Wave and Tidal Energy

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potential

Wave and Tidal Energy

Market Status and Business Potential

This preview provides sample content from the Wave and Tidal Report

(Updated Feb-2010) (Updated Feb-2010)

Altprofits

C/o Clixoo C/o Clixoo C3B, Anugraha Buildings, C3B, Anugraha Buildings,

41 Nungambakkam High Road

Chennai – 600034, Chennai – 600034, Tamilnadu, India Tamilnadu, India Phone: +91-44-32561191 Phone: +91-44-32561191 Mobile: +91-98413-48117 Mobile: +91-98413-48117 Email:

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“The Wave and Tidal Energy – Market Potential

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report on all aspects of using ocean energy as

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provides inputs on focus areas of the report,

the complete list of contents, and sample data

from each chapter of the report.

The report was last updated in the 1

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February 2010, and has 180 pages.

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Entrepreneurs

World over, awareness about and use of renewable energy sources World over, awareness about and use of renewable energy sources ar

are e aaccccelelereratatiing ng at at a a rrapapiid d ppacace. e. WhWhiille e ththe e coconntrtriibubutitioon n oof f renewable energy sources to world’s energy consumption is very renewable energy sources to world’s energy consumption is very low currently (excluding large hydro), the scenario could be very low currently (excluding large hydro), the scenario could be very different in a few years from now.

different in a few years from now.

Until recently, little serious exploration had been undertaken into Until recently, little serious exploration had been undertaken into exploiting ocean-based energy sources – especially tidal and wave exploiting ocean-based energy sources – especially tidal and wave energy sources. Since 2002, there has been a welcome change in energy sources. Since 2002, there has been a welcome change in this direction. A number of pioneering entrepreneurs and companies this direction. A number of pioneering entrepreneurs and companies have set out to prove that tidal and wave energy sources could be have set out to prove that tidal and wave energy sources could be as attractive as sources such as solar and wind. The marine energy as attractive as sources such as solar and wind. The marine energy sector has already seen a number of technologies progressed to the sector has already seen a number of technologies progressed to the po

poinint t of of cocommmmerercicial al ininststalallalatitionon. . ThThe e rarapipid d ememerergegencnce e of of neneww machines, continuous development of more established ones, and machines, continuous development of more established ones, and the wealth of on-going R&D leaves no real consensus over which the wealth of on-going R&D leaves no real consensus over which designs will ultimately emerge to produce electricity from the ocean designs will ultimately emerge to produce electricity from the ocean most efficiently and cheaply.

most efficiently and cheaply. Sta

Startirting ng witwith h its its ininsigsigninificficant ant concontritributbution ion curcurrenrentlytly, , estestimimateatess project that by 2015, there is a possibility of having over 10-20 GW project that by 2015, there is a possibility of having over 10-20 GW of ocean-b

of ocean-based powased power generaer generation caption capacityacity. . ThesThese could resue could result inlt in investments of over $15 billion. By 2025, forecasts suggest ocean investments of over $15 billion. By 2025, forecasts suggest ocean ba

basesed d rerenenewawablble e cocoululd d cocontntriribubute te ovover er 10100 0 GW GW of of ininststalalleledd capacity, under favourable conditions and mandates.

capacity, under favourable conditions and mandates. T

Thhiis s rreeppoorrt t wwaas s wwrriitttteen n wwiitth h tthhe e oobbjjeeccttiivve e oof f pprroovviiddiinngg entrepreneurial people worldwide information and insights on how entrepreneurial people worldwide information and insights on how they can benefit from the growth of opportunities in tidal and wave they can benefit from the growth of opportunities in tidal and wave energy.

energy.

While researching data and information for the report, we have to While researching data and information for the report, we have to the extent possible relied on authentic data sources. Where we were the extent possible relied on authentic data sources. Where we were not able to find high quality data sources, we have made suitable not able to find high quality data sources, we have made suitable qu

qualalititatativive e anand d ququanantititatatitive ve asassusumpmptitionons s fofor r ararririviving ng at at ththee inferences and estimates. In some cases, readers will find that data inferences and estimates. In some cases, readers will find that data pertaining to the same aspect could

pertaining to the same aspect could differ from different informationdiffer from different information sources – we have made sure that we

sources – we have made sure that we have kept these differences inhave kept these differences in estimates to a minimum.

estimates to a minimum. W

We e hhooppe e tthhaat t tthhiis s rreeppoorrt t eennaabbllees s yyoou u tto o ttaakke e yyoouur r ffiirrsstt entrepreneurial steps in wave and tidal

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Thihis s rerepoport rt hahas s bebeen en pupublblisishehed d by by ClClixixoo oo ((www.clixoo.comwww.clixoo.com), ), aa compa

company ny focusfocused ed on on provprovidiniding g sustsustainaainabilibility-relty-related ated serviservices ces andand solutions worldwide.

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1.

1. Int

Int

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Ren

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Energy

Wave and tidal are in the nascent stages of growth within the

renewable energy sources of energy

renewable energy sources of energy in renewable energy industry,in renewable energy industry,

bu

but t gigiveven n ththe e lolong ng teterm rm atattrtractactivivenenesess s of of ththe e ininduduststryry, , mamanyny

bu

busisinenesssses es cocoululd d fifind nd it it an an atattrtracactitive ve sesegmgmenent. t. ThThis is chchapapteterr

provides a brief introduction to alternative energy and the place of

wave and tidal in the alternative energy framework.

Key Section

1.1 Introduction to Alternative & Renewable Energy

The following are the primary and emerging sources of energy The following are the primary and emerging sources of energy

Traditional Traditional Non Renewable Non Renewable Energy Energy Alternative Alternative Oil Oil Gas Gas Coal Coal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Solar Solar Wind Wind Hydro Hydro Ocean Ocean Hydrogen Hydrogen Geothermal Geothermal Bio Based Bio Based ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCE Gas Hydrates Gas Hydrates Nuclear Nuclear Oil Shale Oil Shale Tar Sands Tar Sands

Sample Content: The Primary and Emerging

Sources of Energy

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of the alternative

energy sources.

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2. Wave Energy

A variety of technologies have been proposed to capture the energy from waves. Most

of

of thethese se tectechnohnologlogies ies are are cuscustomtomizeized, d, and and manmany y brebreaktakthrohrough ugh techtechnolnologiogies es areare

emerging. Hence, it is necessary for an entrepreneur to know the current technologies

th

that at arare e cocommmmerercicialally ly avavaiailalablble e woworlrldwdwidide. e. ThThis is chchapapteter r prprovovidides es a a clcleaear r

clas

classifsificatication ion of of wavwave e eneenergy rgy tectechnohnologlogies ies thathat t are are beibeing ng comcommermercialcially ly utiutilizlizeded

worldwide.

