occur in mixtures of several compounds rather than individually, but most of our experience and research on environmental effects is based on exposure to individual compounds.
Therefore, it is vital that we understand and document the occurrence and composition of common low-level mixtures and begin to evaluate their effects.
Pesticide residue are substances or mixtures of substances in food for man or animals resulting from the use of pesticide including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance.
Indian agriculture has been under stress quite for long time. Decline in public investment, poor extension net work, lack of marketing facilities, erratic input supply and others have all collectively contributed for decline or stagnant in Indian agriculture. Increasing use of synthetic inputs and
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non-judicial use of natural resources including land and water have also added the problem only to become worse. Now, there has been consistent attempt to either reduce the chemical inputs or stop its use in agriculture for promoting sustainable agriculture system. During the early years of political independence the productivity of major crops in India was very low. The first five year plan gave more attention to medium and major irrigation projects to enhance the irrigated area for improving agriculture sector. This has yielded some what desirable results. Coupled with economic planning initiatives both the union and central governments have taken serious note of the frequent famines and started strengthening the agriculture sector. The cultivated area centered on nearly 60 million ha. and productivity was low during the early days of political independence.
Uses
Most pesticides are manufactured compounds that are designed to kill specific pests, such as weeds and
insects. Many pesticides have the potential to harm nontarget organisms, especially if the organisms are exposed to high levels or for a long period of time. The top 15 pesticide compounds found in water are among those with the highest current use. They include five of the most heavily used agricultural herbicides and one degradation product, five herbicides that are extensively used in urban areas, and four of the most commonly used insecticides.
The pesticide compounds found most often in fish and bed sediment are related to three major groups of insecticides that were heavily used in
the 1960s. Organochlorine
compounds related to DDT and dieldrin were widely used in both
agricultural and urban areas, and Images 1 Pesticide Detection
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chlordane was mainly used in urban areas.
The occurrence of pesticides in streams and ground water follows broad patterns in land use and associated pesticide use. The patterns are complex, however, and differ between streams and ground water because of the wide range of use practices and processes that govern the movement of pesticides in the hydrologic environment. Herbicides are the most common type of pesticide found in streams and ground water within agricultural areas. The most common herbicides in agricultural streams were atrazine and
its breakdown product
deethylatrazine (DEA), metolachlor, cyanazine, alachlor, and EPTC. All 5 of the parent compounds rank in the top 10 in national use. One of the most striking results for
shallow ground water in agricultural areas, compared with streams, is the low rate of detection for several highuse herbicides other than atrazine. This is probably because these herbicides break down faster in the natural environment compared to
atrazine. Studies show that breakdown products of metolachlor, alachlor, and cyanazine are much more commonly found in ground water than are the parent
compounds. Compared to herbicides, currently used insecticides were less frequently found in most agricultural streams. But some streams in agricultural
areas with particularly high use of specific insecticides, such as diazinon in the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, had among the highest concentrations measured. Insecticides were rarely detected in ground water in agricultural areas. The less frequent occurrence of currently used insecticides in streams compared with herbicides, and their infrequent occurrence in ground water, result from their relatively low application rates and rapid breakdown in the environment.
In contrast to currently used insecticides, the organochlorine insecticides of the past still persist in agricultural streams because of their extreme resistance to breakdown in the environment. DDT was the most commonly detected organochlorine
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group—found in almost every fish sample— followed by dieldrin and chlordane.
Application
There are many applications about Pesticide, Such as:
PESTICIDE FORMULATION
CONTAINING AZADIRACHTIN. In addition, the invention also aims at extracting the constituents of custard apple from immature fruits andleaves as Well as from mature seeds using the desired solvents and dousing it into a neem seed kernel extract in the course of the preparation of neem oil emulsion concentrate Without affecting the pesticidal properties of the limanoids of neem leading to a botanical pesticide, a combination of neem and custard apple Whereby the pesticidal potency of neem as Well as of custard apple are exploited for the bene of controlling pests Which posses mere susceptibility to
either neem or custard apple and hence more order of pests can be controlled through combination. The first object of the invention is to form
storage stable neem oil emulsion Which contains a desired amount Aza dirachtin to be an effective pesticide and also combine these With the extracts of custard apple to exploit the pesticidal properties of custard apple in the immature fruit stage, seed stage as Well as in the leaves and thereby producing a totally natural and effective herbal pesticide containing the characteristics of neem and custard apple leading a preparation of neutral pesticide Which bene?t more number of target pests in the process of pest control. As per the invention, neem oil as Well as Azadirachtin are simultaneously extracted from the neem seeds and the extracts of custard apple Annona Squmosa and Annona Reticulata from their immature fruits, seeds and leaves, extracted separately and doused in the preparation at appropriate time as described in the process of the preparation of neem oil emulsion based pesticides. The invention has been described and illustrated With
preferences and ranges in the foregoing paras, much variation therein may be done by those skilled
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in the art Without departing from the sport and scope of the invention claims.In addition, in this invention the pesticidal potency of custard apple from the immature fruits, mature seeds and leaves of Annona Squmosa and Annona Reticulata are also exploited through its addition With neem, resulting in “neem annona” combination pesticide preparation. The tender fruits of custard apple (Annona Squmosa and Annona Reticulata—either individually or in combination), mature seeds and leaves Were crushed and ground to a dough and to the biomass dough the vapours of different solvents are made to condense, percolate and the infusion is collected Which contains the constituents that exists in the different parts of the plants i.e., Annona Squmosa and Annona Reticulata and these constituents are known are proven to have pesticidal properties.
