Counting Inversions.pdf

Counting Inversions- Divide and

Conquer

2

•Music site tries to match your song preferences with others.

– You rank n songs.

– Music site consults database to find people with similar tastes.

•Similarity metric: number of inversions between two rankings.

– My rank: 1, 2, …, n.

– Your rank: a₁, a₂, …, a_n.

– Songs i and j inverted if i < j, but a_i > a_j.

You Me

1 3 4 2 5 1 2 3 4 5

A B C D E

Songs

Counting Inversions

Visualizing inversions

4

Counting Inversions:

Divide-and-Conquer

•

Divide-and-conquer.

4 8 10 2

5

Counting Inversions:

Divide-and-Conquer

•

Divide-and-conquer.

– Divide: separate list into two pieces.

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

6

Counting Inversions:

Divide-and-Conquer

•

Divide-and-conquer.

– Divide: separate list into two pieces.

– Conquer: recursively count inversions in each half.

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

5 blue-blue inversions 8 green-green inversions

Divide: O(1).

Conquer: 2T(n / 2)

7

Counting Inversions:

Divide-and-Conquer

•Divide-and-conquer.

– Divide: separate list into two pieces.

– Conquer: recursively count inversions in each half.

– Combine: count inversions where a_i and a_j are in different halves, and return sum of three quantities.

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

4 8 10 2

1 5 6 9 12 11 3 7

5 blue-blue inversions 8 green-green inversions

Divide: O(1).

Conquer: 2T(n / 2)

Combine: ???

9 blue-green inversions

5-3, 4-3, 8-6, 8-3, 8-7, 10-6, 10-9, 10-3, 10-7

Counting Inversions

4 7 6 2 1 5 8 3

Divide into front and back halves

4 7 6 2 1 5 8 3

Count inversions within each half, and sort each half 2 4 6 7 1 3 5 8

2 4

11

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

Counting Inversions

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where a_i and a_j are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

auxiliary array

12

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

i = 6

two sorted halves

2 auxiliary array

Total: 6

6

13

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

2 auxiliary array

i = 6

Total: 6

6

14

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 6

Total: 6

6

15

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 5

Total: 6

6

16

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 5

Total: 6

6

17

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 4

Total: 6

6

18

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 4

Total: 6

6

19

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 3

Total: 6

6

20

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 3

Total: 6 + 3

6 3

21

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 3

Total: 6 + 3

6 3

22

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 3

Total: 6 + 3

6 3

23

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3

6 3

24

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3 + 2

6 3 2

25

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3 + 2

6 3 2

26

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

6 3 2 2

27

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

6 3 2 2

28

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 auxiliary array

i = 2

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

6 3 2 2

29

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 auxiliary array

i = 1

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

6 3 2 2

30

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 19 auxiliary array

i = 1

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

6 3 2 2

31

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 19 auxiliary array

i = 0

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2

first half exhausted

6 3 2 2

32

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 19 23 auxiliary array

i = 0

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 0

6 3 2 2 0

33

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 19 23 25 auxiliary array

i = 0

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 0

6 3 2 2 0 0

34

10 14 18 19

3 7 2 11 16 17 23 25

•

Merge and count step.

– Given two sorted halves, count number of

inversions where ai and aj are in different halves.

– Combine two sorted halves into sorted whole.

two sorted halves

7 10 11 14

2 3 16 17 18 19 23 25 auxiliary array

i = 0

Total: 6 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 = 13

6 3 2 2 0 0

•

The e-commerce application

Have you ever noticed on any e-commerce

website, they have this section of "You might

like", they have maintained an array for all the

user accounts and then whichever has the