SRS-Hotel-Management-System.pdf

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Software Requirement Specification Document

Software Engineering

Semester Project

NS AHMAD FAROOQ

PC AAFREEN NAWAZ GONDAL NS NOOR UL AIN SHUJA NS NIDA IBRAHIM DE 32 CE Syndicate B 1/21/2013

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C

HAPTERS

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION FOR HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM



Introduction to HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM



Proposed System & Overall Description



Functional and Non-Functional Requirements



Use Cases for Hotel Management



Coding Standards



Quality Management



Risk Management



Change Control Process



Project Management Plan



Work Breakdown Structure



Cost Management Plan

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO HOTEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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Since the start of human history, Traveling has a vital importance. No one owns some relatives or property in every corner. But work often leads one to far away locations. Hotels are of prime importance in these and other cases. Hotels constitute of Restaurants, Guest Houses and Resorts. Usually a hotel consists of rooms and Halls to be rented and restaurants on eat-away terms for customers. Big Hotels constitute hundreds of halls, thousands of rooms and dozens of restaurants inside them. Big hotels involve hundreds of employs who serve different posts. Hotels involve waiters, laundry, chefs, hosts, managers and managers of managers on one hand to CEOs on the other. The management of such a heavy staff and to assign everybody his job is very tough.

Management of such a big structure is not a piece of cake. However Software like other fields, serves here as well to ease mankind. Hotel Management Systems provide an easy and effective way to execute the tasks of Hotel Management.

All the hotels around the world use different efficient software to help them in their managerial tasks. All big Hotel chains in PAKISTAN also rely on management Software. Management

software allows one to have a better connection with his customers as well as presents a better access to people around the world to explore them. On the other hand it also enables one to have a better management and a better control over the employs.

Introduction:

Every big organization relies on some management scheme. Without proper management nothing in this world can go on. To do the managerial tasks properly and effectively one needs highly efficient tools. These tools not only helps one to do his/her work properly but also

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reduces the chances of error. Because human can forget things, Software cannot. So every organization relies on different database software to perform their respective tasks. In Hotels there are a number of activities going on in a single time. Hundreds of halls,

Thousands of rooms are all being used of evacuated at a time. To manage such a large system we need some efficient tool. Hotel management system helps us in this regard. It not only provides the management facility to the organization but also provides the customers and other people to get exact information about the hotel (with the consent of hotel).

These systems enable people around the world to make reservations for rooms, hall etc. The management system helps one to check the menus in different restaurants of the hotel and check prices and other information about the hotel. Hotels on the other hand are able to keep record of their each item sold in the restaurant, any room reserved and an accurate guess of the revenue which should be gathered and what is gathered. This helps the owners a lot to keep a check and balance of such a huge system which on the other hand is not possible. The Accounts are managed easily i.e. the salaries of workers and the revenue generated by the customers can be easily managed. Moreover the most important task, “CUSTOMER

SATISFACTION” is truly achieved. As the management provides an efficient access and everything is available to the customer on a single click through the web (for web based systems).

Our Hotel Management System also provides satisfactory functionality to all of its users.

Scope:

The scope of our project is to make a management system relevant to Hotels. This management system will serve the need of different people. Anonymous people around the world can get information about the hotel through PEOPLE dedicated section. They are also allowed to book a room for them using e-reservations. The customers on the other hand can book Table, Hall or room and get their bills paid by front desk.

The admin management on the other hand has different sections. Human Resource Department deals in vacancies, Employ relevant problems and security plans. They can set orders and the HR head can access the reports using a single click on his monitor. The Restaurant manager on the other hand manages his menu, waiter’s duty and check relevant reservations record on his seat. Similarly Room Division has their maintenance. The Accounts department checks all reservations and other data and maintains the billing section enabling a better and more reliable revenue generating mechanism. While every manager or head of a department has access to their relevant information, the CEO of the Hotel or other major share holders have access to all the databases to check every entry and position of every person as he

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desires. He can look through all the details and Revenue guess and actual revenue generated using the software.

Thus a single system serves the need of all the users from general public to the employs of the hotel.

Purpose:

The main purpose of the system as described above is better management. This system provides an easy access to the management issues and one can easily get where the relevant person could be found. The world has changed to databases to keep record of everything. The basic need here is to record the data about reservations of room/table/hall and to calculate the relevant revenue and save its data as well.

Definition:

HMS- Hotel Management System as described previously is meant to perform the management tasks of a Hotel including the HR, Reservations (basically DATABASE) and customer relevant issues.

SRS- Software Requirement Specification: This is a document which describes completely the system of software. It may include the use cases as well. It includes functional and non-functional requirements, Quality and risk management etc.

Intended Audience:

The intended audience of this system is a variety of people who in different aspects will interact with the system. A list of proposed audience is maintained below:

 General Public

 Customers

 Restaurant Managers

 Room Block Department (Managers)

 Human Resources (Managers)

 Security Department

 Employ/Job Center

 Accounts Department

 Front Desk (Staff)

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Everyone listed above will have different restricted access to the data. For example, the

customers are allowed to reserve ROOM, HALL or TABLE but they are not allowed to check who is staying where or who else is residing in the hotel. Admin (For room block) on the other hand is allowed to check all the data about room reservations. Room Block admin on the other hand is not allowed to view the reservation database of the restaurant and vice versa. CEO indeed has access to all the databases.

Existing Systems:

The world is moving towards automation, so is the Hotel Management. The Hotel management systems around the globe are using different techniques to make their services better. There are many companies who work only for Hotel Management system development. One of known ones in PAR-Solutions for Hospitality, According to who the major requirement of a Hotel Management system is providing the best feeling to their customers. Existing systems are built on many important facts. The major Factors are:

1) Guests 2) Management 3) Revenue (Accounts)

Many of the systems now use an ERP system including text message service to contact any employ any time and spread all the news easily.

