Chapter 8
Section 1 China Reunified
Section 1 China Reunified
The Sui Dynasty - Did not last long but was able
to unify China.
Emperor Sui Yangdi
completed the Grand Canal built to link the two
great rivers of China – the Huang He, and the
Chang Jiang (Yangtze).
The river made it easier to transport rice and goods
He was a very cruel , used forced labor, was
extravagant. He was murdered and his dynasty
came to an end.
The Sui Dynasty - Did not last long but was able
to unify China.
Emperor Sui Yangdi
completed the Grand Canal built to link the two
great rivers of China – the Huang He, and the
Chang Jiang (Yangtze).
The river made it easier to transport rice and goods
He was a very cruel , used forced labor, was
The Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty
Lasted 300 years.
Restored civil service exams
More stable economy
Brought peace to northern China and expanded their
control to the borders of Tibet.
Tang rulers were unable to prevent corruption in their government
Lasted 300 years.
Restored civil service exams
More stable economy
Brought peace to northern China and expanded their
control to the borders of Tibet.
The Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty
Ruled during a period of economic prosperity
and cultural achievement.
They were challenged from forces in the northern
part of China.
Were not strong enough to prevent the North
from starting a war.
Ruled during a period of economic prosperity
and cultural achievement.
They were challenged from forces in the northern
part of China.
Were not strong enough to prevent the North
Government and Economy
Government and Economy
China was a monarchy that employed a relatively
large bureaucracy.
They still followed the ideas of Confucius
Agriculture flourished manufacturing and trade grew
dramatically.
Technology Advances:
Make steel by mixing cast iron and wrought iron
Introduction of cotton
Gunpowder
Firelance could shoot fire and projectiles 40 yards.
They exported tea, silk and porcelain
China was a monarchy that employed a relatively
large bureaucracy.
They still followed the ideas of Confucius
Agriculture flourished manufacturing and trade grew
dramatically.
Technology Advances:
Make steel by mixing cast iron and wrought iron
Introduction of cotton
Gunpowder
Chinese Society
Chinese Society
New forms of entertainment – playing cards and chess.
Most peasants never left their villages.
T he wealthy , free peasants, sharecroppers and landless laborers.
Landed gentry controlled most of the land
Scholar-gentry controlled the government
Females:
Led by Empress Wu Zhao
Female children were less desirable then male During time of famine female babies were killed.
When a girl was married she became part of her husband’s
family
New forms of entertainment – playing cards and chess. Most peasants never left their villages.
T he wealthy , free peasants, sharecroppers and landless laborers. Landed gentry controlled most of the land
Scholar-gentry controlled the government Females:
Led by Empress Wu Zhao
Female children were less desirable then male During time of famine female babies were killed.
When a girl was married she became part of her husband’s
Treatment of Females
Treatment of Females
Footbinding:
Began in the late Song Dynasty
The feet of young girls were bound with long strips of
cloth producing a lily-shaped foot about half the size of
a foot that was allowed to grow normally.
Extremely painful.
Peasants that worked on the farms were not required
to have their feet bound.
Women with bound feet often could not walk without
help – thus reinforcing the Confucian traditions that
women should remain inside the house.
Footbinding:
Began in the late Song Dynasty
The feet of young girls were bound with long strips of
cloth producing a lily-shaped foot about half the size of
a foot that was allowed to grow normally.
Extremely painful.
Peasants that worked on the farms were not required
to have their feet bound.
Women with bound feet often could not walk without
Education for the Civil Service Exam
Education for the Civil Service Exam
Boys were required to start writing Chinese
characters at the age of 4
They were required to memorize The Thousand
Character Classic by Confucius. This consisted of a
thousand different characters rhymed in
four-character lines.
Those that made an error in reciting the lines was
struck on the back by the teacher.
They were not allowed to participate in physical
activities. (they could fish and play the lute, paint)
Manual labor was FORBIDDEN
Started the practice of covering up the names on
exams.
Boys were required to start writing Chinese
characters at the age of 4
They were required to memorize The Thousand
Character Classic by Confucius. This consisted of a
thousand different characters rhymed in
four-character lines.
Those that made an error in reciting the lines was
struck on the back by the teacher.
They were not allowed to participate in physical
activities. (they could fish and play the lute, paint)
Manual labor was FORBIDDEN
Started the practice of covering up the names on
Chinese characters are written with the following twelve basic strokes:
A character may consist of between 1 and 64 stokes. The strokes are always written in the same direction and there is a set order to write the strokes of each character. In
Sui Dynasty
Tang
Tang
Section 2 The Mongols and China
They were a pastoral people from the region of Mongolia.
Temujin = became Genghis Khan (strong ruler)
The Mongols brought much of Eurasian landmass under a
single rule. They set up their capital city at Karakorum.
When he died his empire was divided among his sons.
