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SYLLABUS FOR 2011 BAR EXAMINATIONSREMEDIAL LAW
I.$General$Principles$$ ! A.!Concept!of!Remedial!Law! B.!Substantive!Law!as!Distinguished!from!Remedial! Law! C.!Rule>making!Power!of!the!Supreme!Court! 1.!Limitations!on!the!rule>making!power!of! the!Supreme!Court! 2.!Power!of!the!Supreme!Court!to!amend! and!suspend!procedural!rules! ! D.!Nature!of!Philippine!Courts! 1.!Meaning!of!a!court! 2.!Court!as!distinguished!from!a!judge! 3.!Classification!of!Philippine!courts! 4.!Courts!of!original!and!appellate! jurisdiction! 5.!Courts!of!general!and!special!jurisdiction! 6.!Constitutional!and!statutory!courts! 7.!Courts!of!law!and!equity! 8.!Principle!of!judicial!hierarchy! 9.!Doctrine!of!non>interference!or!doctrine! of!judicial!stability! ! II.$Jurisdiction$ ! A.!Jurisdiction!over!the!parties! 1.!How!jurisdiction!over!the!plaintiff!is! acquired! 2.!How!jurisdiction!over!the!defendant!is! acquired! ! B.!Jurisdiction!over!the!subject!matter! 1.!Meaning!of!jurisdiction!over!the!subject! matter! 2.!Jurisdiction!versus!the!exercise!of! jurisdiction! 3.!Error!of!jurisdiction!as!distinguished! from!error!of!judgment! 4.!How!jurisdiction!is!conferred!and! determined! 5.!Doctrine!of!primary!jurisdiction! 6.!Doctrine!of!adherence!of!jurisdiction! 7.!Objections!to!jurisdiction!over!the! subject!matter! 8.!Effect!of!estoppel!on!objections!to! jurisdiction! ! C.!Jurisdiction!over!the!issues! D.!Jurisdiction!over!the!res!or!property!in!litigation! ! E.!Jurisdiction!of!Courts! 1.!Supreme!Court! 2.!Court!of!Appeals! 3.!Court!of!Tax!Appeals! 4.!Sandiganbayan! 5.!Regional!Trial!Courts! 6.!Family!Courts! 7.!Metropolitan!Trial!Courts/Municipal! Trial!Courts! 8.!Shariah!Courts! F.!Jurisdiction!over!small!claims,!cases!covered!by! the!rules!on!Summary!Procedure!and!Barangay! Conciliation! G.!Totality!Rule! $ III.$Civil$Procedure$ ! A.!Actions! 1.!Meaning!of!ordinary!civil!actions! 2.!Meaning!of!special!civil!actions! 3.!Meaning!of!criminal!actions! 4.!Civil!actions!versus!Special!proceedings! 5.!Personal!actions!and!real!actions! 6.!Local!and!transitory!actions! 7.!Actions!in!rem,!in!personam!and!quasi! in!rem! ! B.!Cause!of!Action! 1.!Meaning!of!cause!of!action! 2.!Right!of!Action!versus!Cause!of!action! 3.!Failure!to!state!a!cause!of!action!4.!Test!of!the!sufficiency!of!a!cause!of! action! 5.!Splitting!a!single!cause!of!action!and!its! effects! 6.!Joinder!and!misjoinder!of!causes!of! action! ! C.!Parties!to!Civil!Actions! 1.!Real!Parties!in!interest;!Indispensable! parties;!Representatives!as!parties;! Necessary!parties;!Indigent!Parties;! Alternative!defendants! 2.!Compulsory!and!permissive!joinder!of! parties! 3.!Misjoinder!and!non>joinder!of!parties! 4.!Class!Suit! 5.!Suits!against!entities!without!juridical! personality! 6.!Effect!of!death!of!party!litigant! ! D.!Venue! 1.!Venue!versus!Jurisdiction! 2.!Venue!of!real!actions! 3.!Venue!of!personal!actions! 4.!Venue!of!actions!against!non>residents! 5.!When!the!Rules!on!Venue!Do!not!Apply! 6.!Effects!of!Stipulations!on!Venue! ! E.!Pleadings! 1.!Kinds!of!Pleadings! a.!Complaint! b.!Answer! (1)!Negative!defenses! (2)!Negative!pregnant! (3)!Affirmative!Defenses! c.!Counterclaims! (1)!Compulsory! counterclaim! (2)!Permissive! counterclaim! (3)!Effect!on!the! Counterclaim!when!the! complaint!is!dismissed! d.!Cross>claims! e.!Third!(fourth,!etc.)!party! complaints! f.!Complaint>in>intervention! g.!Reply! 2.!Pleadings!allowed!in!small!claim!cases! and!cases!covered!by!the!rules!on! summary!procedure! 3.!Parts!of!a!pleading! a.!Caption! b.!Signature!and!address! c.!Verification!and!certification! against!forum!shopping! (1)!Requirements!of!a! corporation!executing! the! verification/certification! of!non>forum!!!shopping! d.!Effect!of!the!signature!of! counsel!in!a!pleading! 4.!Allegations!in!a!pleading! a.!Manner!of!making!allegations! (1)!Condition!precedent! (2)!Fraud,!mistake,! malice,!intent,! knowledge!and!other! condition!of!the!mind,! judgments,!official! documents!or!acts! b.!Pleading!an!actionable! document! c.!Specific!denials! (1)!Effect!of!failure!to! make!specific!denials! (2)!When!a!specific! denial!requires!an!oath! 5.!Effect!of!failure!to!plead! 1.!Failure!to!plead!defenses!and! objections! 2.!Failure!to!plead!a!compulsory! counterclaim!and!cross>claim! 6.!Default! a.!When!a!declaration!of!default!is! proper! b.!Effect!of!an!order!of!default! c.!Relief!from!an!order!of!default! d.!Effect!of!a!partial!default! e.!Extent!of!relief! f.!Actions!where!default!are!not! allowed! 7.!Filing!and!Service!of!pleadings! I.!Payment!of!docket!fees! II.!Filing!versus!service!of! pleadings! III.!Periods!of!filing!of!pleadings! IV.!Manner!of!filing! V.!Modes!of!service! (1)!Personal!service! (2)!Service!by!mail! (3)!Substituted!service! (4)!Service!of!judgments,! final!orders!or! resolutions! (5)!Priorities!in!modes!of! service!and!filing! (6)!When!service!is! deemed!complete! (7)!Proof!of!filing!and! service!
8.!Amendment! a.!Amendment!as!a!matter!of! right! b.!Amendments!by!leave!of!court! c.!Formal!amendment! d.!Amendments!to!conform!to!or! authorize!presentation!of! evidence! e.!Different!from!supplemental! pleadings! f.!Effect!of!amended!pleading! ! F.!Summons! 1.!Nature!and!purpose!of!summons!in! relation!to!actions!in!personam,!in!rem!and! quasi!in!rem! 2.!Voluntary!appearance! 3.!Personal!service! 4.!Substituted!service! 5.!Constructive!service!(by!publication)! a.!Service!upon!a!defendant! where!his!identity!is!unknown!or! where!his!whereabouts!are! unknown! b.!Service!upon!residents! temporarily!outside!the! Philippines! 6.!Extra>territorial!service,!when!allowed! 7.!Service!upon!prisoners!and!minors! 8.!Proof!of!service! ! G.!Motions! 1.!Motions!in!general! a.!Definition!of!a!motion! b.!Motions!versus!pleadings! c.!Contents!and!form!of!motions! d.!Notice!of!hearing!and!hearing! of!motions! e.!Omnibus!motion!rule! f.!Litigated!and!ex!parte!motions! g.!Pro>forma!motions! 2.!Motions!for!Bill!of!Particulars! a.!Purpose!and!when!applied!for! b.!Actions!of!the!court! c.!Compliance!with!the!order!and! effect!of!noncompliance! d.!Effect!on!the!period!to!file!a! responsive!pleading! 3.!Motion!to!Dismiss! a.!Grounds! b.!Resolution!of!Motion! c.!Remedies!of!plaintiff!when!the! complaint!is!dismissed! d.!Remedies!of!the!defendant! when!the!motion!is!denied! e.!Effect!of!dismissal!of!complaint! on!certain!grounds! f.!When!grounds!pleaded!as! affirmative!defenses! g.!Bar!by!dismissal! h.!Distinguished!from!demurrer! to!evidence!under!Rule!33! ! H.!Dismissal!of!Actions! 1.!Dismissal!upon!notice!by!plaintiff;!Two> dismissal!rule! 2.!Dismissal!upon!motion!by!plaintiff;! effect!on!existing!counterclaim! 3.!Dismissal!due!to!the!fault!of!plaintiff! 4.!Dismissal!of!counterclaim,!cross>claim!or! third>party!complaint! ! I.!Pre>trial! 1.!Concept!of!pre>trial! 2.!Nature!and!purpose! 3.!Notice!of!pre>trial! 4.!Appearance!of!parties;!effect!of!failure!to! appear! 5.!Pre>trial!brief;!effect!of!failure!to!appear! 6.!Distinction!between!pre>trial!in!civil!case! and!pre>trial!in!criminal!case! 7.!Alternative!Dispute!Resolution!(ADR)! ! J.!Intervention! 1.!Requisites!for!intervention! 2.!Time!to!intervene! 3.!Remedy!for!the!denial!of!motion!to! intervene! ! K.!Subpoena! 1.!Subpoena!duces!tecum! 2.!Subpoena!ad!testificandum! 3.!Service!of!subpoena! 4.!Compelling!attendance!of!witnesses;! Contempt! 5.!Quashing!of!subpoena! ! L.!Modes!of!Discovery! 1.!Depositions!pending!action;!Depositions! before!action!or!pending!appeal! a.!Meaning!of!deposition! b.!Uses;!Scope!of!examination! c.!When!may!objections!to! admissibility!be!made! d.!When!may!taking!of!deposition! be!terminated!or!its!scope!limited! 2.!Written!interrogatories!to!adverse! parties! a.!Consequences!of!refusal!to! answer!
