Grammar And Beyond 3B..pdf

CAMBI{IDGE

MAR

Laurie

BlaS~

Susan lannuzzl

Alice Savage

with Randi Reppen

B

U N I T

_{Indirect Questions; Indirect Imperative}

_s

_,

Requests, and Advice

244

Creative Problem Solving

1

Grammar in the Real World

A

W

hen you have to solve a problem, what strategies do you use

? Read the article about

br

ainstorming. Would you prefe

r traditional brainstorming or "brainwriting"?

Brainstorming as a Problem-Solving Tool

There is more than one way to solve a

problem. One method many people use is. brainstorming. Brainstorming is an activity designed to produce a number of ideas in a , short time. Alex Osborn invented the word in

1939. In his book Unlocking Your Creative

Power, Osborn said that the word brainstorm means using the brain to solve a problem creatively. Although he

said that groups should

111

brainstorm

in a particular way, variations on his

technique have also become popular.

Osborn's original brainstorming method had four rules. First, he

told participants

not to judge

other people's ideas. Second, he welcomed all ideas, even wild ideas. Osborn said that crazy ideas could get people thinking along new lines and could

L, lead to effective solutions. Therefore, he

asked participants to shout out

even unusual

ideas. Third, Osborn

asked group members to produce

a large number of ideas. He thought that the group would find a few really good ideas if many different ones were available. Finally, Osborn

asked the brainstorming group if they could improve

the ideas that had been suggested .

. ~() One alternative to brainstorming is brainwriting. Brainwriting is a silent version of brainstorming. With brainwriting, participants write down their ideas instead of shouting them out. In his book Thinkertoys, creativity expert Michael Michalko suggests that brainwriting may be more productive than traditional brainstorming. This is because people often think of additional ideas as they write. He also asserts

~~ that this method is better for quieter individuals because they do not have to express their ideas out loud.

Brainstorming and brainwriting are flexible methods. Anyone can use them because they do not require a lot of training or expensive materials. These processes are al! effective tools for creative problem solving in professional, academic, and

:10 personal situations.

B

Comprehension Check

Answer the questions.

1.

What are the four rules ofbrainstorming?

2. Why does Michalko believe that brainwriting may be more productive than

brainstorming?

3

.

According to the writer, who can use brainstorming?

e

Notice

Find the sentences in the

article

and complete them.

1.

First

,

he told p

a

rticipants

_ _

_ _ _ _ _

_

other people's ideas.

2

.

Ther

e

fore

,

he

as

ked participant

s

e

ve

n unusual id

ea

s.

What

a

r

e

the forms ofth

e

missing v

e

rbs?

2

11ndirect

Questions

~

Grammar Presentation

Indirect questions tell what other people have asked. There are two kinds of indirect questions: Yes/No questions and information questions.

2.1 Forming Indirect Questions

a. Use asked in the reporting clause and ifto introduce an indirect Yes/No question.

Use asked in the reporting clause and the same wh-word to introduce an indirect information question.

He asked, "Are your jobs satisfying?" He asked if our jobs were satisfying. The director asked, "Which technique do you prefer?"

The director asked

us

which technique

we

preferred.

"Will we start attending brainstorming sessions?" Miaasked.

Mia asked

if

we

will /would start attending brainstorming sessions.

"When will the training begin?" our manager asked. Our manager asked when the training will /would begin.

Creative Problem Solving 245

U N I T

Subject Relative Clauses

(Adjective Clauses with

Subject Relative Pronouns)

282

Alternative Energy Sources

1

Grammar in the Real

World

_ _ _ _ _ _

_

A

What are sorne alternative sources of energy (other than oil or coal)? Read the article

about one type of alternative energy. Is "people power" an efficient energy sourc

e?

Why or why not?

' -

Exercísíng for Electrícíty

Much of the world's energy comes

from sources like oil and coal, which cannot be replaced when used up.

Renewable sources - water, wind, and

,) the sun - are better for the environment. However, these alternative sources of energy have not always been sufficiently explored for political and economic reasons. People who care

lO about the environment are looking

for more alternative sources that might appeal to people who make decisions about these things. One source that is becoming popular uses energy

J:í that is generated by humans,

sometimes called "people power." With people power, people create electricity through exercise. People exercise in green gyms, which

20 contain special treadmills. These

machines convert human energy into electricity that helps run the lights and air-conditioning. People

power also helps prevent air pollution.

2" Someone who exercises for one

hour can feel good about the fact

that he or she is helping prevent carbon dioxide from going into the airo Professional athletes, whose exercise routines can last for several hours, :\0

could help power a house!

Exercise is not the only way people can make energy. One company has created surfaces which are powered by humans. People dance or walk on t,

special dance floors and sidewalks. This movement generates electricity,

which can light up the dance floor or power street lamps. Body heat

is used for power, too. One system in ~o

Sweden gathers the body heat from

commuters in a train station. This heat, which is sent to a nearby building, cuts the energy bill by 25 percent. 45 People power is not perfect, though.