Key Sections

2.1 Introduction to Wave Energy

2.2 Wave Energy

2.2 Wave Energy TechnologyTechnology

2.2.1 Oscillating Water Columns

2.2.2 Absorbers

2.2.3 Inverted Pendulum Devices

2.2.4 Overtopping Devices

2.3 Wave Energy Potential

With the substantial resource potential, a wide variety of methods With the substantial resource potential, a wide variety of methods for

for extextracractinting g wavwave e eneenergrgy y havhave e beebeen n devdeveloelopedped. . The The didiffefferenrentt de

deviviceces s anand d sysyststemems s nonot t ononly ly ememplploy oy didiffffererenent t tetechchniniquques es foforr “capturing” the wave energy, but also employ a large variety of “capturing” the wave energy, but also employ a large variety of different methods for converting it to electricity (i.e., the “power different methods for converting it to electricity (i.e., the “power tak

take-oe-off” ff” syssystemtem). ). SomSome e prprevievious ous stustudiedies s havhave e claclassissifiefied d wawaveve en

enerergy gy dedeviviceces s acaccocordrdining g to to ththeieir r cacaptpturure e memeththod od (s(shahape pe anandd me

meththod od of of frfronont-t-enend d coconvnvererteter r momovevemementnt). ). WhWhilile e ususefefulul, , ththisis classification is subject to limitations due to the large diversity of classification is subject to limitations due to the large diversity of wave energy device designs, some of which involve unique shapes wave energy device designs, some of which involve unique shapes and mechanisms that do not fall into established categories. These and mechanisms that do not fall into established categories. These factors tend to blur the

factors tend to blur the boundaries between categories when a largeboundaries between categories when a large number of systems are

number of systems are considered.considered.

In this report, ocean wave devices are classified based on the

In this report, ocean wave devices are classified based on the devicedevice location. Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in, location. Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in, far offshore, near shore

far offshore, near shore and offshore locations.and offshore locations. Near shore devices

Near shore devices: are deployed at moderate water depths (~20-: are deployed at moderate water depths (~20-25), at distances up to ~500 m from the shore. They have nearly 25), at distances up to ~500 m from the shore. They have nearly the same advantages as shoreline devices, being at the same time the same advantages as shoreline devices, being at the same time exposed to higher power levels. Several point absorber systems are exposed to higher power levels. Several point absorber systems are near shore devices.

near shore devices.

Sample Content: Wave Energy

Technology

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Offshore devices

Offshore devices: exploit the more powerful wave regimes available: exploit the more powerful wave regimes available in deep water (> 25 m depth). Far offshore devices are located in deep water (> 25 m depth). Far offshore devices are located much farther.

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The he fofollllowowining g arare e ththe e wawave ve enenerergy gy tetechchnonolology gy tytypepes s babasesed d onon location:

location:

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• OWC (Oscillating Water Column) SystemsOWC (Oscillating Water Column) Systems

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o OWC – OnshoreOWC – Onshore o

o OWC – Near-shoreOWC – Near-shore o

o OWC – FloatingOWC – Floating

•

• Absorber SystemsAbsorber Systems

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o Absorber – PointAbsorber – Point o

o Absorber – Multi PointAbsorber – Multi Point o

o Absorber – Directional FloatAbsorber – Directional Float

•

• Inverted Pendulum DevicesInverted Pendulum Devices •

• Overtopping DevicesOvertopping Devices

This chapter gives an overview of wave energy: the technology and its

potential. Each and every technology is described briefly in this chapter.

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3

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Tidal Energy

There are a number of technologies that can be used to generate

power from the tidal of an estuary, bay or river. However, very few

ti

tidadal l plplanants ts hahave ve acactutualally ly bebeen en bubuililt. t. ThThesese e sisitetes s ususe e didiffffererenentt

turbine technologies, and modern advances in turbine technology

may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the

ocean. This chapter provides the

ocean. This chapter provides the technology trends that are shapingtechnology trends that are shaping

the tidal energy industry.

Key Sections Key Sections

3.1 Introduction to Tidal Energy

3.2 Tidal Energy Technology

3.2.1 Tidal Barrages

3.2.2 Tidal Stream Systems

3.3.3 Tidal Lagoons

3.3 Tidal Energy Potential

Tidal power can be classified into three main types: Tidal power can be classified into three main types:

•

• BarragesBarrages make use of the potential energy in the differencemake use of the potential energy in the difference

in height (or

in height (or head head ) between high and low tides. Barrages are) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites, and

shortage of viable sites, and environmental issues.environmental issues.

•

• Tidal Tidal strestreamam sysyststemems s mamake ke ususe e of of ththe e kikinenetitic c enenerergy gy of of

moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to windmills moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to windmills th

that at ususe e momoviving ng aiair. r. ThThis is memeththod od is is gagaininining g in in popopupulalarirityty be

becacaususe e of of ththe e lolowewer r cocost st anand d lolowewer r ececolologogicical al imimpapactct compared to barrages.

compared to barrages.

•

• Tidal lagoonsTidal lagoons are similar to barrages, but can be constructedare similar to barrages, but can be constructed

as self-contained structures, not fully across an estuary, and as self-contained structures, not fully across an estuary, and ar

are e clclaiaimemed d to to inincucur r mumuch ch lolowewer r cocost st anand d imimpapact ct ovovereralall.l. Furthermore they can be configured to generate continuously Furthermore they can be configured to generate continuously which is not the case with barrages.

which is not the case with barrages.

Sample Topic: Tidal Energy Technology

This chapter gives an overview of tidal energy: the technology and its potential.

Each and every technology is described briefly in this chapter.