Our system keeps these conditions in mind and we provide easy and legal access to everyone around the globe.

Advantages in Implementations:

Previously the systems were not so efficient but with the advent of latest technology, a faster and better functionality is available. Some of the advantages in implementing the system are listed below:

 Better visibility of the Hotel to general public.

 Flexible options availability to the customers.

 Better and more reliable management

 In-time spread of news as per requirement.

 Less chance of errors with the use of DATABASES

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Objectives:

The objectives of our Hotel Management system are as follows:

1) Providing better management of ROOM/HALL/TABLE etc using the DATABASES. This will enable the management to keep a record of their customers and will lessen the chance of any error e.g. the allotment of a single room to more than one customer.

2) Enable the customers to get better access to the hotel. Facilitating them to reserve a room for them through distance using e-reservations. This eases customers on one edge and provides business to hotel on the other hand.

3) Enabling accounts department to keep record of all reservations and other selling and hence make the fare revenue. The enable the generation of detailed bills for their customers to satisfy their concerns as well. At the best this system enables the CEO and other share holders to check the records and get the revenue estimate; enabling them to find black sheep out if anyone involved.

4) Overall a better “Management” of resources, Assigning duty points each day for different workers and assigning everyone his work! This will be done by generating the report showing everyone’s tasks which can be viewed over the system by relevant people.

5) Least, enabling general public to know in detail about the hotel, its customs, food and living standards and attractions it can offer.

Constraints

The devised constraints of our system can be to implement the system in such a way that it causes least crashes and the system exceptions are handled properly. The Data security issue must be handled carefully so that privacy is maintained and no one can access the hotel data from outside.

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Chapter 2 The Overall Description and the

Proposed System

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The proposed system includes the explanation to the basic structure of the system. Here we look in detail about how different requirements of the organization are accomplished. We also explain the structure of the system about the usage of different options available for relevant people. We also present a detail of the Software Engineering principles which basically is the managerial theme for the development of software itself.

Objectives:

The basic objective of the hotel management system includes fast access to the data to make decisions in no time. Thus we provide a system which works out the solution in seconds. This enables finding the room reservation records, adding new records and at that time checking correctly that the reservation made is unique. The system will include the past data about guests and system will maintain the present reservations record as well. The system is designed basically to solve the problems on the issue of reservations and management regarding those reservations. The primary objectives include “CUSTOMER SATISFACTION” and the system must present all the ways to keep the customer happy.

Preliminary Requirement Analysis:

This involves the collection of requirements which the project must fulfill. This includes the following details.

1) We will require a database system. The database is a major need as it interprets the requirement of storing the data chunks which need to be managed according to proposed standards. The basic need here is speed. As user always requires an efficient

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and fast system and the other requirement is intact and crash free system. This can run without even a single second of being down! It must fulfill the following requirements:

 Make Reservations for a Room/Table/Hall

 Cancel a reservation for Room/Table/Hall

 Store a data base for all kinds of reservations

 Store payment details

 Store Room and other information.

2) The other major requirement is interface. Interface enables the user to make

interactions and usage about the system. The system must present an easy Graphical user interface because most of the users usually are unaware with the use of such systems and complicating them will restrict their usage in proper way this on one hand creates problem for the hotel management and on the other hand is a problem for the developer. The major strongholds kept in this regard are:

 Allow receptionist to Make/Cancel Reservations

 Allow receptionist to maintain the guest lists

 Allow the receptionist to provide the user with bill payments.

 Allow the HR department to post jobs, look for new employs maintain employ list, maintain guard list for security purpose.

 Allow the higher managers to keep a look on accounts and other details.

 Allow the basic information access for general public.

 Allow online reservations for rooms with payment mechanism ensured.

Benefits:

The system will have many benefits over the paper data used previously in the world or some ordinary systems available around. A few of its important benefits are listed below:

1) It provides privacy & security of the data. Not everyone is allowed to view every aspect of the system. Only concerned people can view their relevant data base.

2) Security is ensured with the use of passwords on the admin side. Keeping every employ restricted to his own domain so that interruption is never heard around.

3) It provides speedy access along the databases. Usage of latest algorithms enables data checking in seconds so that customer gets his answers in without any waste of his time. 4) The chances of any mistake over the allotment of rooms/halls/tables are reduced with

the usage of record of every reservation saved and checked over before making any reservations.

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Technical Requirements:

The technical aspect of the system is covered with the use of VISUAL STUDIOS 2008. The programming aspects of the systems are designed in c# and .net frame works. The GUI is designed by making the usage of Windows Form Application available in C#. The data relevant requirement is accomplished by the usage of text files to store and copy the data from. The application on major involves the usage of stream reading/writing and on the GUI side it involves the usage of Buttons/Tab controls and text boxes.

Overall System:

The overall system includes the Software and the relevant hardware to deal in the software. The System mainly requires the databases which are on the software side and the hardware is general one. The overall system is based on following subsystems:

Hardware Requirements:

The hardware requirements are simple and include PCs on which the system will be installed to run. The Software datasheets can be printed up using printers on the hardware side.

Software Requirement:

The software requirements basically include the DATABASES which are of key importance of SRS. Here DATABASES will be included to save the data about the ROOM/HALL/TABLE reservations, Record of employs, record of duty points for Guard and waiters. The HR

Department will include easy access to post job on their monitors who will become available to the public in general and anyone can apply to it. A database will be maintained for Jobs posted, and applicants who applied for the job so that interviews could be conducted. The system will include a feedback tab as well so that the customers can play their role in making the hotel better.

User Characteristics:

The Software will include the basic user requirements i.e. a GUI based system that will require low educational level for the users so that anyone can use it easily. There should be ZERO LEVEL technical expertise requirement for the users as to make it user friendly. System should be such that the user needs little or no experience to use the system.

