Chapter 21 - Absolute Monarchies.ppt

(1)

CHAPTER

21

Absolute Monarchs in Europe

(2)

SECTION 1

(3)

SPAIN’S POWERFUL

EMPIRE



Philip II

•

Empire filled

with great

wealth

•

Believed it was

his duty to

defend

Catholicism.

(4)

SPAIN’S POWERFUL

EMPIRE



El Greco

•

Artist who

showed the

deep

Catholic

faith of

Spain.



Diego

Velazquez

(5)

SPAIN’S POWERFUL EMPIRE



Miguel de

Cervantes

•

Author of

Don

Quixote

•

Is he mocking

chivalry or

(6)

PROBLEMS WEAKEN THE

SPANISH EMPIRE



Severe inflation caused by increased

population and devaluing of money.



No Jewish population caused a heavy

tax burden on the lower classes.

(7)



Dutch Revolt

•

Philip raised taxes &

tried to suppress

Protestantism in the

Netherlands.

•

In response a revolt

against Spanish rule

broke out.

•

By 1579, with the help of

William of Orange,

the

Northern provinces were

able to declare

(8)

INDEPENDENT DUTCH

PROSPER



United Provinces of the Netherlands

•

Republic with religious toleration



Dutch will create a great, vast trading

empire through grain & lumber, eventually

replacing the Italians as the bankers.



Artists such as

Rembrandt & Jan Vermeer

will dominate Dutch art.

(9)

REMBRAND

T

Return of

the Prodigal

(10)

REMBRAND

T

(11)

JAN

VERMEER

Head of a

Young

(12)

The

Geograph

er

JAN

(13)

ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE



Absolute Monarchy

•

Kings or queens who believed that all power

within their state’s borders rested in their

hands.

•

Divine Right

•

God created the monarchy & that the

monarch was God’s representative here on

Earth.

(14)

SECTION 2

(15)

RELIGIOUS WARS CREATE A

CRISIS



Henry IV (of

Navarre)

•

First

Bourbon king of

Bourbon

France.

•

Gave up Protestantism

(16)



Edict of Nantes

•

Huguenots (French

Protestants)

could live

in peace in France & set

up their own houses of

worship in some cities.



Henry will be stabbed to

death for his religious

toleration.

(17)



Louis XIII became the next

king, but

Cardinal

Richelieu

was the true

ruler.



Richelieu worked against

(18)

LOUIS XIV RULES ABSOLUTELY



Louis XIV

•

“I am the

state.”

•

Takes over

from Cardinal

Mazarin at age

23 &

(19)



Jean Baptist Colbert

•

Minister of Finance who tried

to make France self-sufficient.

•

Benefits to French companies

•

High tariff on goods from

other countries

•

Encouraged trade from

colonies



Louis XIV rescinded the Edict of

Nantes which caused some

(20)

LOUIS’S GRAND STYLE



Louis surrounded himself with luxury,

made the nobles dress him in the

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

LOUIS FIGHTS DISASTROUS

WARS



Louis tried to capture the

Dutch Netherlands but

was unsuccessful.



Weak harvests, constant

warfare & new taxes

(27)



War of the Spanish

Succession

•

Fought to prevent the

Bourbon dynasty from

gaining control of Spain.



Treaty of Utrecht

•

Louis’ grandson could remain

king as long as the thrones

were not united.

•

Great Britain benefited

(28)

SECTION 3

(29)

THE 30 YEARS’ WAR



Lutherans in the

Protestant Union &

Catholics in the Catholic

League.



Ferdinand II of Bohemia

(future H.R.E.) of the

Hapsburg Family

tried to

close Protestant

churches & the

Protestant revolted &

Ferdinand sent an army

to crush the revolt.



30 Years’ War was over

(30)



First 12 years saw the

Hapsburgs dominate &

crush the Protestants.



Tide changes with the

Protestant

Gustavus

Adolphus of Sweden.



France dominated the

later stages of the war,

supporting the

PROTESTANTS

(31)

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

•

Weakened the Hapsburg states of

Spain & Austria.

•

Strengthened France by receiving

German territory.

•

Made German princes

independent of the Holy Roman

Emperor.

•

Ended religious wars in Europe

(32)

THE 30 YEARS’ WAR



The beginning of the

modern

state system (idea that Europe

was a group of independent

states that could negotiate for

themselves)

was probably the

(33)

(34)

CENTRAL EUROPE DIFFERS

FROM THE WEST



Western Europe

•

monarchs taxed the new

independent towns after

feudalism.



Central Europe

•

Landowning aristocracy

passed laws restricting the

ability of serfs to gain

(35)



Central Europe did

not allow for the

development of

strong kings.



H.R.E was weakened

by the 30 Years’ War

leaving no true

authority.

•

This changes with

the

Hapsburg

family of Austria.