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The following are some of the potential tidal sites with the highest The following are some of the potential tidal sites with the highest

tides (tide ranges) in the

tides (tide ranges) in the world:world:

Highest Tides (Tide Ranges) of the

Highest Tides (Tide Ranges) of the Global OceanGlobal Ocean

C Coouunnttrryy SSiittee Tide Range Tide Range (meters) (meters) C Caannaaddaa BBaay y oof f FFuunnddyy 1166..22 E Ennggllaanndd SSeevveerrn n EEssttuuaarryy 1144..55 F Frraannccee PPoorrt t oof f GGaannvviillllee 1144..77 F Frraannccee LLa a RRaannccee 1133..55 A Arrggeennttiinnaa PPuueerrtto o RRiio o GGaalllleeggooss 1133..33 Russia Russia Ba Bay y of of MeMezezen n (W(Whihitete S Seeaa)) 1100 Russia Russia Pe Penznzhihinsnskakaya ya GuGubaba ( (SSeea a oof f OOkkhhoottsskk)) 1133..44 Source:

Source: www.gcktechnology.comwww.gcktechnology.com

Sample Topic: Tidal Energy

Potential

Selection of location is critical for the tidal power, which generates power using three

different modes such as stream, barrage and lagoon. Some of the major location for

generating power for all th

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4. Status and Trends

Wo

Worlrldwdwidide, e, ththe e ococean ean enenerergy gy sysyststemems s arare e in in vavaririouous s ststagages es of of

development, such as concept design, part scale, full scale,

pre-commercial and pre-commercial. Currently, only a small percentage of

commercial and commercial. Currently, only a small percentage of

the

the syssystemtems s are are at at the the comcommermerciacial l scascale le levlevel el of of devdeveloelopmepment.nt.

Hence, it is necessary for an entrepreneur to understand the status

of

of ththe e sysyststemems s anand d ththeieir r cucurrrrenent t anand d fufututure re mamarrkeketsts. . In In ththisis

bac

backdrkdrop, op, thithis s chachaptepter r was was prepreparpared ed to to proprovidvide e stastatististitics cs on on thethe

development stages of both the wave and tidal industry. It also

provides insights on global and regional market scenarios and the

key market players in

key market players in these industries.these industries.

4.1 Classification of Ocean Energy

4.1 Classification of Ocean Energy SystemsSystems

4.1.1 Regional Development in Ocean

4.1.1 Regional Development in Ocean Energy ConversionEnergy Conversion

Systems

4.1.2 Different Development Stages of Ocean Energy

Conversion Systems

4.1.3 Wave Energy Systems Based on Device Type

4.1.4 Tidal Stream Systems Based on Device Type

4.2 Market Forecasts

4.3 Ocean Energy Developments in Key Markets

4.3.1 Portugal 4.3.1 Portugal 4.3.2 Denmark 4.3.2 Denmark 4.3.3 United Kingdom 4.3.3 United Kingdom 4.3.4 Ireland 4.3.4 Ireland 4.3.5 U.S.A 4.3.5 U.S.A 4.3.6 Canada 4.3.6 Canada 4.3.7 Mexico 4.3.7 Mexico 4.3.8 Spain 4.3.8 Spain 4.3.9 Italy 4.3.9 Italy 4.3.10 Australia 4.3.10 Australia 4.4 Market Players 4.4 Market Players

4.4.1 Prominent Companies in Wave Energy

4.4.2 Prominent Companies in Tidal Energy

4.5 Other Ocean

4.5 Other Ocean Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies

These ocean energy conversion systems or devices are at different These ocean energy conversion systems or devices are at different

le

levevel l of of tetechchnonolology gy mamatuturirity ty cacatetegogoririeses, , eaeach ch rereprpresesenentiting ng aa different stage of

different stage of development.development.

The different stages of development are: The different stages of development are:

•

• Commercial:Commercial: T Tecechhnonolloogigies es ththat at hhavave e bbeeeen n oopeperratatiinng g oonn

commercial basis for a significant period of

commercial basis for a significant period of time.time.

Sample Topic:

Different Development Stages of Ocean Energy

Conversion Systems

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• Pre-commercial:Pre-commercial: Systems that are claimed to be in such a levelSystems that are claimed to be in such a level

of

of advadvancancemeement nt whewhere re comcommermerciacial l depdeployloymenment t is is reareasonsonablablyy expected within few years.

expected within few years.

•

• Full-scale:Full-scale: Devices or concepts that have seen at least one full-Devices or concepts that have seen at least one

full-cy

cyclcle e dedevevelolopmpmenent t reregagardrdleless ss of of ththeieir r scscopope e of of cocommmmerercicialal production or present status of progress.

production or present status of progress.

•

• ParPart-st-scale cale (Se(Sea):a): T Tecechnhnolologogieies s ththat at arare e rerepoportrted ed to to hahaveve

undergone tests in the sea (Part of the full system or part-scale undergone tests in the sea (Part of the full system or part-scale model of the

model of the prototype).prototype).

•

• Part-scale (Tank):Part-scale (Tank): Devices, concepts and prototypes that are inDevices, concepts and prototypes that are in

th

the e rereseseararch ch anand d dedevevelolopmpmenent t phphasase e unundedergrgoioing ng teteststs s in in ththee laboratory environment.

laboratory environment.

•

• Concept Design:Concept Design: Systems that have attracted attention due toSystems that have attracted attention due to

their unique and promising features, which may or may not be their unique and promising features, which may or may not be realized in the future.

realized in the future.

The number of ocean energy systems based on the development The number of ocean energy systems based on the development

stage is classified below. stage is classified below.

Development Stages of Ocean Energy Conversion Systems Development Stages of Ocean Energy Conversion Systems

Source: IEA (2009) Source: IEA (2009)

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Arou

Around nd ten ten countcountries such ries such as as PortPortugalugal, , DenmDenmark, United ark, United KingKingdom,dom, Irel

Ireland, the and, the USA, Canada, Mexico, Spain, USA, Canada, Mexico, Spain, Italy and Italy and AustAustraliraliaa are

are covcovereered d undunder er thithis s secsectition. on. EacEach h coucountrntry y hahas s enfenforcorceded ocean energy policies, specific to wave and tidal to generate ocean energy policies, specific to wave and tidal to generate power from these sources. Companies and organizations in power from these sources. Companies and organizations in th

thesese e cocoununtrtriies es hhavave e alalsso o ssigignened d up up agagrreeeemmenent t wiwitthh universities and other companies to carry our research and universities and other companies to carry our research and d

deevveellooppmmeennt t aaccttiivviittiiees s aannd d ffeew w pprroojjeecctts s aarre e bbeeiinngg demonstrated practically. All these information are explained demonstrated practically. All these information are explained in this chapter. Below is the sample data on R&D funding in this chapter. Below is the sample data on R&D funding scheme for wave and tidal projects in Ireland.

scheme for wave and tidal projects in Ireland.

