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Key

 

Performance

 

Indicators:

 

Nonprofits

 

Need

 

Them,

 

Too!

 

  

By Libby Bierman, Analyst, Sageworks, Inc. 

 

    

When someone starts or joins the team at a nonprofit organization, it is likely the case that the 

individual was inspired by a passion or interest in furthering an idea or helping a cause. It 

is not likely the case that the individual did so because he or she wanted to mind the finances of 

the organization.    

This disinterest in financial reporting may not be unique to nonprofit organizations (NPOs). But 

given NPOs’ external sources of capital, financial stewardship and accountability is a theme not 

soon to disappear, and financial literacy goes beyond compiling receipts for year‐end review by 

accountants and CFOs. In addition to complying with tax law and grant covenants, there are 

certain proactive financial steps that NPO directors and manager can follow to take control of 

their finances before they have to report to a board, other staff, or donors.    

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a popular buzzword among the for‐profit crowd, but they 

have their appropriate place among NPOs, too. KPIs are quantifiable measurements of an 

organization’s health or success. And usually, these KPIs are benchmarked against peer 

organizations for context about what are good and bad positions to be in.    

Liz Marenakos is Director of Product Management at Blackbaud, the leading provider of general 

ledger and other financial software for nonprofit organizations. Marenakos often speaks about 

KPIs and their place in nonprofit management. When selecting the metrics to watch over time, 

Marenakos suggests that NPOs keep focused on the goal or mission of the organization and 

determine how to best quantify that mission. If the organization is a soup kitchen, consider the 

average number of lunches each day as a key indicator of performance. This will tell you the 

organization’s reach into the community and how it has changed over time.    

Some other important principles to remember when selecting KPIs for a nonprofit organization 

are:    

1. Have a definition or calculation to find the KPI, and do not change it overtime. In order 

for your longitudinal analysis to be of value, you need to compare X today to X 

tomorrow and isolate other variables. If your “average cost per meal” includes the 

related overhead costs when you calculate it today, be sure to include the same costs 

when you calculate it in the future.    

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2. Set a target for the year, and back solve to determine what your KPI must be month 

after month to hit that annual target. For example, if your target “number of new 

memberships” is 500 for the year, recognize that you should be shooting for at least 42 

new signups per month to successfully hit that goal.    

  

3. Set the target according to industry benchmarks. As mentioned earlier, KPIs should be 

context‐specific, so it is important to review how similar organizations are performing 

on each selected KPIs. Success is not guaranteed by matching or exceeding others, but 

keeping pace with your sector will lend more credibility to your organization in the eyes 

of stakeholders. Benchmark data can be difficult to find for nonprofit sectors, so speak 

with your accountant to determine a source for reliable and timely data. If necessary, 

you can always find the public copies of similar NPOs’ Form 990s and find the averages 

among them. 

  

Given Sageworks’ experience with the accounting industry, there are three benchmarks which 

we recommend all nonprofit organizations calculate and use to compare to historical and peer 

data: program efficiency ratio, operating reliance ratio, and fundraising efficiency ratio. 

  

1. Program Efficiency Ratio 

This ratio is calculated as program service expenses (or money directly spent to further 

the nonprofit mission of the organization) divided by the NPOs total expenses. This 

information is significant to donors, board members, and managers because it 

quantifies how much the NPO is spending on its primary mission rather than 

administrative costs. How many cents of every dollar spent is dedicated to the NPOs 

goal or programs? Ideally, this ratio would be equal to one, but such success is 

unrealistic for most business models.    

2. Operating Reliance Ratio 

This ratio is calculated as unrestricted program revenue (or inflows from operations that 

can be spent at the discretion of the NPO) divided by total expenses. Calculating this 

number will enable managers to gauge whether or not the nonprofit could pay all 

expenses from program revenues alone. A good outcome for this measure is one, and in 

some cases more than one, but most NPOs must also rely on temporarily or 

permanently restricted revenues. 

  

3. Fundraising Efficiency Ratio 

This final ratio is calculated as unrestricted contributions (or incomes from donors who 

do not specify where it must be used) divided by unrestricted fundraising expenses (or 

how much money was spent by the NPO to collect those contributions). An important 

takeaway from this ratio is how many dollars the NPO can collect for every one dollar of 

fundraising expense—how efficient is the organization at raising money. The higher the 

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Use these three metrics—program efficiency ratio, operating reliance ratio, and fundraising 

efficiency ratio—as a starting point to select KPIs more specific to your sector and organization. 

Consider also having KPIs specific to certain campaigns in your organization, so you can 

compare roughly how one campaign performs over another. The information you gain from KPI 

analysis can help you make better decisions regarding resource management and can help you 

support those decisions when reporting to stakeholders.    

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