•

Austria will become

(36)

CENTRAL EUROPE DIFFERS

FROM THE WEST



Austrian Hapsburgs

◦ Conquered Bohemia & wiped out Protestantism & created a new Czech Conquered Bohemia & wiped out Protestantism & created a new Czech nobility loyal to them.

nobility loyal to them.

◦ Centralized the gov’t & created a standing army.Centralized the gov’t & created a standing army.

◦ Retook Hungary from the Ottomans.Retook Hungary from the Ottomans.

(37)

(38)

PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA

CLASH



Maria Theresa

of Austria was

supposed to have a peaceful

reign if it wasn’t for

Prussia.



Prussia’s ruling family, the

Hohenzollerns

led by

Frederick William

worked

towards an absolute

monarchy & became a rigidly

controlled military society.

(39)

PRUSSIA

(40)

PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA

CLASH



Frederick the Great

◦ Believed that governments Believed that governments

should extend their borders

◦ Encouraged religious toleration Encouraged religious toleration & legal reform

(41)

PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA

CLASH



War of Austrian Succession

◦

Fought over the Austrian

land of

Silesia.



known for iron ore,

textiles & food products.

◦

Maria Theresa did stop

Prussian aggression, but

was not able to hold on to

Silesia.

(42)

PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA

CLASH



The Seven Years’ War

◦

Maria Theresa signed an alliance with France.

◦

Frederick signed an alliance with England.

◦

1756 – Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian

ally bringing all of Europe into the war.

(43)

PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA

CLASH



Britain emerges as

the real winner

gaining sole

ownership of India.



France lost its

colonies in North

(44)

SECTION 5

Parliame

nt limits

the

English

Monarch

y

(45)

MONARCHS CLASH WITH

PARLIAMENT



James I

◦ Was king of Scotland & became the Was king of Scotland & became the king of England

king of England

◦ Felt it was beneath him to work with Felt it was beneath him to work with Parliament.

Parliament.

◦ Calvinist who failed to help the Calvinist who failed to help the Puritans.

(46)

MONARCHS CLASH WITH

PARLIAMENT



Charles I

◦ Son of James I.Son of James I.

◦ Forced to sign the Forced to sign the Petition of Petition of Right.

(47)

MONARCHS CLASH

WITH PARLIAMENT



Petition of Right

◦ He would not imprison subjects w/o due cause.He would not imprison subjects w/o due cause.

◦ He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent.He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent.

◦ He would not house soldiers in private homes.He would not house soldiers in private homes.

(48)

ENGLISH CIVIL

WAR



Charles tried to abolish the Parliament,

imposed fees on the English people, tried

to enforce the Presbyterian Scots to

accept Anglican prayers.



1641 – Parliament passed laws to limit

royal power & Charles tried to arrest

Parliament’s leaders.



1642-1649 –

English Civil War

◦ Loyal to Charles – Loyal to Charles – Royalists or CavaliersRoyalists or Cavaliers

(49)

(50)

ENGLISH CIVIL

WAR



Oliver Cromwell

◦ General who helped to General who helped to

defeat Charles.



Charles was

arrested &

killed.

(51)

ENGLISH CIVIL

WAR



Cromwell abolished the monarchy & the House of

Lords & established a

commonwealth (republican

commonwealth

(republican

form of government).



Cromwell will rule as a military dictator.



Cromwell will put down a rebellion in Ireland &

promoted Puritan morality.

(52)

RESTORATION &

REVOLUTION



Restoration

◦

With the

people tired

of military

rule,

Charles

II

restores

the

monarchy

(53)

RESTORATION &

REVOLUTION



Charles guaranteed

Habeas Corpus.

◦ Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering that the Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge.

prisoner be brought before a judge.

◦ Now a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the Now a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler.

(54)

RESTORATION &

REVOLUTION



James II

◦ flaunted his Catholic flaunted his Catholic beliefs

beliefs

◦ Dissolved Parliament Dissolved Parliament when they opposed his

when they opposed his

Catholic viewpoints

(55)

RESTORATION &

REVOLUTION



James II will be overthrown by his daughter

Mary

and her husband

William of Orange for the sake

William of Orange

for the sake

of the Protestant faith.



This bloodless overthrow of King James II is

called the

(56)

POLITICAL

CHANGES



Under William & Mary,

(57)

POLITICAL

CHANGES



English Bill of Rights

◦ No suspending of Parliament’s lawsNo suspending of Parliament’s laws

◦ No levying taxes without a specific grant from No levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament

Parliament

◦ No interfering with freedom of speech in ParliamentNo interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament

◦ No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

(58)

POLITICAL

CHANGES



After 1688, no British monarch could rule without

the consent of Parliament & vice versa.



Problems were solved with the creation of a

cabinet.