Ireland

Research and Development Funding Scheme

Research and Development Funding Scheme for Industry-led for Industry-led Projects in Wave and Tidal

Projects in Wave and Tidal Technology (2007)Technology (2007)

Work Type Work Type Feasibilit Feasibilit y y RReesseeaarrcch h aannd d DDeevveellooppmmeenntt PPrroottoottyyppee Stage

Stage ConceptConcept

Validation Validation Model Model Lab Design Lab Design Model Model Process Process M Mooddeell PPrroottoottyyppee Industry Industry Project Project uupptto o 4455%% uupptto o 4455%% uupptto o 4455%% uupptto o 4455%% uupptto o 4400%% Collabor Collabor ation ation Project Project 3rd 3rd level level Indust Indust ry ry upto 75% upto 75% upto 45% upto 45% upto 75% upto 75% upto 45% upto 45% upto 75% upto 75% upto 45% upto 45% upto 75% upto 75% upto 45% upto 45% N/A N/A N/A N/A Typical Typical Duratio Duratio n n 2 2 mmoonntthhss 4 4 mmoonntthhss 4 4 mmoonntthhss 112 2 mmoonntthhss 12 - 18 12 - 18 months months Indicati Indicati ve ve Funding Funding €15000€15000 €30,000 €30,000 -€45,000 €45,000 €50,000 €50,000 -€100,000 €100,000 €100,000 €100,000 -€250,000 €250,000 Indicative Indicative 1000000 1000000 Example Example s of s of Work Work Type Type Underta Underta ken ken Desk Desk Study Study Patent/Pap Patent/Pap er Search er Search Numerical Numerical Model Small Model Small scale Testing scale Testing Medium scale Medium scale test Survival test Survival Moorings Moorings Real Ocean Real Ocean testing testing Motions Motions control control Full scale Full scale testing testing Grid Grid connection connection control control Optimisati Optimisati on on Asessm Asessm ent ent Expert Expert R Reevviieew w RReevviieew w aannd d NNeeggoottiiaattiioonn Source: IEA Source: IEA

Sample Topic: Ocean Energy Developments in Key

Markets

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Worldwide many companies are entering into wave and tidal energy Worldwide many companies are entering into wave and tidal energy bus

busineiness. ss. ThiThis s secsectition on gigives ves and and cleclear ar picpicturture e of of the the prpromiominennentt companies that are into wave and tidal energy business. The details companies that are into wave and tidal energy business. The details of the companies includes

of the companies includes

•

• Implementation StatusImplementation Status •

• Technology Technology •

• Installed capacityInstalled capacity •

• R&D statusR&D status •

• Future business Future business collaboratiocollaborationn •

• Initial and planned investment etc.Initial and planned investment etc.

A

A ssamamplple e lliisst t oof f pprromomiinenent nt cocompmpananiiees s tthhat at arare e iinvnvololveved d iinn developing tidal energy is given below.

developing tidal energy is given below.

Prominent Companies Developing Tidal Energy Prominent Companies Developing Tidal Energy

Company Company N Naammee TTeecchhnnoollooggyy Countr Countr y y Year Year Start Start e edd SSttaattuuss BioPower BioPower Systems Systems Oscillating Oscillating Hydrofoil Hydrofoil Australi Australi a a 22000066 PPrree--ppiilloott Verdant Power Verdant Power Horizontal Axis Horizontal Axis T Tuurrbbiinnee UU..SS. . 22000000 CCoommmmeerrcciiaall Neptune Neptune Renewable Renewable Energy Energy Vertical Axis Vertical Axis V Veennttuurri i TTuurrbbiinnee UU..KK. . 22000055 PPrroottoottyyppee Marine Current Marine Current Turbines Turbines Horizontal Axis Horizontal Axis T Tuurrbbiinnee UU..KK. . 22000000 CCoommmmeerrcciiaall SMD SMD Hydrovision Hydrovision Horizontal Axis Horizontal Axis T Tuurrbbiinnee UU..KK. . 22000033 PPrroottoottyyppee

Sample Topic: Prominent Companies in Tidal

Energy

More companies are listed in the chapter. In addition, similar wave energy

companies are listed in the chapter.

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Structure and Dynamics

Entrepreneurs who aspire to enter wave or tidal energy industry

would wish to know whether this nascent industry has the potential

to grow in future, what the driving forces behind the industry are,

and the challenges to be faced once they enter the industry. This

chapter answers these questions. In addition, the structure of the

i

indnduuststrry y anand d ththe e ststepeps s to to seset t up up oocecean an enenerergy gy ssysystetems ms araree

explained through the industry value chain.

Key Sections Key Sections 5.1 Market Drivers 5.1 Market Drivers 5.2 Market Challenges 5.2 Market Challenges 5.2.1 Challenges in Ocean

5.2.1 Challenges in Ocean Energy SystemsEnergy Systems

5.2.2 Challenges Specific to Wave Energy Systems

5.2.3 Challenges Specific to Tidal

5.2.3 Challenges Specific to Tidal Energy SystemsEnergy Systems

5.3 Value Chain of Ocean Energy Systems

5.3.1 Wave Energy Value Chain

5.3.2 Tidal Energy Value Chain

Market challenges experienced in Ocean energy

Market challenges experienced in Ocean energy systems are:systems are:

•

• Challenges in Ocean Energy SystemsChallenges in Ocean Energy Systems

o

o Long Development TimescalesLong Development Timescales o

o Grid ConnectionGrid Connection o

o Lack of Performance Assessment StandardsLack of Performance Assessment Standards

•

• Challenges Specific to Wave Energy SystemsChallenges Specific to Wave Energy Systems

o

o High CostHigh Cost o

o Variable Energy SupplyVariable Energy Supply o

o Limited LocationsLimited Locations o

o Design BottlenecksDesign Bottlenecks o

o Effects on Marine LifeEffects on Marine Life o

o Requirement of High-strength DeviceRequirement of High-strength Device o

o Technology Development Technology Development

•

• Challenges Specific to Tidal Energy SystemsChallenges Specific to Tidal Energy Systems

o

o High costHigh cost o

o Effects on ecosystemEffects on ecosystem o

o Regional Regional limitationlimitationss o

o Time Time limitatiolimitationsns

Sample Topic: Market

Challenges

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The value chain of ocean energy systems consists of a number of The value chain of ocean energy systems consists of a number of specific and distinct steps from the identification and assessment of specific and distinct steps from the identification and assessment of va

variriouous s prprosospepectctivive e mamaririne ne lolocacatitionons s to to ththe e trtranansmsmisissision on of of electricity to a range of end-users.

electricity to a range of end-users. 5.3.1 Wave Energy Value Chain 5.3.1 Wave Energy Value Chain

Identification of Location Identification of Location Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Assessment Assessment Experimental Testing Experimental Testing

Commercial Installation of the Commercial Installation of the

Wave Energy Device Wave Energy Device (buoys/floats, anchors and (buoys/floats, anchors and

turbines) turbines)

Commercial Installation of Commercial Installation of Energy Transportation & Energy Transportation & Distribution Cables and Wires Distribution Cables and Wires

Electricity Generation Electricity Generation

Maintenance of Wave Energy Maintenance of Wave Energy

Device Device Pilot Plant Pilot Plant

Sample Topic: Value Chain of Ocean Energy

Systems

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6. Costs and Investments

Wave and tidal energy systems incur high capital costs, and their

ope

operatrationional al coscosts ts are are alalso so sisignignificficantantly ly hihigh. gh. For For wavwave e and and tidtidalal

energy to become widely used renewable sources of energy, it is

imp

imperaerativtive e thathat t the the capcapitaital l coscosts ts are are redreduceuced d sisignignificficantantly. ly. ThiThiss

chapter provides extensive details on the capital and operational

expenses of wave and tidal energy. It also provides costs and cost

break-ups for the various stages of the wave and tidal energy value

chain and details for cost reduction possibilities by scale and by

time. Investment data (VC, PE) for wave and tidal energy efforts are

also provided.

