Civil Engineering Design

ES050 – Introductory Engineering Design and Innovation Studio

Civil Engineering Design

Prof. Jon Southen

November 18, 2009

Goals and Objectives of this lecture

Provide introduction to engineering design

as practiced in Civil engineering

Provide context regarding the environment

Provide context regarding the environment

in which Civil engineering design takes

place

Provide examples of engineering graphics

Civil Engineering Design

The Civil engineering project Types of project

Principal players

General design process General design process Design considerations

Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability

Validation techniques Design delivery

Drawings

Civil Engineering Projects

Civil Engineering oldest discipline Civil-Military distinction

Wide variety within Civil Structural Structural Environmental Geotechnical Wind Etc.

Basic design considerations, techniques

C

IVIL

E

NGINEERING

W

ORLD

C

IVIL

E

NGINEERING

W

ORLD

(

REAL

)

Civil Engineering Design

Project-Based

Physical nature of the product Large, heavy, and expensive Each project is unique

A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere

A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere Ultimate use of the product

a means to further production

an addition to or improvement of the infrastructure of the economy a social investment (e.g. hospitals)

an investment for direct enjoyment (e.g. housing) Demand for and price of the product

The Construction Project

A project (construction or otherwise) is

defined by the following characteristics:

A defined goal or objective

A defined goal or objective

Specific tasks not routinely performed

A defined beginning and end

Defined deliverables

Categories Of Construction

Projects

Building Construction Projects

• Office buildings, large apartment buildings, shopping malls, etc.

• Large segment of market, but heavily • Large segment of market, but heavily

dependent on local economy

• Designed by architects with engineering support

• Built by general contractors • Privately funded

• Greater technical and investment

Categories Of Construction

Projects

Heavy Construction Projects

• Infrastructure – roadways, bridges, dams, tunnels, canals

tunnels, canals

• Designed by civil engineers

• Built by heavy construction contractors with engineering background or support

• Typically publicly funded

Categories Of Construction

Projects

Industrial Construction Projects

• Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical plants, automobile plants, etc.

automobile plants, etc.

• Defined more by the production activities than by the facility itself

• Privately funded

• Quality and time are most important

• Very technical – few companies, cooperation important throughout the project

Principal Players

Owner

2)

Design Professional

Constructor

Principal Players

1)

Owner

Also called the client

Pays the bills and receives the benefit

Pays the bills and receives the benefit

Determines scope, schedule and

budget (either in-house or with outside

assistance) – i.e. defines need

Principal Players

2)

Design Professional

Engineers

, architects, consultants

Assists the owner in developing the

Assists the owner in developing the

scope, schedule and budget

Prepares construction documents that

are used to build the project

Responsible for the physical integrity

Principal Players

3)

Constructor

Contractor, general contractor, prime

contractor, builder, construction

contractor, builder, construction

manager

Interprets the contract documents and

physically constructs the project

Linear Project Life Cycle

and Scope and Design Engineering

and Construction Management or Conversion Awareness of Need Project Concept Formulation Project Scope Definition Full Project Description Project Completion and Acceptance for Use Fulfillment of Need

Clicker Question

The principal players in a typical

construction project include all of the

following EXCEPT:

following EXCEPT:

A. The owner

B. The design professional C. The public

Civil Engineering Design

The Civil engineering project

Types of project

Principal players

General design process

General design process

Design considerations

Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability

Validation techniques

Design delivery

Drawings

Civil Engineering Design

Considerations

Owner requirements basis for problem

definition – refined by feasibility study

phase

phase

Objectives and constraints influenced by

owner requirements as well as outside

factors – codes, regulations, guidelines

Building Codes

Used locally to regulate building construction Intent is to protect public health and safety National Building Code

National Building Code

of Canada 2005

“Model” building code Ontario Building Code

Regulated building code

Building Codes

Set minimum standard of construction

quality

Includes definition of occupancy groups

and construction types, with corresponding

Includes definition of occupancy groups

and construction types, with corresponding

limitations on building size, components,

construction methods, etc.

Other codes pertain to specific building

Canadian Highway Bridge Design

Code

CAN/CSA-S6-06 Canadian Highway

Bridge Design Code

Used in all Provinces to

Used in all Provinces to

design bridges over 3m

span

Design Guidelines and Manuals

Various organizations have developed

guidelines and design manuals to assist engineers in designing components not covered in general building codes.

covered in general building codes.