b.!Effect!of!failure!to!serve!written! interrogatories! 3.!Request!for!Admission! a.!Implied!admission!by!adverse! party! b.!Consequences!of!failure!to! answer!request!for!admission! c.!Effect!of!admission! d.!Effect!of!failure!to!file!and! serve!request!for!admission! 4.!Production!or!inspection!of!documents! or!things! 5.!Physical!and!mental!examination!of! persons! 6.!Consequences!of!refusal!to!comply!with! modes!of!discovery! ! M.!Trial! 1.!Adjournments!and!postponements! 2.!requisites!of!motion!to!postpone!trial! a.!for!absence!of!evidence! b.!for!illness!of!party!or!counsel! 3.!Agreed!statement!of!facts! 4.!Order!of!trial;!reversal!of!order! 5.!Consolidation!or!Severance!of!hearing!or! trial! 6.!Delegation!of!reception!of!evidence! 7.!Trial!by!commissioners! a.!Reference!by!consent!or! ordered!on!motion! b.!Powers!of!the!commissioner! c.!Commissioner’s!report;!notice! to!parties!and!hearing!on!the! report! ! N.!Demurrer!to!Evidence! 1.!Ground! 2.!Effect!of!denial! 3.!Effect!of!grant! 4.!Waiver!of!right!to!present!evidence! 5.!Demurrer!to!evidence!in!a!civil!case! versus!demurrer!to!evidence!in!a!criminal! case! ! O.!Judgments!and!Final!Orders! 1.!Judgment!without!trial! 2.!Contents!of!a!judgment! 3.!Judgment!on!the!pleadings! 4.!Summary!judgments! a.!for!the!claimant! b.!for!the!defendant! c.!when!the!case!not!fully! adjudicated! d.!affidavits!and!attachments! 5.!Judgment!on!the!pleadings!versus! summary!judgments! 6.!Rendition!of!judgments!and!final!orders! 7.!Entry!of!judgment!and!final!order! ! P.!Post!Judgment!Remedies! ! 1.!Motion!for!New!Trial!or!reconsideration! a.!Grounds! b.!When!to!file! c.!Denial!of!the!motion;!effect! d.!Grant!of!the!motion;!effect! e.!Remedy!when!motion!is! denied,!Fresh!15>day!period!rule! ! 2.!Appeals!in!General! a.!Judgments!and!final!orders! subject!to!appeal! b.!Matters!not!appealable! c.!Remedy!against!judgments!and! orders!which!are!not!appealable! d.!Modes!of!appeal! (1)!Ordinary!appeal! (2)!Petition!for!review! (3)!Petition!for!review!on! certiorari! e.!Issues!to!be!raised!on!appeal! f.!Period!of!appeal! g.!Perfection!of!appeal! h.!Appeal!from!judgments!or!final! orders!of!the!MTC! i.!Appeal!from!judgments!or!final! orders!of!the!RTC! j.!Appeal!from!judgments!or!final! orders!of!the!CA! k.!Appeal!from!judgments!or!final! orders!of!the!CTA! l.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!the!COA! m.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!the!COMELEC! n.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!the!CSC! o.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!the!Ombudsman! p.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!the!NLRC! q.!Review!of!final!judgments!or! final!orders!of!quasi>judicial! agencies! ! 3.!Relief!from!judgments,!orders!and!other! proceedings! a.!Grounds!for!availing!of!the! remedy! b.!Time!to!file!petition! c.!Contents!of!petition! !
4.!Annulment!of!Judgments!or!final!orders! and!resolutions! a.!Grounds!for!annulment! b.!Period!to!file!action! c.!Effects!of!judgment!of! annulment! ! 5.!Collateral!attack!of!judgments! ! Q.!Execution,!Satisfaction!and!Effect!of!Judgments! 1.!Difference!between!finality!of!judgment! for!purposes!of!appeal;!for!purposes!of! execution! 2.!When!execution!shall!issue! a.!Execution!as!a!matter!of!right! b.!Discretionary!execution! 3.!How!a!judgment!is!executed! a.!Execution!by!motion!or!by! independent!action! b.!Issuance!and!contents!of!a!writ! of!execution! c.!Execution!of!judgments!for! money! d.!Execution!of!judgments!for! specific!acts! e.!Execution!of!special!judgments! f.!Effect!of!levy!on!third!persons! 4.!Properties!exempt!from!execution! 5.!Proceedings!where!property!is!claimed! by!third!persons! a.!in!relation!to!third!party!claim! in!attachment!and!replevin! 6.!Rules!on!Redemption! 7.!Examination!of!Judgment!Obligor!When! Judgment!is!unsatisfied! 8.!Examination!of!Obligor!of!Judgment! Obligor! 9.!Effect!of!Judgment!or!Final!Orders! 10.!Enforcement!and!Effect!of!Foreign! Judgments!or!Final!Orders! ! R.!Provisional!Remedies! 1.!Nature!of!provisional!remedies! 2.!Jurisdiction!over!provisional!remedies! ! 3.!Preliminary!Attachment! a.!Grounds!for!issuance!of!writ!of! attachment! b.!Requisites! c.!Issuance!and!contents!of!order! of!attachment;!affidavit!and!bond! d.!Rule!on!prior!or! contemporaneous!service!of! summons! e.!Manner!of!attaching!real!and! personal!property;!when!property! attached!is!claimed!by!third! person! f.!Discharge!of!attachment!and!the! counter>bond! g.!Satisfaction!of!judgment!out!of! property!attached! ! 4.!Preliminary!Injunction! a.!Definitions!and!Differences:! Preliminary!Injunction!and! Temporary!Restraining!Order! b.!Requisites! c.!Kinds!of!Injunction! d.!When!writ!may!be!issued! e.!Grounds!for!issuance!of! preliminary!injunction! f.!Grounds!for!objection!to,!or!for! the!dissolution!of!injunction!or! restraining!order! g.!Duration!of!TRO! h.!In!relation!to!RA!8975,!Ban!on! issuance!of!TRO!or!Writ!of! Injunction!in!cases!involving! government!infrastructure! projects! i.!Rule!on!prior!or! contemporaneous!service!of! summons!in!relation!to! attachment! ! 5.!Receivership! a.!Cases!when!receiver!may!be! appointed! b.!Requisites! c.!Requirements!before!issuance! of!an!Order! d.!General!powers!of!a!receiver! e.!Two!(2)!kinds!of!bonds! f.!Termination!of!receivership! ! 6.!Replevin! a.!When!may!writ!be!issued! b.!Requisites! c.!Affidavit!and!bond;!Redelivery! Bond! d.!Sheriff’s!duty!in!the! implementation!of!the!writ;!when! property!is!claimed!by!third!party! ! S.!Special!Civil!Actions! 1.!Nature!of!special!civil!actions! 2.!Ordinary!civil!actions!versus!special!civil! actions! 3.!Jurisdiction!and!venue! ! 4.!Interpleader!