6.1 Wave and Tidal Energy Systems Capital and O&M Costs

6.1.1 Capital Costs

•

• Capital Costs for Wave EnergyCapital Costs for Wave Energy

•

• Capital Costs for Tidal EnergyCapital Costs for Tidal Energy

•

• Parameters that Affect Capital CostsParameters that Affect Capital Costs

6.1.2 Operations & Maintenance Costs

•

• Tidal Energy O&M Costs Tidal Energy O&M Costs

•

• Wave Energy O&M CostsWave Energy O&M Costs

6.2 Levelized Costs for Wave and Tidal Energy

6.3 Developments towards Cost Reductions in Ocean

6.3 Developments towards Cost Reductions in Ocean EnergyEnergy

6.3.1 Cost Reduction Possibilities for Wave Energy Converters

6.3

6.3.2 .2 CosCost t RedReductuctioion n PosPossisibilbilitiities es for for TidTidal al StrStream eam EneEnergyrgy

Generators

6.4 Future Cost Predictions

6.4.1 Cost-resource Curves for Wave Energy

6.4.2 Cost-resource Curves for Tidal Stream

6.4.2 Cost-resource Curves for Tidal Stream EnergyEnergy

6.4 Ocean Energy Investments

6.4.1 Investments in Wave Energy

6.4.2 Investments in Tidal Energy

6.5 Venture Capital Financing

•

• Prominent Investment Companies Active in Ocean EnergyProminent Investment Companies Active in Ocean Energy

Investments

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potential

Capital Costs for Tidal Energy Capital Costs for Tidal Energy

A Sample Capex Breakup Data for a 50 MW Tidal Stream Project A Sample Capex Breakup Data for a 50 MW Tidal Stream Project

Capex Capex ($/kW) ($/kW) % % of of total total P Poowweer r CCoonnvveerrssiioonn S Syysstteemm 883300 3300 S Sttrruuccttuurraal l SStteeeell E Elleemmeennttss 995500 3355 S Suubbsseea a CCaabblle e CCoosstt 5555 22 T Tuurrbbiinne e IInnssttaallllaattiioonn 555500 2200 S Suubbsseea a CCaabbllee I Innssttaallllaattiioonn 227755 1100 O Onnsshhoorre e EElleeccttrriic c GGrriidd 9900 33 T Toottaal l ccaappeex x (($$//KKww)) 22775500 Cost Centers and Cost Drivers for

Cost Centers and Cost Drivers for Wave Energy Wave Energy C Coosst t CCeennttrree MMaaiin n DDrriivveerrss Capital Cost Capital Cost Structure Cost Structure Cost Mec

Mechanhanicaical l and and ElElectectriricalcal

Cost Cost Moorings Moorings Installation Installation Grid Connection Grid Connection Project Management Project Management

Material Cost, Extreme loads

R Raattiinng g oof f tthhe e mmaacchhiinne e ((iinnssttaalllleedd capacity) capacity) Wa Wateter r dedeptpth, h, titidadal l rarangnge, e, titidadal l flflowow,,

storm conditions and compliance

Type and availability of vessels required,

d

diissttaanncce e tto o ppoorrtt, , ttiimme e ttaakkeen n ffoorr

installatio

installation n and weather.and weather.

Power transmission level and distance to

shore shore Operating Cost Operating Cost Planned Maintenance Planned Maintenance Unplanned Maintenance Unplanned Maintenance Cos

Cost t of of repreplaclacemeement nt papartsrts, , comcomponponentent

design duty and known service intervals,

tim

time e to to comcomplplete ete serservivice, ce, disdistantance ce toto

port and weather

Cost of replacement parts and spares,

Sample Topic: Capital Costs

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potential

potential (Source: CarbonTrust, Cost Estimation Methodology, May

(20)

potential

Cost reduction is one of the key determinants for the development Cost reduction is one of the key determinants for the development of the ocean energy systems. Future cost of wave and tidal stream of the ocean energy systems. Future cost of wave and tidal stream en

enerergy gy cocoululd d rereduduce ce wiwith th inincrcreaeasising ng ininststalalleled d cacapapacicity ty anand d ititss imp

implilicatcatioions ns for for ininvesvestmetment nt and and supsupporport. t. FouFour r popossissible ble wayways s of of reducing costs of energy are:

reducing costs of energy are:

•

• Concept design developmentsConcept design developments •

• Detailed design Detailed design optimizatiooptimizationsns •

• Economies of scale andEconomies of scale and •

• Learning in production, construction, installation and O&M.Learning in production, construction, installation and O&M.

Based on these, future cost of wave

Based on these, future cost of wave and tidal power system areand tidal power system are estimated.

estimated.

Efforts towards cost reduction in ocean energy systems are Efforts towards cost reduction in ocean energy systems are also provided:

also provided: ETI

ETI annoannounced technolounced technology gy projproject ect to to signsignificificantly reduce antly reduce subssubseaea cable costs for marine energy devices (Dec 2009)

cable costs for marine energy devices (Dec 2009)

A project which could considerably reduce the cost of cabling from A project which could considerably reduce the cost of cabling from offshore wave and tidal farms to the shore has been announced by offshore wave and tidal farms to the shore has been announced by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI).

the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI).