AGROCHEMICAL
FORMULATIONS COMPRISING I-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE CO-POLYMERS Systemic pesticide provides the farmer lots of benefit:
The uptake of pesticide of plants, which can be achieved either by seed treatment, foliar treatment or soil treatment, which is the simultaneous or sequential application of seeds and respective formulation (e.g. granule formulations), leads to plants, which are much longer resistant towards pests than plants treated with non-systemic pesticides. Also for pesticides which provide plant health effects it is desirable to increase their uptake in the plant. The term "plant health" describes for example, advantageous properties such as improved crop characteristics including, but not limited to better emergence, increased crop yields, more favourable protein and/or content, more favourable aminoacid and/or oil composition, more developed root system (improved root growth), tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leafblade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf colour, pigment content, photosynthetic activity, less fertilizers needed, less seeds needed, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, early grain maturity, less plant verse
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(lodging), increased shoot growth, enhanced plant vigor, increased plant stand or early germination; or a combination of at least two or more of the aforementioned effects or any other advantages familiar to a person skilled in the art. Many pesticides, however, do not show satisfactory systemicity. Furthermore, the systemicity of already systemic pesticides leave room for improvement. It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the systemicity of pesticides, preferably of pesticides with low or no systemicity. Numerous polymers that are simply usefull as solubilizers are known in the art. For example, PCT/EP2006/064993 discloses
copolymers based on
N-vinylcaprolactam and their use as solubilizers. However, whether any of these polymers is suitable for the above-mentioned purpose is not disclosed in prior art. The present invention therefore provides formulations (Hodgson, 2004)
(Mullins, et al., 1974)
(Ramarethinam, 2005)
(Ramarethinam, 2005; Dieckmann, et al., 2015; Tholkappian & Rajendran,
2011; Gwary, et al., 2012)comprising at least one pesticide and co-polymer comprising
a) 60-99 wt % l-vinyl-2
pyrrolidinone; and b) at least one comonomer chosen from the group of laurylacrylate and vinyl ester ofneodecanoic acid in polymerized form. The tenn "at least one pesticide" within the meaning of the invention states that one or more compounds can be selected from the group consisting of fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, herbicide and/or safener or growth regulator, preferably from the group consisting of fungicides, insecticides or nematicides, most preferably from the group consisting of fungicides. Also mixtures of pesticides of two or more the aforementioned classes can be used.
References
Dieckmann, Y. et al., 2015. AGROCHEMICAL
FORMULATIONS COMPRISING 1-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE CO-POLYMERS. United States, Patent No. US 9,006,142 B2.
Gwary, O. M., Hati, S. S., Dimari, G. A. & Ogugbuaja, V. O., 2012. Pesticide Residues in Bean Samples from Northeastern Nigeria. ARPN
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Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 2, pp. 79-84.
Hodgson, E., 2004. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. 3rd ed. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mullins, W., Wentz, D. A. & Patterson, G., 1974. Pesticide. s.l.:s.n. Ramarethinam, S., 2005. PESTICIDE FORMULATION CONTAINING AZADIRACHTIN (NOT LESS THAN 300 PPM) AND SALANIN IN A FORMULATED PRODUCT WITH NEEM OIL. United States, Patent No. US 6,855,351 B2.
Tholkappian, C. & Rajendran, S., 2011. Pesticide Application and its Adverse Impact on Health: Evidences from Kerala. International Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 1, pp. 56-59.