a.!Requisites!for!interpleader! b.!When!to!file! ! 5.!Declaratory!Reliefs!and!Similar! Remedies! a.!Who!may!file!the!action! b.!Requisites!of!action!for! declaratory!relief! c.!When!court!may!refuse!to!make! judicial!declaration! d.!Conversion!to!ordinary!action! e.!Proceedings!considered!as! similar!remedies! A.!Reformation!of!an! instrument! B.!Consolidation!of! ownership! C.!Quieting!of!title!to! real!property! ! 6.!Review!of!Judgments!and!Final!Orders! or!Resolution!of!the!COMELEC!and!COA! a.!Application!of!Rule!65!under! Rule!64! b.!Distinction!in!the!application!of! Rule!65!to!judgments!of!the! COMELEC!and!COA!and!the! application!of!Rule!65!to!other! tribunals,!persons!and!officers! ! 7.!Certiorari,!Prohibition!and!Mandamus! a.!Definitions!and!distinctions! b.!Requisites! c.!When!petition!for!certiorari,! prohibition!and!mandamus!is! proper! d.!Injunctive!relief! e.!Certiorari!distinguished!from! Appeal!by!Certiorari;!Prohibition! and!Mandamus!distinguished! from!Injunction;!when!and!where! to!file!petition! f.!Exceptions!to!filing!of!motion! for!reconsideration!before!filing! petition! g.!Reliefs!petitioner!is!entitled!to! h.!Actions/Omissions!of! MTC/RTC!in!election!cases! i.!Where!to!file!petition! j.!Effects!of!filing!of!an! unmeritorious!petition! ! 8.!Quo!Warranto! a.!Distinguish!from!Quo! Warranto!in!the!Omnibus!Election! Code! b.!When!government!commence! an!action!against!individuals! c.!When!individual!may! commence!an!action! d.!Judgment!in!Quo!Warranto! action! e.!Rights!of!a!person!adjudged! entitled!to!public!office! ! 9.!Expropriation! a.!Matters!to!allege!in!complaint! for!expropriation! b.!Two!stages!in!every!action!for! expropriation! c.!When!plaintiff!can!immediately! enter!into!possession!of!the!real! property,!in!relation!to!RA!8974! d.!New!system!of!immediate! payment!of!initial!just! compensation! e.!Defenses!and!objections! f.!Order!of!Expropriation! g.!Ascertainment!of!just! compensation! h.!Appointment!of! Commissioners;!Commissioner’s! report;!Court!action!upon! commissioner’s!report! i.!Rights!of!plaintiff!upon! judgment!and!payment! j.!Effect!of!recording!of!judgment! ! 10.!Foreclosure!of!Real!Estate!Mortgage! a.!Judgment!on!foreclosure!for! payment!or!sale! b.!Sale!of!mortgaged!property;! effect! c.!Disposition!of!proceeds!of!sale! d.!Deficiency!judgment! (1)!Instances!when!court! cannot!render!deficiency! judgment! e.!Judicial!foreclosure!versus! extrajudicial!foreclosure! f.!Equity!of!redemption!versus! right!of!redemption! ! 11.!Partition! a.!Who!may!file!complaint;!who! should!be!made!defendants! b.!Matters!to!allege!in!the! complaint!for!partition! c.!Two!(2)!stages!in!every!action! for!partition! d.!Order!of!partition!and!partition! by!agreement!
e.!Partition!by!commissioners;! Appointment!of!commissioners,! Commissioner’s!report;!Court! action!upon!commissioner’s! report! f.!Judgment!and!its!effects! g.!Partition!of!personal!property! h.!Prescription!of!action! ! 12.!Forcible!Entry!and!Unlawful!Detainer! a.!Definitions!and!Distinction! b.!Distinguished!from!accion! publiciana!and!accion! reinvindicatoria! c.!How!to!determine!jurisdiction! in!accion!publiciana!and!accion! reinvindicatoria! d.!Who!may!institute!the!action! and!when;!against!whom!the! action!may!be!maintained! e.!Pleadings!allowed! f.!Action!on!the!complaint! g.!When!demand!is!necessary! h.!Preliminary!injunction!and! preliminary!mandatory!injunction! i.!Resolving!defense!of!ownership! j.!How!to!stay!the!immediate! execution!of!judgment! k.!Summary!procedure,! prohibited!pleadings! ! 13.!Contempt! a.!Kinds!of!contempt! b.!Purpose!and!nature!of!each! c.!Remedy!against!direct! contempt;!penalty! d.!Remedy!against!indirect! contempt;!penalty! e.!How!contempt!proceedings!are! commenced! f.!Acts!deemed!punishable!as! indirect!contempt! g.!When!imprisonment!shall!be! imposed! h.!Contempt!against!quasi>judicial! bodies! ! IV.$Special$Proceedings$ ! A.!Settlement!of!Estate!of!Deceased!Persons,!Venue! and!Process! 1.!Which!court!has!jurisdiction! 2.!Venue!in!judicial!settlement!of!estate! 3.!Extent!of!jurisdiction!of!Probate!Court! 4.!Powers!and!Duties!of!Probate!Court! ! B.!Summary!Settlement!of!Estates! 1.!Extrajudicial!settlement!by!agreement! between!heirs,!hen!allowed! 2.!Two>year!prescriptive!period! 3.!Affidavit!of!Self>adjudication!by!sole! heir! 4.!Summary!settlement!of!estates!of!small! value,!when!allowed! 5.!Remedies!of!aggrieved!parties!after! extra>judicial!settlement!of!estate! ! C.!Production!and!Probate!of!Will! 1.!Nature!of!probate!proceeding! 2.!Who!may!petition!for!probate;!persons! entitled!to!notice! ! D.!Allowance!or!Disallowance!of!Will! 1.!Contents!of!petition!for!allowance!of!will! 2.!Grounds!for!disallowing!a!will! 3.!Reprobate;!Requisites!before!will!proved! outside!allowed!in!the!Philippines;!effects! of!probate! ! E.!Letters!Testamentary!and!of!Administration! 1.!When!and!To!whom!letters!of! administration!granted! 2.!Order!of!preference! 3.!Opposition!to!issuance!of!letters! testamentary;!simultaneous!filing!of! petition!for!administration! 4.!Powers!and!duties!of!Executors!and! Administrators;!restrictions!on!the!powers! 5.!Appointment!of!Special!Administrator! 6.!Grounds!for!removal!of!administrator! ! F.!Claims!Against!the!Estate! 1.!Time!within!which!claims!shall!be!filed;! exceptions! 2.!Statute!of!Non>claims! 3.!Claim!of!Executor!or!administrator! against!the!Estate! 4.!Payment!of!Debts! ! G.!Actions!by!and!against!Executors!and! Administrators! 1.!Actions!that!may!be!brought!against! executors!and!administrators! 2.!Requisites!before!creditor!may!bring!an! action!for!recovery!of!property! fraudulently!conveyed!by!the!deceased! ! H.!Distribution!and!Partition! 1.!Liquidation! 2.!Project!of!Partition! 3.!Remedy!of!an!heir!entitled!to!residue!but! not!given!his!share!
4.!Instances!when!probate!court!may!issue! writ!of!execution! ! I.!Trustees! 1.!Distinguished!from! executor/administrator! 2.!Conditions!of!the!Bond! 3.!Requisites!for!the!removal!and! resignation!of!a!trustee! 4.!Grounds!for!removal!and!resignation!of! a!trustee! 5.!Extent!of!authority!of!trustee! ! J.!Escheat! 1.!When!to!file! 2.!Requisites!for!filing!of!petition! 3.!Remedy!of!respondent!against!petition;! period!for!filing!a!claim! ! K.!Guardianship! 1.!General!powers!and!duties!of!guardians! 2.!Conditions!of!the!bond!of!the!guardian! 3.!Rule!on!Guardianship!over!minor! ! L.!Adoption! 1.!Distinguish!domestic!adoption!from! inter>country!adoption! 2.!Domestic!Adoption!Act! a.!effects!of!adoption! b.!instances!when!adoption!may! be!rescinded! c.!effects!of!rescission!of!adoption! 3.!Inter>country!Adoption! a.!when!allowed! b.!functions!of!the!RTC! c.!fbest!interest!of!the!minorf! standard! ! M.!Writ!of!Habeas!Corpus! 1.!Contents!of!the!petition! 2.!Contents!of!the!Return! 3.!Distinguish!peremptory!writ!from! preliminary!citation! 4.!When!not!proper/applicable! 5.!When!writ!disallowed/discharged! 6.!Distinguish!from!writ!of!Amparo!and! Habeas!Data! 7.!Rules!on!Custody!of!Minors!and!Writ!of! Habeas!Corpus!in!Relation!to!Custody!of! Minors!(AM!No.!03>04>04>SC)! ! N.!Writ!of!Amparo!(AM!No.!07>9>12>SC)! 1.!Coverage! 2.!Distinguish!from!habeas!corpus!and! habeas!data! 3.!Differences!between!Amparo!and!search! warrant! 4.!Who!may!file! 5.!Contents!of!return! 6.!Effects!of!failure!to!file!return! 7.!Omnibus!waiver!rule! 8.!Procedure!for!hearing! 9.!Institution!of!separate!action! 10.!Effect!of!filing!of!a!criminal!action! 11.!Consolidation! 12.!Interim!reliefs!available!to!petitioner! and!respondent! 13.!Quantum!of!proof!in!application!for! issuance!of!writ!of!Amparo! ! O.!Writ!of!Habeas!Data!(AM!No.!08>1>16>SC)! 1.!Scope!of!writ! 2.!Availability!of!writ! 3.!Distinguish!from!Habeas!Corpus!and! Amparo! 4.!Who!may!file! 5.!Contents!of!the!petition! 6.!Contents!of!return! 7.!Instances!when!petition!be!heard!in! chambers! 8.!Consolidation! 9.!Effect!of!filing!of!a!criminal!action! 10.!Institution!of!separate!action! 11.!Quantum!of!proof!in!application!for! issuance!of!writ!of!Amparo! ! P.!Change!of!Name! 1.!Differences!under!Rule!103,!RA!9048!and! Rule!108! 2.!Grounds!for!change!of!name! ! Q.!Absentees! 1.!Purpose!of!the!Rule! 2.!Who!may!file;!when!to!file! ! R.!Cancellation!or!Correction!of!Entries!in!the!Civil! Registry! 1.!Entries!subject!to!cancellation!or! correction!under!Rule!108,!in!relation!to!RA!9048! ! S.!Appeals!in!Special!Proceeding! 1.!Judgments!and!orders!for!which!appeal! may!be!taken! 2.!When!to!appeal! 3.!Modes!of!appeal! 4.!Rule!on!Advance!Distribution! ! ! V.$Criminal$Procedure$ ! A.!General!Matters!