The audio visual alerts should be less in number because they make the user confused and exception handling should be handled carefully to avoid application crash.

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Product Features:

The product will be used by a number of users each of which will have different interactions with the systems. There are 3 major users of systems, they are:

1) General Public who will be accessing the system online. 2) Customers residing inside the Hotel or in restaurants.

3) Admin: this will include many users inside its hierarchy a few being the Restaurant managers, the Room-Block managers, HR Managers, Security department officials, HR Job sector officials, HR employ manager, Front Desk staff and the accounts department. The features available to the General public are:

1) Getting all sorts of information about the hotel. From events to location and history to activities.

2) Make online reservation of hotels along with Credit card info for billing purposes. 3) The availability of photo gallery to view the hotel from inside.

4) Career tab to apply for various job openings inside the hotel and check for their criteria as well.

The features available for the Customers are:

1) Reservations of Hall/Table and Rooms without prior billing information along with the option to cancel any reservation previously made.

2) Check the menu available in different restaurants over the hotel; helping one to make his mood beforehand.

3) Make a check out and collect the billing information available on the desks of each restaurant and the front desk.

4) All these functionalities are available over the FRONT DESKs inside the hotel which can guide the customer over these issues utilizing the system that is developed.

5) Customers are allowed to give feedback as well.

The Admin Side Features; these are divided into 4 major categories. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT: this consists of following features.

1) The upper HR Manager is allowed to see the work of all the sub departments which include Security, Job Vacancies department and the main Employ center.

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2) The Job Vacancies Dealers are allowed to post jobs and check applicants list to short-list them for interview purpose. Security personals are allowed to assign work for each person over system; issuing orders and the employ center maintains its list of employs. Restaurants:

1) Restaurants are allowed to reserve or cancel tables and Halls which they deal in, this functionality is not available in Banquet (which is its sub-branch) who are allowed only to cancel the reservations of particular.

2) The Restaurant is allowed to view all records from waiter associations as well who themselves are allowed only to assign the duties as per done by some waiter associated manager.

3) The Restaurant is allowed to edit the menu as well which will become available to the Banquet and via banquet to the kitchen.

Room-Division & Accounts:

1) The room division deal in reservation/Non reservation of rooms alone.

2) The accounts can check the check in/out for each department and maintains the billing for everyone.

CEO/HOTEL:

This is one of higher authority access area, who is allowed to:

1) View record of all kinds of reservations and menu and other stuff.

2) They are allowed to check the records of the accounts and estimate money from it. 3) Check the feedback from different customers.

Operating Environment:

The operating environment of the system includes Microsoft Windows 7/XP professional or above. The GUI size taken is 720 x580 but maximization option is available. The RAM should be greater than 512MB and hence the hardware required is not so extra ordinary.

The memory requirement of the application is not so high. A 100 GB Hard-drive will play an enough role.

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Design and Implementation Constraints:

The following software & hardware equipments are required for making models and for the coding practice involved in its implementation:

1) Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 and the Coding language used is C # 2) Microsoft Word for documentation purpose.

3) Microsoft Visio for designing issue.

4) While a keyboard and a mouse will be required for interaction with the application.

Interface Requirements:

The basic requirement of the software is to make use of user friendly interface. This requires the usage of Windows like format of the application and windows as the platform for the application to work as most of the people are used to Windows. There should be following properties for the system interface:

1) The system should be presented simple and easy to use. 2) There should be use of c# for good visual design.

3) There should be clearly labeled controls. This helps user in performing their tasks easily. 4) The designing should be consistent i.e. all the forms and tabs involved should have the

same design and nearly same color and text standards to make the user feel familiarized.

5) There must be use of pop-up windows and menus to guide the user. The use of standard controls is made sure again to make the user feel familiarized.

6) Efficiency, Security and privacy are three important concerns in GUI that must be fulfilled.

Assumptions & Dependencies:

The system is not as such dependent on any other system. However for databases it will be dependent on the SQL servers and the other dependency is Internet based servers for its web-based features to be displayed over the website. The development of the product is carried out in C# and hence Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is among the dependencies for development of the product. The Assumptions made during the coding are:

We assumed that inside the Hotel, Customers will make payments on the front desk alone and no “Cellular based” payment methodology is implemented with the system. The system is storing all the data at one place but the access is restricted among its users as per prior knowledge about the requirements.

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Chapter 3 The Functional and Non-Functional

Requirements

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The Requirements of the system are mainly divided into two main streams, one being the Functional Requirement and the other one being non-functional requirement. The two of them are explained in general in the section below and in particular with respect to the Hotel

management system through the next portions of this chapter.

Definition:

A Functional Requirement is a requirement that, when satisfied, will allow the user to perform some kind of function. For example:

“The customer must place an order within two minutes of registering”

For the most part, when people are talking about Business Requirements, they are referring to Functional Requirements which are generally referred to as “requirements”. Functional

Requirements have the following characteristics:

 uses simple language

 not ambiguous

 contains only one point

 specific to one type of user

 is qualified

 describes what and not how

Now the Non-Functional requirements are described as below:

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A Non-Functional Requirement is usually some form of constraint or restriction that must be considered when designing the solution. For example:

“The customer must be able to access their account 24 hours a day, seven days a week.” For the most part when people are talking about Constraints, they are referring to Non-Functional Requirements. Non-Non-Functional Requirements have the same following characteristics:

 uses simple language

 not ambiguous

 contains only one point

 specific to one type of user

 is qualified

 describes what and not how

Non-Functional requirements tend to identify “user” constraints and “system” constraints. Business requirements should be kept pure and not reflect any solution thinking.

A system constraint is a constraint imposed by the system and not dictated by a Business Need. Since system constraints are part of a “solution”, they should be documented in the System Specifications document. For example:

“The system must be unavailable from midnight until 1:00am for backups.” This is a restriction imposed by the system and not a user request.