This 18 month project, costing £1.1 million and led by MacArtney, This 18 month project, costing £1.1 million and led by MacArtney, will develop an 11kV wet-mate connector, which will be tested and will develop an 11kV wet-mate connector, which will be tested and demonstrated under workshop and

demonstrated under workshop and real-sea conditions.real-sea conditions. Th

The e conconnecnectortors s enaenable ble two two popower wer cabcables les to to be be lilinkenked d togtogethether.er. Cu

Currrrenenttlly, y, mamarriine ne dedevivice ce dedevevelloopeperrs s eieithther er ususe e drdry-y-mmatatee connectors, which have to be lifted out of the water and connected connectors, which have to be lifted out of the water and connected on a barge, or they use a 6.6kV wet-mate connector which is not a on a barge, or they use a 6.6kV wet-mate connector which is not a high enough voltage rating for efficient transmission of maximum high enough voltage rating for efficient transmission of maximum outputs from devices back to shore.

outputs from devices back to shore. Th

The e ususe e of of thethese se hihighegher r volvoltagtage e wetwet-ma-mate te conconnecnectortors s in in futfutureure ar

arrarays ys is is exexpepectcted ed to to lelead ad to to coconsnsididererabably ly lolowewer r ininststalallalatitionon,, operating and maintenance costs, and more rapid deployment of operating and maintenance costs, and more rapid deployment of ma

maririne ne enenerergy gy ararrarays ys . . ThThey ey wiwill ll enenabable le ththe e ususe e of of reremomotetelyly operated vehicles to perform electrical connections on the sea-bed operated vehicles to perform electrical connections on the sea-bed instead of having to deploy barges to perform these connections instead of having to deploy barges to perform these connections above the surface.

above the surface.

Sample Topic: Developments towards Cost Reductions in

Ocean Energy

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potential

The increase in voltage rating to 11 kV could significantly reduce the The increase in voltage rating to 11 kV could significantly reduce the

cap

capitaital l coscosts ts assassociociateated d witwith h offoffshoshore re eneenergy rgy ininstastallllatiations ons sinsincece higher voltage connectors allow more power to be transmitted per higher voltage connectors allow more power to be transmitted per cable.

(22)

potential

Pr

Promomininenent t InInveveststmement nt CoCompmpananieies s AcActitive ve in in OcOceaeann Energy Investments

Energy Investments

•

• Advent VenturesAdvent Ventures •

• VenrockVenrock •

• Wellington PartnersWellington Partners •

• Northzone VenturesNorthzone Ventures •

• Norsk Hydro Technology VenturesNorsk Hydro Technology Ventures •

• Aura CapitalAura Capital •

• SitraSitra •

• Martin GibsonMartin Gibson •

• Atlas Venture CapitalAtlas Venture Capital •

• Emerald Technology VenturesEmerald Technology Ventures •

• Merrill LynchMerrill Lynch •

• Quercus Trust/ David GelbaumQuercus Trust/ David Gelbaum •

• The Carbon Trust The Carbon Trust •

• 3i3i •

• Sigma Technology GroupSigma Technology Group •

• Sustainable Performance GroupSustainable Performance Group •

• Tudor Group Tudor Group •

• Vantania Holdings LimitedVantania Holdings Limited •

• Commons CapitalCommons Capital •

• Espírito Santo VenturesEspírito Santo Ventures •

• New Energy FundNew Energy Fund •

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potential

7. Case Studies and

Business Opportuni

ties

Analyzing real world case studies is a useful method to

Analyzing real world case studies is a useful method to understandunderstand

how the world is approaching the opportunities in the wave and

tid

tidal al eneenergy rgy inindusdustrytry. . ThiThis s chachaptepter r proprovidvides es extextensensivive e reareal l lilifefe

inputs through case studies. It also analyses the opportunities in

wave and tidal for the manufacturing, trade and service sectors.

Inputs on opportunities are provided for all segments and

sub-segments of the value chain.

segments of the value chain.

7.1 Wave Energy Case Studies

7.2 Tidal Energy Case Studies

7.3 Wave and

7.3 Wave and Tidal Energy Business OpportunitiTidal Energy Business Opportunitieses

Shoreline Wave Energy - Limpet Device @ the Isle of Islay, Scotland (UK) Shoreline Wave Energy - Limpet Device @ the Isle of Islay, Scotland (UK) A 100 KW

A 100 KW wave turbinwave turbine operates at e operates at the Wavegen wave power plant on the island of the Wavegen wave power plant on the island of Islay in Scotland.

Islay in Scotland. Operate

Operated d by Wavegen, the by Wavegen, the "Osci"Oscillating Water llating Water ColuColumn" technologmn" technology y is a is a shore-shore-basedbased system that works by using the power of waves crashing into the shore to force air system that works by using the power of waves crashing into the shore to force air through a turbine to generate electricity. Wavegen is a subsidiary of Voith Siemens through a turbine to generate electricity. Wavegen is a subsidiary of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation, and has been generating grid-connected power from its Hydro Power Generation, and has been generating grid-connected power from its Land-Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer (LIMPET) system on Islay since Land-Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer (LIMPET) system on Islay since the year 2000.

the year 2000.

The Limpet unit on Islay has an inclined oscillating water column that couples with The Limpet unit on Islay has an inclined oscillating water column that couples with the surge-dominated wave field adjacent to the shore. The water depth at the entrance the surge-dominated wave field adjacent to the shore. The water depth at the entrance is typically 7 metres. The design of the air chamber is important to maximise the is typically 7 metres. The design of the air chamber is important to maximise the capture of wave energy and its conversion to pneumatic power. The turbines are capture of wave energy and its conversion to pneumatic power. The turbines are carefully matched to the air chamber to maximise power output.

carefully matched to the air chamber to maximise power output.

The performance has been optimised for annual average wave energy intensities of The performance has been optimised for annual average wave energy intensities of between 15 and 25 kilowatts per metre. The water column feeds a pair of between 15 and 25 kilowatts per metre. The water column feeds a pair of

counter-rotati

rotating ng turbiturbines, each nes, each of of which drives a which drives a 250-k250-kilowatilowatt t generagenerator, giving a tor, giving a maximmaximumum output of 500 kilowatts. The Limpet’s design makes it easy to build and install. Its output of 500 kilowatts. The Limpet’s design makes it easy to build and install. Its low-profile design means that it has a limited impact on coastal landscapes or views low-profile design means that it has a limited impact on coastal landscapes or views More such case studies from a different perspective as the following are also More such case studies from a different perspective as the following are also provided in this report

provided in this report

•

• 30 years ago Whelan was a commercial diver working on North Sea oil and30 years ago Whelan was a commercial diver working on North Sea oil and

gas installations and later opened a quayside hotel in Cobh near Cork has now gas installations and later opened a quayside hotel in Cobh near Cork has now returned to the sea - to generate electricity from wave power

returned to the sea - to generate electricity from wave power

Sample Topic: Wave Energy Case

Studies

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potential

•

• The world's first commercial wave farmThe world's first commercial wave farm brings power ashore at Agucadoura, brings power ashore at Agucadoura,

and supplies 1,500 homes electricity

(25)

potential

The fact that the marine renewable sector is less well developed The fact that the marine renewable sector is less well developed

th

than an ototheher r enenerergy gy ininduduststriries es prpresesenents ts cocompmpananieies s wiwith th bobothth opportunities and challenges. The lack of an established industry opportunities and challenges. The lack of an established industry structure can make entry into the market uncertain for newcomers. structure can make entry into the market uncertain for newcomers. How

Howeveever, r, thithis s laclack k of of strstructucturure e alsalso o meameans ns thathat t comcompanpanies ies areare po

potetentntiaialllly y momore re abable le to to crcreaeate te anand d tatake ke opoppoportrtununititieies s ththan an isis possible in other parts of the energy industry that are developed possible in other parts of the energy industry that are developed and more mature.

and more mature.