1.!Distinguish!Jurisdiction!over!subject! matter!from!jurisdiction!over!person!of!the! accused! 2.!Requisites!for!exercise!of!criminal! jurisdiction! 3.!Jurisdiction!of!Criminal!courts! 4.!When!injunction!may!be!issued!to! restrain!criminal!prosecution! ! B.!Prosecution!of!Offenses! 1.!Criminal!actions,!how!instituted! 2.!Who!may!file!them,!crimes!that!cannot! be!prosecuted!de!officio! 3.!Criminal!actions,!when!enjoined! 4.!Control!of!prosecution! 5.!Sufficiency!of!Complaint!or!Information! 6.!Designation!of!Offense! 7.!Cause!of!the!Accusation! 8.!Duplicity!of!the!Offense;!Exception! 9.!Amendment!or!Substitution!of! complaint!or!information! 10.!Venue!of!criminal!actions! 11.!Intervention!of!offended!party! ! C.!Prosecution!of!Civil!Action! 1.!Rule!on!implied!institution!of!civil!action! with!criminal!action! 2.!When!civil!action!may!proceed! independently! 3.!When!separate!civil!action!is!suspended! 4.!Effect!of!the!death!of!accused!or!convict! on!civil!action! 5.!Prejudicial!Question! 6.!Rule!on!Filing!Fees!in!civil!action! deemed!instituted!with!the!criminal!action! ! D.!Preliminary!Investigation! 1.!Nature!of!right! 2.!Purposes!of!preliminary!investigation! 3.!Who!may!conduct!determination!of! existence!of!probable!cause! 4.!Resolution!of!investigation!prosecutor! 5.!Review! 6.!When!warrant!of!arrest!may!issue! 7.!Cases!not!requiring!a!preliminary! investigation! 8.!Remedies!of!accused!if!there!was!no! preliminary!investigation! 9.!Inquest! ! E.!Arrest! 1.!Arrest,!how!made! 2.!Arrest!without!warrant,!when!lawful! 3.!Method!of!arrest! a.!by!officer!with!warrant! b.!by!officer!without!warrant! c.!by!private!person! 4.!Requisites!of!a!valid!warrant!of!arrest! 5.!Determination!of!Probable!Cause!for! issuance!of!warrant!of!arrest! 6.!Distinguish!probable!cause!of!fiscal!from! that!of!a!judge! ! F.!Bail! 1.!Nature! 2.!When!a!matter!of!right;!exceptions! 3.!When!a!matter!of!discretion! 4.!Hearing!of!application!for!bail!in!capital! offenses! 5.!Guidelines!in!fixing!amount!of!bail! 6.!Bail!when!not!required! 7.!Increase!or!Reduction!of!Bail! 8.!Forfeiture!and!Cancellation!of!bail! 9.!Application!not!a!bar!to!objections!in! illegal!arrest,!lack!of!or!irregular! preliminary!investigation! 10.!Hold!Departure!Order!&!Bureau!of! Immigration!Watchlist! ! G.!Rights!of!the!Accused! 1.!Rights!of!accused!at!the!trial! 2.!Rights!of!persons!under!Custodial! Investigation! ! H.!Arraignment!and!Plea! 1.!Arraignment!and!Plea,!how!made! 2.!When!should!plea!of!NOT!GUILTY!be! entered! 3.!When!may!accused!enter!a!plea!of!guilty! to!a!lesser!offense! 4.!Accused!plead!guilty!to!capital!offense,! what!the!court!should!do! 5.!Searching!Inquiry! 6.!Improvident!plea! 7.!Grounds!for!suspension!of!arraignment! ! I.!Motion!to!Quash! 1.!Grounds! 2.!Distinguish!from!demurrer!to!evidence! 3.!Effects!of!sustaining!the!motion!to!quash! 4.!Exception!to!the!rule!that!sustaining!the! motion!is!not!a!bar!to!another!prosecution! 5.!Double!Jeopardy! 6.!Provisional!Dismissal! ! J.!Pre>trial! 1.!Matters!to!be!considered!during!pre>trial! 2.!What!the!court!should!do!when! prosecution!and!offended!party!agree!to! the!plea!offered!by!the!accused! 3.!Pre>trial!agreement! 4.!Non>appearance!during!pre>trial!
5.!Pre>trial!order! 6.!Referral!of!some!cases!for!Court! Annexed!Mediation!and!Judicial!Dispute! Resolution! ! K.!Trial! 1.!Instances!when!presence!of!accused!is! required!by!law! 2.!Requisite!before!trial!can!be!suspended! on!account!of!absence!of!witness! 3.!Trial!in!Absentia! 4.!Remedy!when!accused!is!not!brought!to! trial!within!the!prescribed!period! 5.!Requisites!for!discharge!of!accused!to! become!a!state!witness! 6.!Effects!of!Discharge!of!accused!as!state! witness! 7.!Demurrer!to!Evidence! ! L.!Judgment! 1.!Requisites!of!a!judgment! 2.!Contents!of!Judgment! 3.!Promulgation!of!judgment;!instances!of! promulgation!of!judgment!in!absentia! 4.!When!does!judgment!become!final!(four! instances)! ! M.!New!Trial!or!Reconsideration! 1.!Grounds!for!New!Trial! 2.!Grounds!for!Reconsideration! 3.!Requisites!before!a!new!trial!may!be! granted!on!ground!of!newly!discovered! evidence! 4.!Effects!of!granting!a!new!trial!or! reconsideration! 5.!Application!of!Neypes!Doctrine!in! Criminal!Cases! ! N.!Appeal! 1.!Effect!of!an!Appeal! 2.!Where!to!appeal! 3.!How!appeal!taken! 4.!Effect!of!appeal!by!any!of!several! accused! 5.!Grounds!for!dismissal!of!appeal! ! O.!Search!and!Seizure! 1.!Nature!of!search!warrant! 2.!Distinguish!from!warrant!of!arrest! 3.!Application!for!search!warrant,!where! filed! 4.!Probable!Cause! 5.!Personal!examination!by!judge!of!the! applicant!and!witnesses! 6.!Particularity!of!place!to!be!searched!and! things!to!be!seized! 7.!Personal!property!to!be!seized! 8.!Exceptions!to!search!warrant! requirement! a.!Search!incidental!to!lawful! arrest! b.!Consented!Search! c.!Search!of!moving!vehicle! d.!Check!points;!body!checks!in! airport! e.!Plain!view!situation! f.!Stop!and!Frisk!situation! g.!Enforcement!of!Custom!Laws! 9.!Remedies!from!unlawful!search!and! seizure! ! P.!Provisional!Remedies! 1.!Nature! 2.!Kinds!of!provisional!remedies! ! VI.$Evidence$ ! A.!General!Principles! 1.!Concept!of!Evidence! 2.!Scope!of!the!Rules!of!Evidence! 3.!Evidence!in!Civil!Cases!Versus!Evidence! in!Criminal!Cases1avvphi1! 4.!Proof!Versus!Evidence! 5.!Factum!Probans!Versus!Factum! Probandum! 6.!Admissibility!of!Evidence! a.!Requisites!for!admissibility!of! evidence! b.!Relevance!of!evidence!and! collateral!matters! c.!Multiple!admissibility! d.!Conditional!admissibility! e.!Curative!admissibility! f.!Direct!and!circumstantial! evidence! g.!Positive!and!negative!evidence! h.!Competent!and!credible! evidence! 7.!Burden!of!Proof!and!Burden!of!Evidence! 8.!Presumptions! a.!Conclusive!presumptions! b.!Disputable!presumptions! 9.!Liberal!Construction!of!the!Rules!of! Evidence! 10.!Quantum!of!Evidence!(Weight!And! Sufficiency!of!Evidence)! a.!Proof!beyond!reasonable!doubt! b.!Preponderance!of!evidence! c.!Substantial!evidence! d.!Clear!and!convincing!evidence! ! B.!Judicial!Notice!and!Judicial!Admissions!