Some people like to further classify the Non-Functional Requirements into such categories as “Performance Constraints, Design Constraints, Quality Constraints, etc.. This classification can be used if there is deemed to be a benefit.

Functional Requirements:

The functional requirements involve all the functionality relevant requirements of the system. This includes all the functionality, from GUI on one edge to Database handling on the other. The Overall functionalities of the system are described below:

1) Reservations & Bookings:

 The System is able to allow reservations of Room from internet via the functionality named as e-reservations. The Customers on the other hand are allowed to make reservations on Front Desk as well. The Front Desk hosts a **Reference: http://www.requirementsauthority.com/functional-and-non-functional.html

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couple of staff members who can make reservations for known customers on Phone as well as on the arrivals.

 The Reservations can be done for Rooms/ Halls/ Tables on the Front Desk by using the “FRONT DESK” tab which is the one available on the monitors of the Front Desk.

 The Reservations For ROOM involve the arguments like:  Record Customers Name.

 Record Customers Requested Room Number. This function then check the availability of Room, if the room is not available the system will prompt to make some other choice for the room.

 The system will demand users Telephone number to ensure contact with the user.

 The system will take the period of stay in DAYS.

 The system then generates an Id for the customer to ensure that any customer with the same name might not get other person’s payment/Bill.  For those using e-reservations will have to submit their VISA card number

as well for online payment details with a period of 15 days before stay.  For better, Front Desk can also assign the Rooms for those with no choice

of room number.

 To cancel the Reservation for any room, Only Room number is taken as an input.

 The Reservations of TABLE/HALL require the following functionality before they get registered.

 The Customer Name is taken as an input.

 The Customer requested Table number is taken as an input; In this case the database for table reservations is checked to ensure that such a table number is not yet occupied.

 The number of people for table is also asked to look for the capacity of the customers.

 This functionality is available only over the Front Desk while the Table cancellation functionality is available over Front Desk and Restaurant Desk. The Cancelation requires only the Table number.

 The Reservations of HALL requires the information about Hall name/number and the capacity for the people you are hiring the hall. The basic functionality for the reservations are listed below:

 The Customer Name is taken as an input.

 The Hall number is also taken as an input and usually the Front Desk administration might do this them as customers don’t know much about hall capacity with numbers. In case of a selected number for the hall, the

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database for table reservations is checked to ensure that such a table number is not yet occupied.

 The number of people for Hall is also asked to look for the capacity of the customers.

 This functionality is available only over the Front Desk while the Hall cancellation functionality is available over Front Desk and Restaurant Desk. The Cancelation requires only the Table number.

2) Accounts & Checkouts:

The billing is done by the Accounts department. This department works out with the following functionality:

 The records for Table/HALL/Room reservations are checked by this department to make out the money. For Room Reservations the department takes the name of the user as an input and the record for the ROOM RESERVATIONS is checked, if the name is found, then the period for stay, type “ROOM” or “SUITE” is checked. After checking the list, Bill is made for the ROOM and displayed on the checkout screen of the FRONT DESK ALONE! And the staff member available there, then prints out the bill using print command.

 The Billing is done for TABLE and HALL reservations in a similar way as for ROOM. The only difference here is that the bill can be taken from either the HOTEL FRONT desk or the Restaurant Front Desk. The number for table or Hall is taken as an input and name of customer is searched with it and respective bill is generated.

 Once the billing for the ROOM/HALL/TABLE is done an archive file for each is maintained for each and the reservation list is emptied for the name.

 The Billings list for past and due billings can be checked from the ACCOUNTS department. The hotel manages the billing information inside the class with its separate database.

 The Accounts restricted database is also visible on CEO tab for the higher authorities of the hotel.

 The Adman’s accounts tab also shows a history file to view all the accounts relevant details made ever.

3) Admin Relevant Functions:

The admin is responsible for making the entire Hotel function; We have divided the admin into a number of blocks to deal in HR Department, Restaurants, room block and other areas the functionalities involved are as follows:

 Inside the HR Department the HR Manager is allowed to view a complete report of his department, He can view a list of the Jobs posted by the Job Vacancy

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dealing department, he can view the applicant’s info who are interested in the hotel and a report on employ ID and security issues.

 Inside HR Department is housed JOB Vacancy dealing, Employ center and Security department who are allowed only to post relevant jobs and check the work of employs, maintain employ list and check out if there are difficulties amongst them and lastly issue security relevant orders per day. Each of these requires 2 parameters to make the button function.

 The Restaurant higher admin who sit in the Admin block is allowed only to view the statistics of restaurant usage, waiter relevant list maintained and menu. They are also allowed to make changes in the menu off and on as per requirement. Inside the restaurants is housed a banquet who actually deals in restaurants under the higher authority and a waiter dealing department. The banquet is allowed to cancel any reservation if they want and check reservation records. Waiter dealing department is allowed to assign duties to waiters online. For editing the menu you only need to mention the item and its relevant price. For making waiter’s list you need to mention the name and position before pressing the button.

 Similar to Restaurant authority sits a ROOM relevant authority, who deals in viewing room’s records and cancel reservations.

 The accounts department as stated previously is allowed to view payments of any single personal and they can also view the entire accounts records using the history file.

 Lastly is an access to FEEDBACK which is open for entire admin blocks.

4) Lastly is a Feedback tab available for any customer or online visitor to make comments on the Hotel which are made available to the entire admin block.

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Non-Functional Requirements:

The non functional requirements of the system are listed below:

1) The software should be speedy and it must fulfill its required operations very fast. 2) It must not use large amount of memory during run time so that there are less chances

of getting hanged when running.

3) It should maintain a proper security guide so that there are no issue of privacy and leakage of any customer relevant private data which is not allowed to publicize due to laws.