Large gyms need a lot of energy to runo People power, which only generates a part of the total electricity needed, does not lower the gym's electric bill 50 mucho Also, the use of this technology

is moving slowly. Business leaders, who must focus on making a profit, do not always want to be the first to create new products. They are afraid to spend

money on technology which might not 55 be successful. However, people who support green energy are confident that this technology will catch on in the near future.

People power is not a major 60

energy source yet, but it could be soon. Meanwhile, this "green energy" encourages people to exercise, and it makes people more aware of

the environment. It is one kind of 65 technology that helps people and the planet at the same time.

B

Comprehension Check

Answer the questions.

1.

What are sorne ways that people can make energy?

2. How can "people power

"

help the environment?

3.

What are sorne problems with people power?

e

Notice

Find the s

e

ntences in the article and complete them. Then draw an

a

rrow

f

rom each missing word to the word that it refers too

1.

Professional

athletes,

_{---- -- -----}

exercise

routines

can last for

several hours,

could

help power

a house!

2. This

heat,

_________

__

____

is sent to

a nearby building, cuts

the

energy bill by

25 percent.

3. However,

people

support

green energy are confident that this

technology will catch on in the near

future.

Look

at

the words

in bold

that

follow

the

words you wrote. What

parts

of speech are

the words

in bold?

2

1

1dentifying Subject Relative Clauses

~

Grammar Presentation

Relative clauses modify - define, describe,

identify, or give more information about -nouns. In a subject relative clause, the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. An

identifying relative clause gives essential information about the noun it modifies.

SUBJECT

I go to a gym. The gym crea tes its own electricity.

RELATIVE PRONOUN

I go to a gym

that crea tes its own electricity.

Alternatlve Energy Sources 283

U N I T

_{Relative Clauses}

308

with

Where

and

When;

Reduced Relative Clauses

Millennials

1

1

Grammar in the Real World

-

-A

Do you know

anyone born in the

1980s

or

1990s?

Sorne studies

suggest

that individuals

born during these

years have similar

traits.

such as high self-

confidence.

Read the

article

a

b

out Millennials.

a

terrn for

t

hese

individuals. How

might these

people be

different

frorn other.

older people

in the workplace?

Millennials in the Workforce

Millennials, also known as Generation

v,

are people born in the 19805 and 19905. There are over 70 million of them in the United States alone, where they are now the fastest

í growing group in the workplace. It is hard to

generalize about such a large group, but these young workers often share certain positive and negative traits.

This group has high opinions and expectations 111 of themselves. Bruce Tulgan, a Generation V

expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised. They were raised at a time

when parents and teachers believed in a lot of praising and rewarding. For example, 1.-, everyone playing a game was often given a

trophy, not just members of the winning team.

In the workplace, this self-confidence shows up in several ways. Millennials expect a lot of positive feedback. For example, if they do something well, they want to be praised for it. They also want their opinions to be heard and valued.

~II In fact, they often speak out when they disagree with a boss's decision. Some employers call them challenging and demanding.

U N I T

_{Real Conditionals:}

Present and Future

~---

---322

Media in the United States

1

Grammar in the Real

World

_ _ _ _ _

_

A

Do aH the news sources you read (websites, magazines, newspapers, etc.) have similar

viewpoints about current topies and

issues?

Read the article about the

news media in

the

United

States. What

is

the

writer's

view ofthe media?

... = =

The Influence of Media

IJP"

on Public Opinion

The media' provide news from a wide range of sources with a variety ofviewpoints. So me sources provide a more balanced look at the issues than others. These more balanced news sources offer a deeper

'í understanding of the issues without the influence of

the views of political parties. This unbiased2 _view

of the news may appear to align3 _{with the values of}

Amerícans, but is it, in fact, what Americans really want? Some political analysts claim that many Americans tend

lO to read, watch, and listen to the news media that reflect

President Proposes

Solution to

Economic Troubles

Presidential

Policies Cause

Economic Troubles

their own views. If people surround themselves with media that reflect only their beliefs, they may not be exposed to opposing ideas. The media, in this case, are not informing people, but reinforcing that their view of the world is right.

One example of this occurs during an economic crisis. If people watch certain TV news

1'1 stations, they will hear mostly positive things about the president's solutions.lf they support

the president's policies, they may also choose to read online news pages with a similar view.

These websites likely explain how the crisis was caused by politicians from the opposing party.

If those people read only these websites, they might be convinced that the crisis was the

fault of the opposing party. They might conclude that the president was doing a wonderful

~II jobo On the other hand, if people mostly disagree with the president's policies, they often

'media: newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, considered as a group 12unbiased: not influenced by personal opinion 13align: agree with and support something or someone

I

Real Conditionals: Present and Future

choose to watch news shows that criticize the president. They might also visit websites and read blogs that do not support the president's policies. When they rely only on these news sources, they come to a different conclusion. They are convinced that the president is failing.