1.!What!Need!Not!be!Proved! 2.!Matters!of!Judicial!Notice! a.!Mandatory! b.!Discretionary! 3.!Judicial!Admissions! a.!Effect!of!judicial!admissions! b.!How!judicial!admissions!may! be!contradicted! 4.!Judicial!Notice!of!Foreign!Laws,!Law!of! Nations!and!Municipal!Ordinance! ! C.!Object!(Real)!Evidence! 1.!Nature!of!Object!Evidence! 2.!Requisites!for!Admissibility! 3.!Categories!of!Object!Evidence! 4.!Demonstrative!Evidence! 5.!View!of!an!Object!or!Scene! 6.!Chain!of!Custody!in!Relation!to!Section! 21!of!the!Comprehensive!Dangerous!Drugs! Act!of!2002! 7.!Rule!on!DNA!Evidence!(A.M.!No.!06>11> 5>SC)! a.!Meaning!of!DNA! b.!Applicable!for!DNA!testing! order! c.!Post>conviction!DNA!testing;! remedy! d.!Assessment!of!probative!value! of!DNA!evidence!and! admissibility! e.!Rules!on!evaluation!of! reliability!of!the!DNA!testing! Methodology! ! D.!Documentary!Evidence! 1.!Meaning!of!Documentary!Evidence! 2.!Requisites!for!Admissibility! 3.!Best!Evidence!Rule! a.!Meaning!of!the!rule! b.!When!applicable! c.!Meaning!of!original! d.!Requisites!for!introduction!of! secondary!evidence! 4.!Rules!on!Electronic!Evidence!(A.M.!No.! 01>7>01>SC)! a.!Meaning!of!electronic!evidence;! electronic!data!massage! b.!Probative!value!of!electronic! documents!or!evidentiary!weight;! method!of!proof! c.!Authentication!of!electronic! documents!and!electronic! signatures! d.!Electronic!documents!and!the! hearsay!rule! e.!Audio,!photographic,!video! and!ephemeral!evidence! 5.!Parol!Evidence!Rule! a.!Application!of!the!parol! evidence!rule! b.!When!parole!evidence!can!be! introduced! c.!Distinctions!between!the!best! evidence!rule!and!parol!evidence! rule! 6.!Authentication!and!Proof!of!Documents! a.!Meaning!of!authentication! b.!Public!and!private!documents! c.!When!a!private!writing!requires! authentication;!proof!of!a!private! writing! d.!When!evidence!of!authenticity! of!a!private!writing!is!not! required!(ancient!documents)! e.!How!to!prove!genuineness!of!a! handwriting! f.!Public!documents!as!evidence;! proof!of!official!record! g.!Attestation!of!a!copy! h.!Public!record!of!a!public! document! i.!Proof!of!lack!of!record! j.!How!a!judicial!record!is! impeached! k.!Proof!of!notarial!documents! l.!How!to!explain!alterations!in!a! document! m.!Documentary!evidence!in!an! unofficial!language! ! E.!Testimonial!Evidence! 1.!Qualifications!of!a!Witness! 2.!Competency!Versus!Credibility!of!a! Witness! 3.!Disqualifications!of!Witnesses! a.!Disqualification!by!reason!of! mental!capacity!or!immaturity! b.!Disqualification!by!reason!of! marriage! c.!Disqualification!by!reason!of! death!or!insanity!of!adverse!party! d.!Disqualification!by!reason!of! privileged!communications! (1)!Husband!and!wife! (2)!Attorney!and!client! (3)!Physician!and!patient! (3)!and!penitent! (4)!Public!officers! !Parental!and!filial!privilege!rule! 4.!Examination!of!a!Witness!
a.!Rights!and!obligations!of!a! witness! b.!Order!in!the!examination!of!an! individual!witness! (1)!Direct!examination! (2)!Cross!examination! (3)!Re>direct!examination! (4)!Re>cross!examination! (5)!Recalling!the!witness! c.!Leading!and!misleading! questions! d.!Methods!of!impeachment!of! adverse!party’s!witness! e.!How!the!witness!is!impeached! by!evidence!of!inconsistent! statements!(laying!the!predicate)! f.!Evidence!of!the!good!character! of!a!witness! 5.!Admissions!and!Confessions! a.!Res!inter!alios!acta!rule! b.!Admission!by!a!party! c.!Admission!by!a!third!party! d.!Admission!by!a!co>partner!or! agent! e.!Admission!by!a!conspirator! f.!Admission!by!privies! g.!Admission!by!silence! h.!Confessions! i.!Similar!acts!as!evidence! 6.!Hearsay!Rule! a.!Meaning!of!hearsay! b.!Reason!for!exclusion!of!hearsay! evidence! c.!Exceptions!to!the!hearsay!rule! (1)!Dying!declaration! (2)!Declaration!against! interest! (3)!Act!or!declaration! about!pedigree! (4)!Family!reputation!or! tradition!regarding! pedigree! (5)!Common!reputation! (6)!Part!of!the!res!gestae! (7)!Entries!in!the!course! of!business! (8)!Entries!in!official! records! (9)!Commercial!lists!and! the!like! (10)!Learned!treaties! (11)!Testimony!or! deposition!at!a!former! trial1avvphi1! 7.!Opinion!Rule! a.!Opinion!of!expert!witness! b.!Opinion!of!ordinary!witness! 8.!Character!Evidence! a.!Criminal!cases! b.!Civil!cases! 9.!Rule!on!Examination!of!a!Child!Witness! (A.M.!No.!004>07>SC)! a.!Applicability!of!the!rule! b.!Meaning!of!fchild!witnessf! c.!Competency!of!a!child!witness! d.!Examination!of!a!child!witness! e.!Live>link!TV!testimony!of!a! child!witness! f.!Videotaped!deposition!of!a! child!witness! g.!Hearsay!exception!in!child! abuse!cases! h.!Sexual!abuse!shield!rule! i.!Protective!orders! ! F.!Offer!and!Objection! 1.!Offer!of!Evidence! 2.!When!to!Make!an!Offer! 3.!Objection! 4.!Repetition!of!an!Objection! 5.!Ruling! 6.!Striking!Out!of!an!Answer! 7.!Tender!of!Excluded!Evidence! ! G.!Supreme!Court!Rulings!as!of!December!2010! ! VII.$Revised$Rules$on$Summary$Procedure$ A.!Cases!covered!by!the!Rule! B.!Effect!of!failure!to!answer! C.!Preliminary!conference!and!appearances!of! parties! $ VIII.$Katarungang$Pambarangay$ A.!Cases!covered! B.!Subject!matter!for!amicable!settlement! C.!Venue! D.!When!parties!may!directly!go!to!court! E.!Execution! F.!Repudiation! ! IX.$Rule$of$Procedure$for$Small$Claims$Cases$(AM$No.$08Y 8Y7YSC)$ A.!Scope!and!applicability!of!the!Rule! B.!Commencement!of!small!claims!action;!Response! C.!Prohibited!pleadings!and!motions! D.!Appearances! E.!Hearing;!duty!of!the!judge! F.!Finality!of!judgment! ! X.$Rules$of$Procedure$for$Environmental$Cases$(AM$No.$09Y 6Y8YSC)$ A.!Scope!and!Applicability!of!the!Rule!
! B.!Civil!Procedure! 1.!Prohibition!against!Temporary! Restraining!Order!and!Preliminary! Injunction! 2.!Pre>trial!Conference;!Consent!Decree! 3.!Prohibited!Pleadings!and!Motions! 4.!Temporary!Environmental!Protection! Order!(TEPO)! 5.!Judgment!and!Execution;!Reliefs!in!a! citizen’s!suit! 6.!Permanent!Environmental!Protection! Order;!Writ!of!continuing!mandamus! 7.!Strategic!Lawsuit!against!Public! Participation! ! C.!Special!Proceedings! 1.!Writ!of!Kalikasan! 2.!Prohibited!pleadings!and!motions! 3.!Discovery!measures! 4.!Writ!of!Continuing!Mandamus! ! D.!Criminal!Procedure! 1.!Who!may!file! 2.!Institution!of!criminal!and!civil!action! 3.!Arrest!without!warrant,!when!valid! 4.!Procedure!in!the!custody!and! disposition!of!seized!items! 5.!Bail! 6.!Arraignment!and!Plea! 7.!Pre>trial! 8.!Subsidiary!liabilities! ! E.!Evidence! 1.!Precautionary!principle! 2.!Documentary!evidence! !