4) The databases made should be of the form that gives them the ability of a quick access. 5) For web based activities the servers used should be of good quality and should be in

such numbers that anyone can make use of them without getting the error for server is busy and other such stuff.

6) Most importantly the software must give the outputs correct. I.e. the functions must work properly and all the related outputs should be correct and in-time.

7) System should be maintainable and useable, it should be made in the form that later on if required it can be improved by adding more classes using polymorphism more

functionalities.

8) The design should be portable and capable of working in multiple operating environments to ease users.

9) Error and pop-up commands should inform the user about the statistics of some function being performed.

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Chapter 4 The USE CASE Diagrams

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Introduction:

Use case diagrams are an important part of Unified modeling language (UML), which are used to show interaction between a system and different users or another external system.

Actors can be different users or external systems: in our case users are customers,

administrators, managers, employs etc. while use cases are used at higher levels in systems engineering within software engineering even to represent missions or goals of stakeholders. So, basically a use case is helpful to the end-user to understand the system functionalities and services. It is a systematic representation of requirements, interactions and actions between the system and the users.

The role of use case diagrams in UML is clearly shown in the following figure: (the figure has been taken from www.sts.tu-harburg.de)

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Why Use Cases are important?

Use cases are important because they make it easy to identify the functional requirements and also indicate the possible interactions with different users of the system.

Use cases are descriptive. Therefore they successfully show the importance of an interaction between the actors and the system. They help in understanding the system functionality during the development life cycle.

What Use Cases Do

1.

Use cases use a tracking format to hold the readability of functional requirements. 2.

Use cases show interactions between actors and the system representing their goals. 3.

They are multi-level, one use case can use the functionality of another.

What Use Cases Do Not Do

1. Use cases can not specify user interface design. They specify the aim, not the action Detail. 2. They also don't specify implementation detail.

Definitions of key words used in Use

Cases:

1. Actor:

An actor is something with behavior, such as a person, computer system, or organization.

(definition taken from internet)

2. Scenario:

A scenario is a specific sequence of actions and interactions between actors and the system under discussion; it is also called a use case instance. It is one particular story of using a system, or one path through the use case; for example, the scenario of

successfully using an ATM machine to withdraw cash. (definition taken from internet)

Now that I have introduced what a use case is, what they do, what they do not do, and provided the definition of an actor and scenario, let us look at some of the possible use cases of hotel management system which have been developed in C#.

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Chapter 5 The Quality Management

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Introduction:

The term ‘Quality Management’ may refer to different meanings in different business sectors. It is the act of overseeing all activities and tasks needed to maintain a desired level of excellence. The aim of Software quality management is to manage the quality of software and its

development process. This includes this includes three main components: quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement.

This also incorporates measuring all process elements, the analysis of performance and the improvement of the products which will be taking place, all services and processes which help in delivering them to the customer and maintenance. It is sometimes referred as integrated management.

It is also referred to as total quality management (TQM).



Software Quality Control

Quality control is to ensure that the developing team is following proper standard methods of software engineering to plan, design and document the software being developed.

It mentors how to make well-defined engineering documents using standard processes. It also mentors how to conduct standard processes such as quality reviews to verify and evaluate artifacts like engineering documents.



Software Quality Assurance

It provides the guide to rules and regulations, procedures and standards which are used to verify and evaluate the work products during the software development life cycle. It also provides guidance to the already included knowledge base of best practices and selects different software tools to implement the above steps which might be needed apart from the one which is already being used.

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

Software Quality improvement

This includes the improvement in the quality of the software with the changes in it which might be needed later on.

The role of the software quality management is to ensure that the required level of quality is achieved in the software and encourage everybody in the company to be responsible for the quality of its products.

This reduces the learning curve in case anybody changes his position within the organization. This helps in avoiding in-process faults and ultimately reduces the risk of faults through proper development.

Following are the main principles which have been kept in mind for the quality assurance while our software (Hotel management system) was being developed:

Customer focus

The success of any Organizations depends mainly on their customers and therefore the needs of the current and future customers should be considered very seriously while developing the system. The functionalities and services provided by the system should meet all customer requirements and endeavor to exceed customer expectations. This will not only result in the satisfaction of the present customers but also will help attract new customers.

Keeping in mind all the above mentioned points, we have to try our level best to provide all possible services to the customers and all other individuals who are linked with the system in one or the other way.

This will be a web based system, which will not only make it easier for all the employs and manager to run the hotel smoothly but also should provide many online services to the customers which would help them save their time and get any information about the hotel easily and also avail all the services provided by the hotel online.

The e-reservation is one of the unique properties of the system, through which one can reserve a room of his choice online. One can see the available room, unreserved tables, available halls, rooms, menu etc. they can send online payment through credit card to confirm the reservations. The efficiency of the system should make it clear that it is flexible enough and not only be restricted to the e-reservations. So the whole of this process should also be made available to the customer ones he has reached to the front counter without any pre-reservations. The customer should also be given the privilege

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to cancel the reservations at any time before checking in. Before leaving, they will have to check out online from the system to assure that all the payments have been made. This is unique software unlike the traditional systems, where the customer has to go the front counter and tells each and every detail of what he needs. And the employs

manually provide them all the services. This is not only an overhead for all the employs of the hotel but also a hectic procedure to go through for the customers. All this overhead will be minimized and the quality of the system will be assured using web based hotel management system. The system should also provide an option where the customers can give their feedback and comments, which can be considered to improve the quality of the system as well as the overall performance of the hotel.

Leadership

Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization’s objectives.

(Definition taken from www.iso.org)

People will able to understand the goals and objectives of the organization (in this case the hotel). We have to incorporate the system with services which encourages

leadership in every level. This will not only help in minimizing the communication gap between the customers and employs, employs and manager, and the manager and the whole administration or the owner. The system will make sure that the evaluation and implementation of the activities are being done in a proper way. While developing the software system we have to critically consider the needs of all involved individuals which are a part of the system in one way or the other. Like customers, employees, financiers, administrators, managers, local communities and societies all are part of the system in some way. And everyone plays an important role in the development of the hotel business.