While the opportunities could indeed be operationally different, the While the opportunities could indeed be operationally different, the fundamental nature of the opportunities along the value chain is fundamental nature of the opportunities along the value chain is similar. Hence, the opportunities for both wave and tidal energy are similar. Hence, the opportunities for both wave and tidal energy are discussed under the same heading.

discussed under the same heading.

Opportunities exist in the following areas across the marine energy Opportunities exist in the following areas across the marine energy value chain: value chain: • • R&DR&D • • FeasibilityFeasibility • • PlanningPlanning • • DesignDesign • • ManufactureManufacture • • InstallationInstallation •

• Operation and MaintenanceOperation and Maintenance •

• DecommissioningDecommissioning

A wide range of companies are involved in the marine renewable A wide range of companies are involved in the marine renewable sector. The figure below shows the key segments of the sector sector. The figure below shows the key segments of the sector -services that are needed for the successful completion of a project services that are needed for the successful completion of a project ra

rannge ge frfroom m iinnsusurranance ce anand d fifinnanancece, , rresesooururce ce asassesessssmemenntsts,, environmental surveys, design, manufacture, offshore construction, environmental surveys, design, manufacture, offshore construction, operation and

operation and decommissiodecommissioning.ning.

Sample Topic: Wave and Tidal Energy

Opportunities

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potential

Ocean Energy Value Chain Ocean Energy Value Chain

Source: Acton White Associates Inc, 2006 Source: Acton White Associates Inc, 2006

Different members of the supply chain are responsible for different Different members of the supply chain are responsible for different parts of projects depending on the type of project and its stage of parts of projects depending on the type of project and its stage of development. Key classes of firms that are involved in the supply development. Key classes of firms that are involved in the supply chain include Legal firms, Financial firms, Insurance firms, Marine chain include Legal firms, Financial firms, Insurance firms, Marine Se

Servrvicice e fifirmrms, s, TeTechchnonolology gy DDevevelelopoperers, s, MaManunufafactctururerers, s, TeTestst Facilities, Project Developers, Installation Contractors, and Energy Facilities, Project Developers, Installation Contractors, and Energy Majors/Utilities. Majors/Utilities. Energy Energy conversion conversion Geophysical Geophysical Project Project p

pllaannnniinngg PPrroojjeecct t ddeessiiggnn MMoooorriinnggss

onshore onshore assessmbly assessmbly Integrity Integrity management management Offshore Offshore disassembly disassembly Energy Energy st

stororagage/e/UsUsagagee ococeaeanonogrgrapaphihicc PePermrmititss

Offshore Offshore design design Floating/Offshore Floating/Offshore

ssttrruuccttuurree CCaabblle e llaayyiinngg

Performance Performance

e

evvaalluuaattiioonn ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn Prototype

Prototype

tteessttiinngg HHeerriittaaggee IInnssuurraannccee

Mechanical Mechanical Design Design Energy coupling Energy coupling

ssyysstteemm TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn

recovery and recovery and repair repair Recycling/Waste Recycling/Waste disposal disposal In

Invveessttmmeentnt EnEnvviirroonnmmeennttaall FFiinnaannccee

Hydrodynami Hydrodynami c design c design Power Power generation generation equipment equipment Offshore Offshore construction construction Reliability Reliability ma

mananagegemementnt ReRefufurbrbisishmhmenentt Competing Competing u ussee LLeeggaall Electricial Electricial system system Design Design Power Power transmission transmission equipment equipment Civil (onshore Civil (onshore engineering) engineering) Structural Structural monitoring monitoring Environmental Environmental compliance compliance Financial Financial feasibility feasibility Power Power purchase purchase agreement agreement Civil Civil (onshore) (onshore) design design Navigation/ Navigation/ comms comms equipment equipment Environmental Environmental monitoring monitoring Environmental Environmental monitoring monitoring Control Control system system design design Control Control equipment equipment Energy storage Energy storage system system Onshore Onshore structures structures construction construction Resource Resource assessment assessment equipment equipment Component Component testing testing Component Component verification verification Research & Research & Development

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potential

8. Next Steps

for Entrepreneurs Exploring the

Wave and Tidal Energy Industry

Ent

Entrepreprenreneureurs s keekeen n on on ininvesvestinting g in in wavwave e and and tidtidal al eneenergy rgy wilwilll

be benenefifit t enenorormomoususly ly frfrom om ththe e exexpeperirienenceces s of of ththosose e whwho o hahadd en enteterered d ththis is fifieleld d eaearlrlieier. r. LeLeararnining ng frfrom om ththe e susuccccesesseses s anandd mi miststakakes es of of ththe e pipiononeereers s wiwill ll prprovove e exextrtrememelely y ususefeful ul boboth th inin

adopting the right strategy and in avoiding costly mistakes. This

chapter provides critical suggestions on the steps to be followed

and the mistakes to be avoided for those e

and the mistakes to be avoided for those entering these industries.ntering these industries.

Key Sections Key Sections 8.1 Tips &

8.1 Tips & SuggestionsSuggestions

8.2 Mistakes to be Avoided

Calculate the Risks Calculate the Risks

•

• Though wave and tidal energy have potential to supply the world Though wave and tidal energy have potential to supply the world

with electricity, most of the projects are in development stage. with electricity, most of the projects are in development stage. Tidal and wave energy technologies are not quite market ready Tidal and wave energy technologies are not quite market ready yet. So, make sure you understand the technology and evaluate yet. So, make sure you understand the technology and evaluate the competing technologies and the risks you are taking before the competing technologies and the risks you are taking before starting a business.

starting a business.