IMPORTANT! NOTE:! This! bar! coverage! description! is! not! intended!and!should!not!be!used!by!law!schools!as!a!syllabus! or!course!outline!in!the!covered!subjects.!It!has!been!drawn! up! for! the! limited! purpose! of! ensuring! that! candidates! reviewing!for!the!bar!examinations!are!guided!on!what!basic! and! minimum! amounts! of! laws,! doctrines,! and! principles! they! need! to! know! and! be! able! to! use! correctly! before! they! can!be!licensed!to!practice!law.!More!is!required!for!excellent! and!distinguished!work!as!members!of!the!Bar.!
CIVIL PROCEDURE
Rules 1 – 71GENERAL PRINCIPLES
CONCEPT OF REMEDIAL LAW
Remedial Law is that branch of law which prescribes the method of enforcing rights or obtaining redress for their invasion.
SUBSTANTIVE LAW AS DISTINGUISHED FROM REMEDIAL LAW
Substantive law creates, defines and regulates rights and duties regarding life, liberty or property which when violated gives rise to a cause of action.
Remedial law prescribes the methods of enforcing those rights and obligations created by substantive law by providing a procedural system for obtaining redress for the invasion of rights and violations of duties and by prescribing rules as to how suits are filed, tried and decided by the courts.
As applied to criminal law, substantive law is that which declares what acts are crimes and prescribes the punishment for committing them, as distinguished from remedial law which provides or regulates the steps by which one who commits a crime is to be punished.
RULE-MAKING POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT
Section 5 (5), Art. VIII of the Constitution provides that the Supreme Court shall have the power to:
a. promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts;
b. admission to the practice of law; c. the Integrated Bar;
d. and legal assistance to the underprivileged
LIMITATIONS OF THE RULE-MAKING POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT
1) The rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases
2) They shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade
3) They shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
4) The power to admit attorneys to the Bar is not an arbitrary and despotic one but is the duty of the court to exercise and regulate it by a sound and judicial discretion.
! Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT TO AMEND AND SUSPEND PROCEDURAL RULES When compelling reasons so warrant or when the purpose of justice requires it = discretionary upon courts. Reasons that would warrant the suspension:
1) the existence of special or compelling circumstances;
2) merits of the case;
3) cause not entirely attributable to the fault or negligence of the party favored by the suspension of rules
4) a lack of showing that the review sought is merely frivolous and dilatory;
5) the other party will not be unjustly prejudiced thereby.
" Where substantial and important issues await resolution.
" When transcendental matters of life, liberty or state security are involved.
" The constitutional power of the Supreme Court to promulgate rules of practice and procedure necessarily carries with it the power to overturn judicial precedents on points of remedial law through the amendment of the Rules of Court.
NATURE OF PHILIPPINE COURTS
Philippine courts are both courts of law and equity. Hence, both legal and equitable jurisdiction is dispensed with in the same tribunal.
WHAT IS A COURT
a. It is an organ of government belonging to the judicial department the function of which is the application of the laws to the controversies brought before it as well as the public administration of justice.
b. It is a governmental body officially assembled under authority of law at the appropriate time and place for the administration of justice through which the State enforces its sovereign rights and powers.
c. It is a board or tribunal which decides a litigation or contest.
COURT DISTINGUISHED FROM JUDGE a) A court is a tribunal officially assembled under
authority of law; a judge is simply an officer of such tribunal;
b) A court is an organ of the government with a personality separate and distinct from the person or judge who sits on it;
c) A court is a being in imagination comparable to a corporation, whereas a judge is a physical person; d) A court may be considered an office; a judge is a
public officer; and
e) The circumstances of the court are not affected by the circumstances that would affect the judge.
CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE COURTS Regular courts engaged in the administration of justice are organized into four (4) levels:
(a) First Level (MTCs, MeTCs, MCTCs) – which try and decide
(1) Criminal actions involving:
a. violations of city or municipal ordinances committed within their respective territorial jurisdiction; and
b. offenses punishable with imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years irrespective of the amount of fine and regardless of other imposable accessory or other penalties, and (2) Civil actions including EJECTMENT CASES (FEUD) and recovery of personal property with a value of not more than P300,000 outside MM or does not exceed P400,000 in MM;
(b) Second Level (RTCs, Family Courts) " courts of general jurisdiction
# among the civil actions assigned to them by law are those in which the subject of litigation is
a. actions incapable of pecuniary estimation
b. actions involving title to or possession of real property where the assessed value of the property exceeds P20,000 outside MM or exceeds P50,000 in MM.
c. where the demand exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses, and cost, or the value of the personal property or controversy exceeds P300,000 outside MM or exceeds P400,000 in MM.
" exercise appellate jurisdiction
" Review cases appealed from courts of the first level.
(c) Third Level (Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan) CA is an appellate court
a. reviewing cases appealed to it from the RTC on questions of fact or mixed questions of fact and law
b. decisions of the RTC in the exercise of original jurisdiction
i. as a matter of right ii. as a matter of discretion.
Occasionally, CA may act as a trial court, as in actions praying for the annulment of final and executory judgments of RTCs on the ground of extrinsic fraud subsequently discovered, against which no other remedies lies.
Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction
" over all criminal and civil cases involving • graft and corrupt practices act • such other offenses committed by
public officers and employees including those in GOCCs in relation to their office.
" It also has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions, or orders of RTCs whether in the exercise of their own original or appellate jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases committed by public officers or employees including those in GOCCs in relation to their office.
COURTS OF ORIGINAL AND APPELLATE JURISDICTION
A court is one with original jurisdiction when actions or proceedings are originally filed with it. A court is one with appellate jurisdiction when it has the power of review over the decisions or orders of a lower court. MeTCs, MCTCs and MTCs are courts of original jurisdiction without appellate jurisdiction. RTC is likewise a court of original jurisdiction with respect to cases originally filed with it; and appellate court with respect to cases decided by MTCs within its territorial jurisdiction. (Sec. 22, BP 129).
CA is primarily a court of appellate jurisdiction with competence to review judgments of the RTCs and specified quasi-judicial agencies (Sec. 9[3], BP 129). It is also a court of original jurisdiction with respect to cases filed before it involving issuance of writs of certiorari, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and prohibition. CA is a court of original and exclusive jurisdiction over actions for annulment of judgments of RTCs (Sec. 9 [1],[2], BP 129).
The SC is fundamentally a court of appellate jurisdiction but it may also be a court of original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and in cases involving petitions for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus (Sec. 5[1], Art. VIII, Constitution). The Supreme Court en banc is not an appellate court to which decisions or resolutions of a division of the Supreme Court may be appealed.
COURTS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL JURISDICTION
Courts of general jurisdiction are those with competence to decide on their own jurisdiction and to take cognizance of all cases, civil and criminal, of a particular nature. Courts of special (limited) jurisdiction are those which have only a special jurisdiction for a particular purpose or are clothed with special powers for the performance of specified duties beyond which they have no authority of any kind.
A court may also be considered general if it has the competence to exercise jurisdiction over cases not falling within the jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions. It is in the context that the RTC is considered a court of general jurisdiction.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY COURTS A constitutional court is one created by a direct Constitutional provision. Example of this court is the SC,
which owes its creation from the Constitution itself. Only the SC is a Constitutional court.
A statutory court is one created by law other than the Constitution. All courts except the SC are statutory courts. SB was not directly created by the Constitution but by law pursuant to a constitutional mandate.
COURTS OF LAW
A court of law decides a case according to the existing laws.
COURTS OF EQUITY
A court of equity adjudicates a controversy according to the common precepts of what is right and just without inquiring into the terms of the statutes.
PRINCIPLE OF JUDICIAL HIERARCHY This is an ordained sequence of recourse to courts vested with concurrent jurisdiction, beginning from the lowest, on to the next highest and ultimately to the highest. This hierarchy is determinative of the venue of appeals, and is likewise determinative of the proper forum for petitions for extraordinary writs. This is an established policy necessary to avoid inordinate demands upon the Court’s time and attention which are better devoted to those matters within its exclusive jurisdiction, and to preclude the further clogging of the Court’s docket (Sec. 9[1], BP
129; Sec. 5[1], Art. VIII, Constitution of the Philippines).