Incorporating leadership as a main principle of the system will lead us setting challenging goals and objectives, which ultimately will lead to the creation and provisions of shared values and ethical role models at all levels of the organization. One other vital role of this principal will be providing people with training and resources and giving them the freedom of working with responsibility and accountability.

The system should also encourage and recognize people’s contribution and also inspire them.

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Involvement of people

An organization’s success is dependent on the fact that People who are a part of the system at all levels are the core of the system and their full involvement allows them to use their abilities for the organization’s benefit.

Keeping in mind full involvement of people in the system while developing it, will make sure that people would understand the importance of their role in the organization. This will help them identifying the limitations to their performances and this will help them being accountable for their own performances.

One other main benefit of involvement of people is their personal development. They will eager to participate in the continual progress of the organization and will put creativity, innovation and commitment in it, which will enrich their personalities with different skills. They will be able to share knowledge and experiences openly and also discuss their problems openly.

Team building and leadership skills will help them put their best possible efforts in any kind of job they do for the system.

Process approach

Process approach means all activities which are to be done and related resources are dealt as a process to get the desired result more efficiently.

It is necessary to define the activities systematically in order to gain a preferred result. It can be done by establishing clear responsibility and accountability for managing all key activities. And to ensure it the capabilities of the working group should be analyzed and measured carefully.

All the factors which have impacts on the main activities like resources, materials and methods should be focused upon to improve the overall quality of activities. Most importantly the risks, impacts and consequences of these activities on the customers should be considered and evaluated carefully.

The process approach will lower costs and shorter cycle times through effective use of resources. It will also help us in getting regular and expected results providing more improvement opportunities.

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System approach to management

In system approach management the interrelated processes are identified and managed as a system, which contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization in achieving its goals.

The system has to be structured in such a way that the organization would be able to meet its goal in an efficient and effective way. For this the most important thing is to identify and understand the inter-dependencies and inter-connections of the processes. And then we have to define and target how a specific activity has to be done. This will minimize the cost as well.

In general the structured approach creates harmony and integration between the processes.

The hotel management system software will be divided into processes according to the working parties. Services availed and provided by the admin, by the customers, by the financiers, by employs, and by the manager will be taken as separate processes, which will then be integrated and homogenized as a system. This will provide confidence to the interested parties and will ultimately add to the effectiveness, efficiency and consistency of the organization.

Continual improvement

Continual improvement in the overall performance in any organization should be a permanent objective of any organization.

First of all we need to establish goals and tracks to continual improvement of our

system. Then we should be able to recognize and acknowledge the improvements which are being taken place.

Improvements in processes, systems and products for every individual involved in the system should be made. And the organization should be providing people with training and innovative tools of continual improvement. And there should be consistency in making continual improvements.

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Factual approach to decision making

In this kind of approach effective decisions are based on the analysis of available information and data.

Before taking any decisions it should be ensured that the data and information are accurate and reliable enough to be considered. This data and information should be analyzed using valid methodologies. The data should be available to all those who need it. Ones a decision is made, the organizations should be taking actions based on analysis of facts, balanced with experiences and expected future outcomes.

Factual approach will make the system flexible by giving enhanced ability to review, challenge and change opinions and decisions.

It will be easier to demonstrate the positive impacts of past decisions through reference to factual records.

Mutually beneficial supplier

relationships:

Supplier-organization relationship increases the ability of both to create value. Supplier and organization are interlinked and interdependent.

The organization should establish relationships that balance short-term gains with long-term considerations. The key suppliers need to be identified and selected first.

The organization should be sharing future plans and other information with the supplier consistently in order to minimize the communication gaps which could possibly occur. The improvements and achievements of the supplier should be inspired and encouraged to develop a friendly bond and also a clear understanding between the organization and the supplier.

This will optimize costs, incorporate flexibility and speed of joint responses to changing market of customers’ needs and expectations, which may change with time.

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Chapter 5 The Coding Standards

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction:

This document contains coding rules and regulations, and conventions, and style guidelines for developing applications in C#. It includes general coding guidelines as well as discussions on naming conventions, formatting, and language usage patterns which will help developers avoid mistakes.

Purpose

The purpose of this document is to provide coding style standards for the development of source code written in C#. Following common coding standards not only makes it easier to work in a team more efficiently but also help in cost-effective maintenance of the application.

Adhering to common coding standards is considered a good practice in industry. Because changes might be required after some years of the launch of software, and the developers may not be the same. So the new developers can make their work easier by following the same coding standards which had been used before.

Scope:

This document is applicable to component libraries, client applications, database systems, management systems.

It provides guideline on usual conventions of C# in formatting, naming, programming style, and other conventions. Particularly of those which have been used in the hotel management system.



Feedback:

Feedback on any application is of great importance. Your feedback may provide guidelines to the developer for future improvements and maintenance. So your feedback is highly

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team.



Terminology & Definitions:

Following are the terminologies which may be referenced throughout this document:

i. Access Modifier:

Access modifiers are C# keywords public, protected, internal, and private which declare the accessibility of code.

Classes and most other types use the default private. Prominent exceptions are interfaces and enums which both default to public.

ii. Camel Case:

Camel Case refers to word with the first letter lowercase, and the first letter of each subsequent word-part capitalized.

For Example: customer Name

In this example ‘c’ of ‘customer’ is lowercase and ‘N’ of ‘Name’ is capitalized.

Similarly “enterCriticalSection” is another example with three words. Where ‘e’ of enter is lowercase while ‘C’ of ‘critical’ and ‘S’ of ‘section’ are both capitalized.

iii. Common Type System:

The .NET Framework common type system (CTS) defines how types are declared, used, and managed. All native C# types are based upon the CTS to ensure support for cross-language integration.

iv. Identifier :

An identifier is a developer defined token used to uniquely name a declared object or object instance.