E.g. Concrete Design Handbook

(Canadian Cement Institute), Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual

(Canadian Geotechnical Society)

Provide specific guidelines for designing

Regulations

Civil engineering designs often directly

related to public activities

Regulations may dictate many aspects of

Regulations may dictate many aspects of

design, especially environmental

E.g. landfill design – Ontario Regulation

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design –

Groundwater Protection

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design –

Groundwater Protection

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design –

Groundwater Protection

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design –

Groundwater Protection

Alternatively, a site-specific design for

groundwater protection may be used,

provided it can be demonstrated that the

provided it can be demonstrated that the

design meets the Ontario Reasonable Use

Guidelines pertaining to groundwater

Civil Engineering Design

Specific elements of the overall project are

designed with due consideration of applicable codes, guidelines and regulations

Engineering judgment required to assess what is Engineering judgment required to assess what is

applicable and whether the proposed design meets requirements

Engineering science principles not expressed in

codes, etc. must be adapted and applied to specific design constraints

Goal is to ensure project objectives are met

Cost Analysis

Often primary basis for choosing among

several viable design alternatives

Preliminary designs offer basis for

Preliminary designs offer basis for

estimating construction costs – estimating

Value engineering takes cost implications

into consideration throughout the design

iteration process

Constructability

Constructability (how easily the proposed

design can actually be built) is often a key

factor in project cost

Often the involvement of a construction

Often the involvement of a construction

manager is incorporated in the design

phase to ensure constructability is

considered and thus enhance the value

engineering process

Clicker Question

Which of the following does not

significantly influence the objectives and

constraints of a Civil engineering design?

A. Government regulations B. Building codes

C. End user requirements

D. Constructability considerations

E. All of these influence objectives and

Civil Engineering Design

The Civil engineering project

Types of project

Principal players

General design process

General design process

Design considerations

Codes, regulations, guidelines

Constructability

Validation techniques

Design delivery Drawings

Design Delivery

Client (owner) retains designer (engineer)

to prepare bid package for constructor

(contractor)

Bid package (final design) fully describes

Bid package (final design) fully describes

project such that contractor can construct

the design and estimate cost to do so (i.e.

prepare bid for owner)

Final design consists of drawings and

Civil Engineering Drawings

Civil engineers typically use

two-dimensional representations to describe

designs

designs

What must be described and the level of

detail is dependent on the current phase of

the project

Civil Engineering Drawings

Topographic Base Maps

Created based on site investigations and

surveys surveys

Used during feasibility and conceptual

planning stages of project

Shows contours (grade), control points,

Civil Engineering Drawings

Planning-level drawings

Used early in project to describe concepts Limited engineering analysis to support

Limited engineering analysis to support May be simple sketch, or include key

dimensions where cost information necessary

Civil Engineering Drawings

Conceptual-level drawings

Developed to compare costs, evaluate

relative advantages/disadvantages and relative advantages/disadvantages and

identify flaws so a preferred concept can be selected

Drawings more detailed than planning-level,

but not suitable for construction

Civil Engineering Drawings

Final design drawings

Used by contractor to construct design Contain all necessary information (with

specifications) to bid and build project specifications) to bid and build project

Used to support permit applications

Used to prepare accurate estimate of costs More detailed and more drawings typically

Final Design Drawings

Typically a set of drawings is required to fully

characterize the project, e.g.

1. Title Sheet

2. Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes 2. Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes 3. Existing Conditions

4. Subsurface Conditions

5. Group Drawings (Civil, Structural, Mech., etc.)

General Layout Plans Detailed Layout Plans

Sections and Details Sheets

Design Controls

A set of benchmarks, coordinate grids, control

points, baselines, centrelines, etc.

Used to

determine the design alignment and dimensions

avoid interference between different members of the

design team

Civil Engineering Drawings

A number of typical 2-D views are used by Civil

engineers to represent a 3-D design

3-D views (e.g. isometric, oblique) are usually

not used in Civil drawings not used in Civil drawings

Various views are used: Plan View

Section View Elevation View Profile View Detail View

Plan View

Typically most

important view – all others are supplemental Depicts the

Depicts the

design in

context with the existing site

Section View

Also called a cross section, basically a cut

through a structure

Shows the internal relationships among various

components of a structure

Adequate number required to show all internal

Elevation

View

Shows the vertical

relationship of various features

Is an external view of

the side – not a cut

Is an external view of

the side – not a cut like a section view

More common for

concrete and mechanical structures

Profile View

Essentially a long section view along an entire

structure

Useful for highways, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Usually has different horizontal and vertical

Detail View

Show design features and

requirements when

overall plan, section and other views do not have other views do not have proper scale and

resolution to do so

Essentially enlargements

of design features,

Technical Specifications

Used in conjunction with drawings to fully

describe all of the technical requirements necessary to complete a project

Should not overlap information with drawings Should not overlap information with drawings Includes things like material requirements,

testing requirements for quality control,

installation procedures and tolerances, schedule requirements, safety issues and responsibilities etc.

Clicker Question

A drawing consists of a plan and typical cross section

view of a canal project; included are representative

dimensions, material types and thicknesses, freeboard requirements and a rough indication of the existing

ground surface. The drawing described would be ground surface. The drawing described would be described as a:

A. conceptual-level drawing B. final design drawing

C. regulatory-review drawing D. planning-level drawing

Civil Engineering Design

The Civil engineering project Types of project

Principal players

General design process General design process Design considerations

Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability

Validation techniques Design delivery

Drawings