A higher court will not entertain direct resort to it unless the redress cannot be obtained in the appropriate courts. The SC is a court of last resort. It cannot and should not be burdened with the task of deciding cases in the first instances. Its jurisdiction to issue extraordinary writs should be exercised only where absolutely necessary or where serious and important reasons exist.
The doctrine of hierarchy of courts may be disregarded if warranted by the nature and importance of the issues raised in the interest of speedy justice and to avoid future litigations, or in cases of national interest and of serious implications. Under the principle of liberal interpretations, for example, it may take cognizance of a petition for certiorari directly filed before it.
DOCTRINE OF NON-INTERFERENCE OR DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL STABILITY Courts of equal and coordinate jurisdiction cannot interfere with each other’s orders. Thus, the RTC has no power to nullify or enjoin the enforcement of a writ of possession issued by another RTC. The principle also bars a court from reviewing or interfering with the judgment of a co-equal court over which it has no appellate jurisdiction or power of review.
This doctrine applies with equal force to administrative bodies. When the law provides for an appeal from the decision of an administrative body to the SC or CA, it means that such body is co-equal with the RTC and logically beyond the control of the latter.
JURISDICTION
Jurisdiction – the power and authority of the court to hear, try and decide a case.
JURISDICTION OVER THE PARTIES a) The manner by which the court acquires jurisdiction
over the parties depends on whether the party is the plaintiff or the defendant
b) Jurisdiction over the plaintiff is acquired by his filing of the complaint or petition. By doing so, he submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court.
c) Jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is obtained either by a valid service of summons upon him or by his voluntary submission to the court’s authority.
d) The mode of acquisition of jurisdiction over the plaintiff and the defendant applies to both ordinary and special civil actions like mandamus or unlawful detainer cases.
HOW JURISDICTION OVER PLAINTIFF IS ACQUIRED
" Acquired when the action is commenced by the filing of the complaint. This presupposes payment of the docket fees.
HOW JURISDICTION OVER DEFENDANT IS ACQUIRED
Jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is required only in an action in personam; it is not a prerequisite in an action in rem and quasi in rem. In an action in personam, jurisdiction over the person is necessary for the court to validly try and decide the case, while in a proceeding in rem or quasi in rem, jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is not a prerequisite to confer jurisdiction on the court, provided the latter has jurisdiction over the res.
By voluntary appearance of the defendant, without service of summons or despite a defective service of summons. The defendant’s voluntary appearance in the action shall be equivalent to service of summons.
Instances when appearance of defendant is not tantamount to voluntary submission to the jurisdiction of the court:
1) when defendant files the necessary pleading;
2) when defendant files motion for reconsideration of the judgment by default;
3) when defendant files a petition to set aside the judgment of default;
4) when the parties jointly submit a compromise agreement for approval of the court;
5) when defendant files an answer to the contempt charge;
6) when defendant files a petition for certiorari without questioning the court’s jurisdiction over his person.
JURISDICTION OVER THE SUBJECT MATTER It is the power to deal with the general subject involved in the action, and means not simply jurisdiction of the particular case then occupying the attention of the court but jurisdiction of the class of cases to which the particular case belongs. It is the power or authority to hear and determine cases to which the proceeding is question belongs.
When a complaint is filed in court, the basic questions that ipso facto are to be immediately resolved by the court on its own:
a) What is the subject matter of their complaint filed before the court?
b) Does the court have jurisdiction over the said subject matter of the complaint before it? Answering these questions inevitably requires looking into the applicable laws conferring jurisdiction.
JURISDICTION VERSUS EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION
Jurisdiction is the power or authority of the court. The exercise of this power or authority is the exercise of jurisdiction.
ERROR OF JURISDICTION VS. ERROR OF JUDGMENT
An ERROR OF JURISDICTION is one where the act complained of was issued by the court without or in excess of jurisdiction. It occurs when the court exercises a jurisdiction not conferred upon it by law, or when the court or tribunal although with jurisdiction, acts in excess of its jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or jurisdiction.
An ERROR OF JUDGMENT is one which the court may commit in the exercise of its jurisdiction. As long as the court acts within its jurisdiction, any alleged errors committed in the exercise of its discretion will amount to nothing more than mere errors of judgment. Errors of judgment include errors of procedure or mistakes in the court‘s findings.
Errors of judgment are correctible by appeal; errors of jurisdiction are correctible only by the extraordinary writ of certiorari. Any judgment rendered without jurisdiction is a total nullity and may be struck down at any time, even on appeal; the only exception is when the party raising the issue is barred by estoppel.
HOW JURISDICTION IS CONFERRED AND DETERMINED
Jurisdiction is a matter of substantive law because it is conferred by law. This jurisdiction which is a matter of substantive law should be construed to refer only to jurisdiction over the subject matter. Jurisdiction over the parties, the issues and the res are matters of procedure. The test of jurisdiction is whether the court has the power to enter into the inquiry and not whether the decision is right or wrong.
It is the duty of the court to consider the question of jurisdiction before it looks at other matters involved in the case. If the court finds that it has jurisdiction, it is the duty of the court to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by law and to render a decision in a case properly submitted to it. It cannot decline to exercise its jurisdiction. Failure to do so may be enforced by way of mandamus proceeding.
" Note: Jurisdiction over the subject matter is
conferred by substantive law which may either be a
Constitution or statute; while jurisdiction over the subject matter is determined by the allegations
of the complaint regardless of whether or not the
plaintiff is entitled to the claims asserted therein. DOCTRINE OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION Courts will not resolve a controversy involving a question which is within the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal, especially where the question demands the exercise of sound administrative discretion requiring the special knowledge, experience and services of the administrative tribunal to determine technical and intricate matters of fact.
The objective is to guide a court in determining whether it should refrain from exercising its jurisdiction until after an administrative agency has determined some question or some aspect of some question arising in the proceeding before the court.
DOCTRINE OF ADHERENCE OF JURISDICTION / CONTINUITY OF JURISDICTION
Once a court has acquired jurisdiction, that jurisdiction continues until the court has done all that it can do in the exercise of that jurisdiction. This principle also means that once jurisdiction has attached, it cannot be ousted by
subsequent happenings or events and retains that jurisdiction until it finally disposes of the case.
Even the finality of the judgment does not totally deprive the court of jurisdiction over the case. What the court loses is the power to amend, modify or alter the judgment. Even after the judgment has become final, the court retains jurisdiction to enforce and execute it.
OBJECTION TO JURISDICTION OVER THE SUBJECT MATTER
When it appears from the pleadings or evidence on record that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the same. (Sec. 1, Rule 9). The court may on its OWN INITIATIVE object to an erroneous jurisdiction and may ex mero motu take cognizance of lack of jurisdiction at any point in the case and has a clearly recognized right to determine its own jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction over the subject matter may be raised at any stage of the proceedings, even for the first time on appeal. When the court dismisses the complaint for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, it is common reason that the court cannot remand the case to another court with the proper jurisdiction. Its only power is to dismiss and not to make any other order.
EFFECT OF ESTOPPEL ON OBJECTION TO JURISDICTION
The active participation of a party in a case is tantamount to recognition of that court’s jurisdiction and will bar a party from impugning the court’s jurisdiction. The general rule remains: a court’s lack of jurisdiction may be raised at any stage of the proceedings even on appeal. The Sibonghanoy applies only to exceptional circumstances.
Doctrine of estoppels by laches (in relation to objections to
jurisdiction) = the SC barred a belated objection to
jurisdiction that was raised only after an adverse decision was rendered by the court against the party raising the issue of jurisdiction and after seeking affirmative relief from the court and after participating in all stages of the proceedings.
The SC frowns upon the undesirable practice of submitting one’s case for decision, and then accepting the judgment only if favorable, but attacking it for lack of jurisdiction if it is not.
JURISDICTION OVER THE ISSUES
It is the power of the court to try and decide issues raised in the pleadings of the parties.
An issue is a disputed point or question to which parties to an action have narrowed down their several allegations and upon which they are desirous of obtaining a decision. Where there is no disputed point, there is no issue. Generally, jurisdiction over the issues is conferred and determined by the pleadings of the parties. The pleadings present the issues to be tried and determine whether or not the issues are of fact or law.
a) may also be determined and conferred by stipulation of the parties as when in the pre-trial, the parties enter into stipulations of facts and documents or enter into agreement simplifying the issues of the case.
b) may also be conferred by waiver or failure to object to the presentation of evidence on a matter not raised in the pleadings. Here the parties try with their express or implied consent or issues not raised by the pleadings. The issues tried shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings.
JURISDICTION OVER THE RES OR PROPERTY IN LITIGATION
Jurisdiction over the res refers to the court’s jurisdiction over the thing or the property which is the subject of the action.