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v.

Magic Number:

A magic number is any numeric literal used within an expression (or to initialize a variable) that does not have an obvious or well-known meaning. This usually excludes the integers 0 or 1 and any other numeric equivalent precision that evaluates as zero.

vi. Pascal Case:

A word with the first letter capitalized, and the first letter of each subsequent word-part capitalized.

Example: CustomerName

vii. Premature Generalization:

Premature generalization is the act of creating abstractions within an object model not based upon concrete requirements or a known future need for the abstraction. It applies to object model design.

In simplest terms: “Abstraction for the sake of Abstraction.”

C# Golden Rules

The following guidelines are applicable to all aspects C# development:

Follow the style of existing code. Strive to maintain consistency within the code base of an application. If further guidance is needed, look to these guidelines and the .NET framework for clarification and examples.

Make code as simple and readable as possible. Assume that someone else will be reading your code.

Prefer small cohesive classes and methods to large monolithic ones.

Use a separate file for each class, struct, interface, enumeration, and delegate with the exception of those nested within another class.

Write the comments first. When writing a new method, write the comments for each step the method will perform before coding a single statement. These comments will become the headings for each block of code that gets implemented.

Use liberal, meaningful comments within each class, method, and block of code to document the purpose of the code.

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Mark incomplete code with // TODO: comments. When working with many classes at once, it can be very easy to lose a train of thought.

Never hard code “magic” values into code (strings or numbers). Instead, define constants, static read-only variables, and enumerations or read the values from configuration or resource files.

Prefer while and foreach over other available looping constructs when applicable. They are logically simpler and easier to code and debug.

Use the StringBuilder class and it’s Append(), AppendFormat(), and ToString() methods instead of the string concatenation operator (+=) for much more efficient use of memory.

Be sure Dispose() gets called on IDisposable objects that you create locally within a method. This is most commonly done in the finally clause of a try block. It’s done automatically when a using statement is used.

Never present debug information to yourself or the end user via the UI (e.g. MessageBox). Use tracing and logging facilities to output debug information.

Gaps and exceptions to these guidelines should be discussed and resolved with your application architect.

(these rules have been taken from se.inf.ethz.com)



Coding Style

_:

The most inconsistencies and controversies between developers are caused by different coding styles. Each developer has a preference of his own, and rarely are two the same. However, consistent layout, format, and organization are key to creating maintainable code.

In order to make the code easy to understand and maintain, C# uses the following common styles of coding:



Code Formatting

1. Always declare only one namespace for a single file. 2. Avoid putting multiple classes in a single file.

3. Always place curly braces ({ and }) on a new line.

4. Always use curly braces ({ and }) in conditional statements. 5. Always use a Tab & Indention size of 4.

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7. Place namespace “using” statements together at the top of file. Group .NET namespaces above custom namespaces.

8. Group internal class implementation by type in the following order: a. Member variables.

b. Constructors & Finalizers.

c. Nested Enums, Structs, and Classes. d. Properties

e. Methods

9. Sequence declarations within type groups based upon access modifier and visibility: a. Public

b. Protected c. Internal d. Private

10. Segregate interface Implementation by using #region statements. 11. Append folder-name to namespace for source files within sub-folders. 12. Recursively indent all code blocks contained within braces.

13. Use white space (CR/LF, Tabs, etc) liberally to separate and organize code.

14. Only declare related attribute declarations on a single line, otherwise stack each attribute as a separate declaration.

Example:

// Bad!

[Attrbute1, Attrbute2, Attrbute3]

public class MyClass {…}

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[Attrbute1, RelatedAttribute2] [Attrbute3]

[Attrbute4]

public class MyClass {…}

15. Place Assembly scope attribute declarations on a separate line. 16. Place Type scope attribute declarations on a separate line. 17. Place Method scope attribute declarations on a separate line. 18. Place Member scope attribute declarations on a separate line. 19. Place Parameter attribute declarations in-line with the parameter.

20. If in doubt, always err on the side of clarity and consistency. Lance Hunt C# Coding Standards for .NET



Class Layout:

Classes should be organized into regions within an application using a proper layout. These may be based on accessibility, type, or functionality. The application architect may help in

determining the layout. Example:

// Class layout based on accessibility

class Purchasing { #region Main #region Public #region Internal #region Protected #region Private #region Extern

#region Designer Generated Code }



Guidelines:

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o remove regions if their associated class elements which are not needed.

o The Designer Generated Code region created by Visual Studio’s Visual Designer should never be modified by hand. It should contain only code generated by the designer.



Indicating Scope:

o Scope should be indicated while accessing all static and non-static class members. This provides the idea of the intended use of the data member. VisualStudio.NET intel-lisense is automatically invoked when using this practice, providing a list of all available class

members. This helps prevent unnecessary typing and reduces the risk of typographic errors. Example:

string connectionString = DataAccess.DefaultConnectionString;

float amount = this.CurrentAmount;

this.discountedAmount = this.CalculateDiscountedAmount( amount,

this.PurchaseMethod );



Guidelines:

a) Include the ‘this’ keyword before all member fields, properties and methods. b) Include the name of the class before all static fields, constants, fields, and

methods.



Indentation & Braces:

Statements should be indented (using tabs) into blocks that show relative scope of execution. A consistent tab size should be used for all indentation in an application. Braces, when necessary, should be placed directly below and aligned with the statement that begins a new scope of execution. Visual Studio.NET includes a keyboard short-cut that will automatically apply this format to a selected block of code.