•

• In addition, developing wave and tidal energy depends on theIn addition, developing wave and tidal energy depends on the

ex

excecellllenent t wawave ve anand d titidadal l reresosoururceces s ththat at exexisist t ararouound nd ththee coastline; the market mechanisms and funding in

coastline; the market mechanisms and funding in place.place. Evaluate Your Strengths

Evaluate Your Strengths •

• MarMarine ine renrenewaewablble e secsector tor is is leless ss welwell l devdeveloeloped ped ththan an othotherer ene

energrgy y indindustustriries. es. The The indindustustry ry laclacks ks an an estestablablishished ed indindustustryry structure. Hence, understanding the industry and evaluating your structure. Hence, understanding the industry and evaluating your strength that suits the industry is important. Evaluate yourself strength that suits the industry is important. Evaluate yourself and your talents – are you someone who would like to run a and your talents – are you someone who would like to run a manufacturing factory? Are you someone who would like supply manufacturing factory? Are you someone who would like supply manufactured items with national and international markets? Or manufactured items with national and international markets? Or are you someone with more creative and design skills related to are you someone with more creative and design skills related to ocean renewable energy projects including overall project design ocean renewable energy projects including overall project design and

and manmanageagemenment, t, offoffshoshore re strstructuctureures, s, mecmechanhanicaical l syssystemtems?s? E

Eacach h oof f tthheesse e ddiifffferereennt t sskkiilll l sseetts s ccoouulld d hhaavve e ddiiffffeerreenntt opportunities in the wave and tidal energy industry that are just opportunities in the wave and tidal energy industry that are just right for them.

right for them.

Sample Topic: Tips &

Suggestions

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potential

•

• In In adadddiititioon, n, sosome me arareaeas s iin n vavallue ue chchaiain n ssecectotor r susuch ch asas operational requirements are similar to those for offshore oil and operational requirements are similar to those for offshore oil and ga

gas s prprojojecectsts. . If If yoyou u arare e alalrereadady y in in to to oioil l anand d gagas s bubusisinenessss projects, you can think of extending your business services to projects, you can think of extending your business services to wave and tidal.

wave and tidal.

9

9 .

.

U

s

e

f

u

l

W

e

b

R

e

s

o

u

r

c

e

s

f

o

r

a

n

Entrepreneurs

There are a number of online resources that an entrepreneur can

us

use e to to unundedersrstatand nd ththe e wawave ve anand d titidadal l ininduduststry ry bebetttter er anand d bebe

con

contintinuououslusly y updupdateated. d. ThiThis s chachaptepter r proprovidvides es manmany y sucsuch h useusefulful

ocean-energy related online resources for reference and updates.

The list includes online news sites, forums

The list includes online news sites, forums and more.and more.

9.1 Wave & Tidal Energy Web Resources

9.2 Other Alternative & Renewable Energy

9.2 Other Alternative & Renewable Energy Web ResourcesWeb Resources

9.2.1 News Sites 9.2.1 News Sites 9.2.2 Blogs 9.2.2 Blogs 9.2.3 Forums 9.2.3 Forums

9.2.4 Portals & Guides

Alternative Energy Alternative Energy Planet Planet http://002d9cf.netsolhost.com/ http://002d9cf.netsolhost.com/ Tidal Today

Tidal Today http://social.tidaltoday.comhttp://social.tidaltoday.com

Oregon Wave Energy

Oregon Wave Energy http://www.oregonwave.orghttp://www.oregonwave.org

Wave energy efforts Wave energy efforts worldwide worldwide http://cesenet.org/documents/wave_country_note http://cesenet.org/documents/wave_country_note s.pdf s.pdf

Wave Energy Today

Wave Energy Today http://waveenergytoday.com/http://waveenergytoday.com/

Wave Energy Centre

Wave Energy Centre http://www.wavec.org/http://www.wavec.org/

Ocean wave energy

Ocean wave energy http://ocsenergy.anl.gov/guide/wave/index.cfmhttp://ocsenergy.anl.gov/guide/wave/index.cfm

Sample Topic: Wave & Tidal Energy Web

Resources

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potential

10. Associations for Wave and Tidal Energy

For entrepreneurs wishing to explore the ocean energy industry,

ind

industustry ry assassociociatiations ons are are a a useuseful ful ststartarting ing poipoint nt thathat t wilwill l enenablablee

them to have a better understanding of the industry as well as

provide them with useful business contacts.

This chapter provides the prominent associations for wave and tidal

energy industries.

Name of the Name of the A

Appeex x BBooddyy AAddddrreessss TTeelleepphhoonne e NNuummbbeerr

Email Email ID/Website ID/Website OREC (Ocean OREC (Ocean Renewable Renewable Energy Energy Coalition) USA Coalition) USA Sean O’Neill, Sean O’Neill, President President (301-869-3790)Carolyn 3790)Carolyn Elefant, General Elefant, General Counsel, Counsel, Legislative/Regulator Legislative/Regulator y Affairs y Affairs (202-297-6100) 6100) http://www.oc http://www.oc eanrenewable eanrenewable .com .com EERE - Energy EERE - Energy Efficiency and Efficiency and Renewable Renewable Energy Energy

U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave., 1000 Independence Ave., SW SW Washington, DC 20585 Washington, DC 20585 1-202-586-5000 1-202-586-5000 (Main Switchboard) (Main Switchboard) National Phone National Phone Directory Directory http://www.ee http://www.ee re.energy.gov re.energy.gov EPRI - Electric EPRI - Electric Power Power Research Research Institute Institute

EPRI International, Inc. – EPRI International, Inc. – U.S. U.S. 3420 Hillview Avenue 3420 Hillview Avenue P Paallo o AAllttoo, , CCA A 9944330044 11--665500--885555--22000000 http://oceane http://oceane nergy.epri.co nergy.epri.co m m NREL NREL -National National Renewable Renewable Energy Energy Laboratory Laboratory Golden, Colorado Golden, Colorado

Laboratories and Offices Laboratories and Offices National Renewable National Renewable Energy Laboratory Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd. 1617 Cole Blvd. G Goollddeenn, C, CO 8O 800440011--33330055 330033--227755--33000000 http://www.nr http://www.nr el.gov el.gov Natural Energy Natural Energy Laboratory of Laboratory of Hawaii Hawaii Authority Authority (NELHA) (NELHA) 73-4460 Queen 73-4460 Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. #101 Kaahumanu Hwy. #101 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii USA Kailua-Kona, Hawaii USA 9 966774400--22663377 808088- - 332299--77334411 http://www.ne http://www.ne lha.org lha.org

Sample Topic:

USA

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potential

Price of the Report

The price of the Wave and

The price of the Wave and Tidal Energy Report isTidal Energy Report is US $1000US $1000

..

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