Jurisdiction over the res may be acquired by the court 1) by placing the property or thing under its custody
(custodia legis) (the seizure of the thing under legal process whereby it is brought into actual custody of law). Example: attachment of property.
2) through statutory authority conferring upon it the power to deal with the property or thing within the court’s territorial jurisdiction (institution of a legal proceeding wherein the power of the court over the thing is recognized and made effective). Example: suits involving the status of the parties or suits involving the property in the Philippines of non-resident defendants.
JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT CRIMINAL CASES
EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION Petitions for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus against CA and Sandiganbayan
CONCURRENT JURISDICTION
a) With the CA and RTC: petitions for
certiorari, prohibition and mandamus against
the MTC
b) With the CA: petitions for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus against the RTC
c) with Sandiganbayan: petitions for mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, injunction and ancillary writs in aid of its appellate jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, including quo warranto arising or that may arise in cases filed or which may be filed.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
a) from the RTC in all criminal cases involving offenses for which the penalty is reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and those involving other offenses which, although not so punished, arose out of the same occurrence or which may have been committed by the accused on the same occasion;
b) Automatic review where death penalty is imposed.
c) By petition for review on Certiorari from the CA, Sandiganbayan and from the RTC where only error or question of law is involved
" Note: In PP vs. Mateo (2004), the SC held that while the Fundamental Law requires a mandatory review by the SC of cases where the penalty imposed is
reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment or death,
nowhere however, has it proscribed an intermediate review. If only to ensure utmost circumspection before the penalty of reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment or death is imposed, the Court now deems it wise and compelling to provide in these cases a review by the CA before the case is elevated to the SC. A prior determination by the CA on, particularly, the factual issues, would minimize the possibility of an error of judgment. If the CA should affirm the penalty of reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment or death, it could then render judgment imposing the corresponding penalty as the circumstances so warrant, refrain from entering judgment and elevate the entire records of the case to the SC for final disposition.
CIVIL CASES
EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION in petitions for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus against the CA, COMELEC, COA, CTA, Sandiganbayan
CONCURRENT JURISDICTION
1) With Court of Appeals in petitions for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus against the RTC, CSC,
Quasi-judicial agencies, and writ of kalikasan, all subject to the doctrine of hierarchy of courts.
2) With the CA and RTC in petitions for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus against lower courts and
bodies and in petitions for quo warranto, and writs of
habeas corpus, all subject to the doctrine of hierarchy
of courts.
3) With CA, RTC and Sandiganbayan for petitions for
writs of amparo and habeas data
4) Concurrent original jurisdiction with the RTC in cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers and consuls. APPELLATE JURISDICTION
1) by way of petition for review on certiorari (appeal by certiorari under Rule 45) against CA, Sandiganbayan, RTC on pure questions of law and CTA in its decisions rendered en banc.
2) in cases involving the constitutionality or validity of a law or treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation, legality of a tax, impost, assessment, toll or penalty, jurisdiction of a lower court; and
3) all cases in which the jurisdiction of any court is in issue;
4) all cases in which an error or question of law is involved
Exceptions in which factual issues may be resolved by the Supreme Court:
a) When the findings are grounded entirely on speculation, surmises or conjectures;
b) When the inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd or impossible;
c) When there is grave abuse of discretion;
d) When the judgment is based on misapprehension of facts;
e) When the findings of facts are conflicting; f) When in making its findings the CA went
beyond the issues of the case, or its findings are contrary to the admissions of both the appellant and the appellee;
g) When the findings are contrary to the trial court; h) When the findings are conclusions without
citation of specific evidence on which they are based;
i) When the facts set forth in the petition as well as in the petitioner‘s main and reply briefs are not disputed by the respondent;
j) When the findings of fact are premised on the supposed absence of evidence and contradicted by the evidence on record; and
k) When the Court of Appeals manifestly overlooked certain relevant facts not disputed by the parties, which, if properly considered, could justify a different conclusion.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS (69 Justices)
CRIMINAL CASES EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
a) Actions for annulment of judgment of the RTCs b) Crimes of Terrorism under Human Security Act
of 2007
CONCURRENT ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
a) With the SC: petitions for certiorari, prohibition and
mandamus against the RTC
b) With the SC and RTC: petitions for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus against the MTC
APPELLATE JURISDICTION " Notice of Appeal:
a) From the RTC in the exercise of its original jurisdiction, except those appealable to the Sandiganbayan
b) From the RTC where penalty imposed is
reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment or
where a lesser penalty is imposed but for offenses committed on the same occasion or which arose out of the same occurrence that gave rise to the more serious offense for which the penalty of death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment is imposed (Sec. 3, Rule 122 as amended by AM No.
00-5-03-SC).
" Automatic Review (i.e. no notice of appeal is necessary) from the RTC in cases wherein the death penalty is imposed.
" Petition for Review from the RTC in cases appealed thereto from the lower courts and not appealable to the Sandiganbayan.
CIVIL CASES
EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
" in actions for the annulment of the judgments of the RTC.
CONCURRENT ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
1) With SC to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus against the RTC, CSC, CBAA, other quasi-judicial agencies mentioned in Rule 43, and the NLRC (however, this should be filed first with the CA as per St. Martin Funeral Home case), and writ of kalikasan.
2) With the SC and RTC to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus (CPM) against lower courts and bodies and writs of quo warranto,
habeas corpus, whether or not in aid of its appellate jurisdiction, and writ of continuing mandamus on environmental cases.
3) With SC, RTC and Sandiganbayan for petitions for writs of amparo and habeas data where the action involves public data or government office EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION
1) by way of ordinary appeal from the RTC and the Family Courts.
2) by way of petition for review from the RTC rendered by the RTC in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction.
3) by way of petition for review from the decisions, resolutions, orders or awards of the CSC, CBAA and other bodies mentioned in Rule 43 and of the Office of the Ombudsman in administrative disciplinary cases.
4) over decisions of MTCs in cadastral or land registration cases pursuant to its delegated jurisdiction; this is because decisions of MTCs in these cases are appealable in the same manner as decisions of RTCs.
" Note: There is no action to annul the decision of
the CA.
JURISDICTION OF THE COURT OF TAX APPEALS (UNDER RA 9282 AND RULE 5, AM 05
11 07CTA)
EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL OR APPELLATE
JURISDICTION TO REVIEW BY APPEAL
1) Decisions of CIR in cases involving disputed assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the NIRC or other laws administered by BIR;
2) Inaction by CIR in cases involving disputed assessments, refunds of IR taxes, fees or other charges, penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the NIRC or other laws administered by BIR, where the NIRC or other applicable law provides a specific period of action, in which case the inaction shall be deemed an implied denial;
3) Decisions, orders or resolutions of the RTCs in local taxes originally decided or resolved by them in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction; 4) Decisions of the Commissioner of Customs
a. in cases involving liability for customs duties, fees or other charges, seizure, detention or release of property affected, fines, forfeitures or other penalties in relation thereto, or
b. other matters arising under the Customs law or other laws, part of laws or special laws administered by BOC;
5) Decisions of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over cases involving the assessment and taxation of real property originally decided by the provincial or city board of assessment appeals;
6) Decision of the secretary of Finance on customs cases elevated to him automatically for review from decisions of the Commissioner of Customs which are adverse to the government under Sec. 2315 of the Tariff and Customs Code;
7) Decisions of Secretary of Trade and Industry in the case of non-agricultural product, commodity or article, and the Secretary of Agriculture in the case of agricultural product, commodity or article, involving dumping duties and counterveiling duties under Secs. 301 and 302, respectively, of the Tariff and Customs Code, and safeguard measures under RA 8800, where either party may appeal the decision to impose or not to impose said duties.
EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
1) Over all criminal cases arising from violation of the NIRC and the TCC and other laws, part of laws, or special laws administered by the BIR or the BOC where the principal amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties claimed is less than P1M or where there is no specified amount claimed (the offenses or penalties shall be tried by the regular courts and the jurisdiction of the CTA shall be appellate);
2) In tax collection cases involving final and executory assessments for taxes, fees, charges and penalties where the principal amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties claimed is less than P1M tried by the proper MTC, MeTC and RTC. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION 1) In criminal offenses
a) over appeals from the judgment, resolutions or orders of the RTC in tax cases originally decided by them, in their respective territorial jurisdiction, and
b) over petitions for review of the judgments, resolutions or orders of the RTC in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax cases originally decided by the MeTCs, MTCs, and MCTCs in their respective jurisdiction.
2) In tax collection cases
a) over appeals from the judgments, resolutions or orders of the RTC in tax collection cases originally decided by them in their respective territorial jurisdiction; and
b) over petitions for review of the judgments, resolutions or orders of the RTC in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax collection