Example:

float CalculateDiscountedAmount( float amount, PurchaseMethod purchaseMethod ) {

// Calculate the discount based on the purchase method

float discount = 0.0f;

switch( purchaseMethod ) {

case PurchaseMethod.Cash:

// Calculate the cash discount

discount = this.CalculateCashDiscount( amount );

Trace.Writeline( “Cash discount of {0} applied.”, discount );

break;

case PurchaseMethod.CreditCard:

// Calculate the credit card discount

discount = this.CalculateCreditCardDiscount( amount );

Trace.WriteLine( “Credit card discount of {0} applied.”, discount );

break;

default:

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Trace.WriteLine( “No discount applied.” );

break; }

// Compute the discounted amount, making sure not to give money away

float discountedAmount = amount – discount; if( discountedAmount < 0.0f )

{

discountedAmount = 0.0f; }

LogManager.Publish( discountedAmount.ToString() );

// Return the discounted amount

return discountedAmount; }



White space

Using white spaces in the program enhances readability and is extremely helpful during debugging and code reviews. The indentation example above shows an example of the appropriate level of white space.



Long lines of code:

Very long lines of code weaken the readability of code. Comments and statements that extend beyond 80 columns in a single line can be broken up and indented for readability. But while breaking the lines proper care should be taken. If we are passing large number of parameters, we can group related parameters in the same line. Example: string Win32FunctionWrapper( int arg1, string arg2, bool arg3 ) {

// Perform a PInvoke call to a win32 function, // providing default values for obscure parameters, // to hide the complexity from the caller

if( Win32.InternalSystemCall( null, arg1, arg2, Win32.GlobalExceptionHandler, 0, arg3, null ) {

return“Win32 system call succeeded.”; }

else

{

return“Win32 system call failed.”; }

}

Guidelines:

o When we break parameter lists into multiple lines, each line should be indented one tab further than the starting line that is being continued.

o Related parameters should be appropriately grouped on the same line.

o When breaking comments into multiple lines, match the indentation level of the code that is being commented upon.

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using the .NET ResourceManager class.



Commenting

Intellisense Comments:

Use triple slash ‘///’ comments for documenting the public interface of each class. This will allow Visual Studio.Net to pick up the method’s information for Intellisense. These comments are required before each public, internal, and protected class member and optional for private members.

End-Of-Line Comments:

Use End-Of-Line comments only with variable and member field declarations. Use them to document the purpose of the variable being declared.

Example:

private string name = string.Empty; // Name of control (defaults to blank)

Single Line Comments:

Use single line comments above each block of code relating to a particular task within a method that performs a significant operation or when a significant condition is reached. Comments should always begin with two slashes, followed by a space.

Example:

// Compute total price including all taxes

float stateSalesTax = this.CalculateStateSalesTax( amount, Customer.State );

float citySalesTax = this.CalculateCitySalesTax( amount, Customer.City );

float localSalesTax = this.CalculateLocalSalesTax( amount, Customer.Zipcode );

float totalPrice = amount + stateSalesTax + citySalesTax + localSalesTax; Console.WriteLine( “Total Price: {0}”, totalPrice );

// TODO: Comments:

Use the // TODO: comment to mark a section of code that needs further work before release. Source code should be searched for these comments before each release build.

C-Style Comments:

Use c-style /*…*/ comments only for temporarily blocking out large sections of code during development and debugging. Code should not be checked in with these sections commented out. If the code is no longer necessary, delete it. Leverage your source control tools to view changes and deletions from previous versions of the code. If code must be checked in with large sections commented out, include a // TODO: comment above the block commented out

describing why it was checked in that way.

Constants:

Constants and static read-only variables should be declared using the following template: Adjective(s) + Noun + Qualifier(s)

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Example:

public const int DefaultValue =25;

public static readonly string DefaultDatabaseName =“Membership”; Guidelines:

o Use Pascal casing when naming constants and static read only variables.

o Prefer the use of static readonly over const for public constants whenever possible. Constants declared using const are substituted into the code accessing them at compile time. Using static readonly variables ensures that constant values are accessed at runtime. This is safer and less prone to breakage, especially when accessing a constant value from a different assembly.

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Chapter 7 RISK MANAGEMENT FOR THE HMS

SOFTWARE

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Purpose

:

There are several purposes of risk management for the system under consideration: 1. Identification of risks in hotel management system

2. Prioritizing the identified risks in terms of their impact 3. Devising risk handling strategies for the top most risks

Scope

:

All possible risks involved in the project at hand will be discussed, and strategies to tackle them will be developed.

Roles and Responsibilities

:

1. Identification of risks may be carried out by the:

 Project development team

 End user representatives

SRS-Hotel-Management-System.pdf

Software Engineering

Semester Project

C

HAPTERS



Introduction to HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM



Proposed System & Overall Description



Functional and Non-Functional Requirements



Use Cases for Hotel Management



Coding Standards



Quality Management



Risk Management



Change Control Process



Project Management Plan



Work Breakdown Structure



Cost Management Plan

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO HOTEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction:

Scope:

Purpose:

Definition:

Intended Audience:

Existing Systems:

Advantages in Implementations:

Objectives:

Constraints

Chapter 2

The Overall Description and the

Proposed System

Objectives:

Preliminary Requirement Analysis:

Benefits:

Technical Requirements:

Overall System:

Hardware Requirements:

Software Requirement:

User Characteristics:

Product Features:

Operating Environment:

Design and Implementation Constraints:

Interface Requirements:

Assumptions & Dependencies:

Chapter 3

The Functional and Non-Functional

Requirements

Definition:

Functional Requirements:

2) Accounts & Checkouts:

3) Admin Relevant Functions:

Non-Functional Requirements:

Chapter 4

The USE CASE Diagrams

Introduction:

Why Use Cases are important?

What Use Cases Do

What Use Cases Do Not Do

Definitions of key words used in Use

Cases:

1. Actor:

2. Scenario:

Chapter 5

The Quality Management

Introduction:



Software Quality Control



_: