Social Psychology
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Chapter 12
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Procrastination
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! Avoids anxiety aroused by tough task with activities aimed at repairing mood – i.e., checking Facebook, taking a nap = feel worse later – attempts at mood repair sabotage effort!
! 20% of adults claim to be procrastinators; 70% of students! ! Predicts:!
! Lower salaries!
! Higher likelihood of unemployment! ! Failing to save for retirement!
! Neglecting preventive healthcare!
! Men are worse than women – tendency to complete fewer
Procrastination
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Treatment:
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Negative emotions can derail attempts at self- ! !control – emotion is at core!!- Time travel – project self into future – imagine
! !good feelings if finish project; bad ! ! !feelings if don’t!
!- Just get started – Don’t have to do whole ! ! !project – just first step –do in stages!
!- Forgive yourself – Stop beating yourself up – !
! !replace negative thoughts with positive ones! !- Easy things first – Take easiest task on list or one
Social Thinking
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Attitudes – feelings based on beliefs
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Persuasion -
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! Central-route processing! ! Peripheral-route processing!
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Social cognitions –
understanding others!!
Schemas –
organizing framework!!
Impression formation –
expectations!!
Attribution process -
causes!Social Cognition
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Attribution biases –
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Halo effect
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Assumed-similarity bias
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!Self-serving bias
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Fundamental attribution error
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!Cultural context
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Definition
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Four ways to reduce cognitive
dissonance -
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Modify
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Change importance of cognition
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!!
Add a cognition
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Power of Situation
Social Influence:
Conformity
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Conformity variables -
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Characteristics of group; status
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Individual
’
s response public vs. private
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!Kind of task – ambiguous vs. clear
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Unanimity – support of even one person
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!Gender differences
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“
Display rules
”
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Social Influence:
Compliance
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Foot-in-door
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Door-in-face
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That
’
s not all
Social Influence: Obedience
!Obedience
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!Obedience
based on
refusal to take
responsibility
for actions
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Obedience
Group Influence
!Social facilitation
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!Social loafing
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!Deindividuation
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!Group polarization
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!Groupthink
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!Affiliation
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Social Relations:Prejudice
and Discrimination
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Foundations of prejudice-
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!Social roots
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!Emotional roots
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!Cognitive roots
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Reducing consequences
of prejudice
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Social Relations: Prejudice
and Discrimination
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You’ve got to be taught to hate and fear,
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!You’ve got to be taught from year to year
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It’s got to be drummed in your dear little ear.
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!You’ve got to be carefully taught.
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You’ve got to be taught to be afraid
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Of people whose eyes are oddly made,
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And people whose skin is a diff’rent shade,
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!You’ve got to be carefully taught.
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Social Relations: Prejudice
and Discrimination
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You’ve got to be taught before it’s too late,
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!Before you are six or seven or eight,
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To hate all the people your relatives hate,
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!You’ve got to be taught.
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Bigotry
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Parental influence
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Peer impact
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Community biases
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Geographical history
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Political ramifications
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Legal aspects
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Conscious = unbiased
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Unconscious = bigotry
Aggression
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Biological factors –
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Genetic / Neural / Biochemical
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Two types of aggression –
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Reactive / Instrumental
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Psychological theories
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!Frustration – aggression
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!Observational learning –
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!Video games
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Importance of intentions
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Attraction -
Positive Social Behavior
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Interpersonal
attraction-
important factors
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Love
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!Passionate
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!Companionate
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Decline of Relationships
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!Assessing relationship
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!Confronting/ negotiating
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!Negotiating dissolution
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!End of relationship
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Two common reasons for
decline: Perceiving partner’s
behavior negatively/
Prosocial Behavior
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Altruism
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!Diffusion of
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responsibility
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Conflict and Peacemaking!
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Distorted mirror-image perception
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Chapter 14
Review
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Definitions
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!Attitudes; central-route processing, schemas, halo effect, compliance, social loafing deindividuation; groupthink, etc.!
Social thinking
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!– Fundamental attribution error! !– Attitudes and actions !!
!– Cognitive dissonance !
Social influence
– main concepts and definitions; conformity, compliance, obedience, bigotry, group, etc. !Social relations
– prejudice; aggression; conflicts; attraction; altruism; mirror- image perception; peace !Unmarried Pregnancies
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Very strong correlation between:
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Single motherhood and low social mobility
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!High school dropout rates and low social
mobility
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Level of education and income level over
twenty years
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Poverty and low education level and teenage
pregnancy
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Poor sex education in schools and high
teenage pregnancy
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Unmarried Pregnancies
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!Stats:
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! 36% of births were to unmarried women – up 80%
since 1980!
! Majority of high school dropouts having babies are
unmarried; only 9% of college graduates are!
! Two-thirds of black women giving birth are unmarried;
just more than a quarter of white women are unmarried! ! Percentage of births to single mothers has been rising
steadily in U.S. – and other countries also!
! Four out of five teenage pregnancies unintended (80%)! ! Pregnancy prevention curriculum in low-income
schools reduced teen births by half!