If predictions of increased Internet use are correct, people willlikely become even more

:15 isolated in their beliefs. This is because links in blogs and web pages will connect people with

information that supports only their views. How might this affect politics in the future? If we don't address this issue today, could the isolation of beliefs beco me problematic in our political future?

B

Comprehension Check

Answer the questions.

1.

How do sorne political

analysts

describe the behavior of Americans toward media?

2. What is an example of how media sources reinforce someone's political views?

3. Why might people become even more isolated in their beliefs in the future?

e

Notice

Read the sentences from the article. Which sentence describes a present

situation? Which sentence describes a future situation?

1.

On the other hand, if people mostly disagree with the president's policies, they often

choose to watch news shows that criticize the president.

2. If predictions of increased Internet use are correct, people willlikely become even

more isolated in their beliefs.

2

1

Present Real Conditionals

~

Grammar Presentation

Present real conditionals describe

situations that are possible now and their results. They describe general truths, facts, and ha bits.

If people share beliefs,

they often get along better

.

I

usually believe something

when I read it in a good newspaper.

2.1 Forming Present Real Conditionals

a. Use an

ir

clause to describe a possible situation. The

ir

clause is the condition. The main clause describes the result. It expresses what happens when the condition exists. Use the simple present in the if clause and in the main clause.

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAl N CLAUSE (RESULT)

If llike a reporter, I

read her articles

.

If I have time in the morning, I

read the newspaper

.

Media in the United States 323

U N! T

Connecting Information with

Prepositions and Transitions

Technology in Entertainment

378

1

Grammar in the Real World

A

How

are

video games today different from the games of 5 or 10 years ago? Read the web

article about a kind of animation technology that is being used in games today. How

has it changed the look ofvideo games?

Computer animation was first introduced in the

late 19705; however, today's animation is much

more realistic than it was then. While the first animated video game characters moved in only two

:1 directions, today's animated game he roes can jump,

kick, and spin. The use of sensors1 _{to record these}

movements is called motion capture, or

"mocap."

Because of the realism that mocap gives its animated figures, a common use for mocap is in

10 video games. Video game creators use real people to

help create their characters. With sports video games, for example, famous athletes are

used instead of actors. Consequently, the games can feature each athlete's unique

moves. How does it work? First, the athlete puts on a tight suit that has special markers2

all over it. Next, he or she performs a sequence of actions. Video cameras record these

j[) movements using the markers. Finally, digital information is collected from the markers

and the video. This information is used to create the movements of the video character. Another common use of mocap is in movies. Avatar, an epic fantasy adventure movie, used mocap to create its human-like characters. It also featured a computer-generated

3D world. Despite Avatar's success, not all movie studios want to use mocap. Besides

"0 being very expensive, mocap cannot copy every motion. As a result, studios must add other forms of animation.

'sensor: a device that discovers and reacts to changes in such things as movement, heat, and light

I

'marker: a small, reflective dot that is taped to a figure

Connecting Information with Prepositions and Transitions

In addition to these uses, motion capture technology is used in medicine. For instance, doctors have patients in mocap suits walk on treadmills. The mocap inforrnation helps doctors diagnose problems such as weak bones. Furthermore,

2;) mocap can be used in training for jobs such as firefighting. New firefighters can

use mocap games to practice moving through virtuaP house fires. Instead of taking risks in a real setting, they can practice in a virtual reality.

Despite the expense, mocap technology is becoming more popular in many different areas. Due to its success so far, who knows what it will be used

:w for next?

'virtual: created by a computer

B

Comprehension Check

Answer the questions.

1.

What is "mocap"?

2

.

In what are as is mocap used?

3. Why isn

'

t mocap us

e

d more often in movies and video games?

e

Notice

Match the words in bold with their meaning ..

1.

Because of the realism that mocap gives its

animated figures. a common use for mocap is in

video games.

_ _

2

.

Furtherm

o

re. mocap can be used in training for

jobs su eh as firefighting

.

_ _

3. Despite the expense, mocap technology is becoming

more popular in many different areas. _ _

a

.

in

t

rodu

ces a

dditi

o

n

a

l in

fo

r

ma

ti

o

n

b.

i

ntrodu

ces a rea

son

c.

introduc

es co

ntrastin

g i

n

for

mation

2

1

Connecting Information with

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

~

Grammar Presentation

Sorne prepositions and prepositional phrases can connect information to an independent clause. Like subordinators, these prepositions can be used to add information, give reasons, show contrasts, present alternatives, or give exceptions.

Video games look realistic today

beca use

of improvements in computer animation.

Despite

the popularity of animation, most

people prefer to watch Iive-action movies.

Technology in Entertainrnent 379 Blass, L. (2012). Grammar And Beyond 3B. Estados Unidos de america: Cambridge University.