Mongol Dynasty in China
Grandson – Kublai Khan completed the conquest of the Song
and established a new Chinese dynasty the Yuan. Established his capital at Khanbalik (now Beijing)
Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam and Java, Sumatra. They
were defeated twice in their attempt to conquer Japan.
Mongol rulers adapted to the Chinese political system.
Chinese people accepted the stability and economic boom the
Religion and Government
Confucian principles became the basis for Chinese
government during the earlier dynasties.
Buddhism and Daoism was brought to China in the first
century A.D. by merchants and missionaries.
Both philosophies gained support among the ruling classes.
Buddhism was criticized for being a foreign religion
and was later forbidden by the government.
During the later Tang period Buddhist Temples
were destroyed.
More than 260,000 monks and nuns were forced
Neo-Confucianism
Taught that the world is real, not an illusion, and that
fulfillment comes not from withdrawal but from
participation in the world.
Divided the world into a material world and a spiritual
world.
The goal is to move beyond the material world to reach
Golden Age of Literature and Art
Chinese: poetry – 48,000 poems written in the Tang dynasty by
2200 authors.
Celebrated the beauty of nature, seasons, and friendship.
Li Bo = carefree writing, mostly about nature. Legend has it that Li
Bo drowned when he tried to embrace the reflection of the moon in a lake.
Duo Fu = serious, focused on social inequity and injustice
Li Quingzhao (female) wrote about what happens to women when
Art
Focused on landscapes
“mountain-water” reflects the
Daoist search for balance between the earth and water.
Humans were insignificant in
relationship to nature
.
Tang dynasty = Porcelain
Japan is made up of 4 main islands:
Hokkaido
Honshu
Kyushu
Shikoku
Mountainous
Only 11% of
The Rise of the Japanese State
In the first century the Japanese settled in
Osaka and Kyoto.
People were divided into small aristocratic
classes, rice farmers, Artisans and household
servants.
Shotoku Taishi Yamato Prince
Tried to unify Japan so they would be able to defend
themselves against China.
He sent a group to study the Tang Dynasty Government and
he began to organize his government the same way.
He set up a centralized government with his being the
supreme ruler (divine authority) with administrative districts and senior officials in each district selected by local nobles.
Taxes were to be paid to the central government instead of
Nara Period
Fujiwara Clan held the power.
New capital was established at Nara.
The emperor began using the title “son of heaven”.
Aristocrats were able to keep the taxes from the land for
themselves.
The Heian Period
Moved capital from Nara to Heian. Government became decentralized.
Peasants released their land to the wealthy aristocrats in exchange for
taxes.
A new class of military was formed called the samurai.
“those who serve”
Fought on horseback used a sword, bow and arrow instead of a lance.
They lived by a code of honor called the Bushido – “the way of the warrior” a life of discipline, and self-control both on and off the field of battle.
The first types of Japanese
armours identified as
samurai armour were
known as yoroi. These early
samurai armours were
made from small individual
scales kozane. The kozane
were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the
kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were
then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest
The kozane dou made from
individual scales was replaced by plate armour. This new
armor which utilized iron plated
dou (dō) was referred to as
Tosei-gusoku or modern
armour.[38][39] Various other
components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet
kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armour changed and developed as the methods of samurai
warfare changed over the
centuries.[40]The known last use
of samurai armour occurring in
The Kamakura Shogunate
Powerful nobleman names Minamoto Yoritomo
defeated several rivals and set up his power near
Tokyo.
Centralized government:
Emperor : ruled by divine right
Shogun: military general (means barbarian-defeating
general)
Daimyo: heads of noble families- controlled large estates
that owed no taxes to the government.
Mongol invasion
Mongol ruler Kublai Khan demanded that Japan accept his
rule. When they refused he sent a fleet to invade.
The Samurai fought off the Mongol Horsemen, help by a
fierce storm that formed the ships to withdraw. (freak Typhoon)
Seven years later Kublai tried again with 4400 ships and
150,000 men and again a storm swept out of the Pacific.
Believing that the typhoon had been sent by the Kami to
Archeologists believe shipwreck
found off Japan belongs to Kublai
Khan’s 13th-century “lost fleet”
Marine archeologists say that the ancient wreckage of
a ship discovered in the seabed off the coast of Nagasaki,Japan,belongs to the ancient "lost fleet“ of ships belonging to China's 13th century Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, CNN reports.
Explorers found the 20-meter-long shipwreck by using ultra-sound equipment some 25 meters off the coast of Nagasaki. The team of researchers buried the ultra-sound sensors about a meter deep in the sandy earth beneath the sea. Archeologists believe the ship dates back to 1281, and was part of a 4,400-vessel fleet that China's Mongol rulers during the Yuan Dynasty had employed as an invasion force.
According to Japanese legend, two typhoons--known as the Kamikaze--that occurred seven years apart in the 13th century twice saved Japan from Mongol invasion by "destroy[ing] two separate Mongol invasions fleets so large they were not eclipsed until the D-Day landings of
World War II," CNN reported. China was not so spared, however, and was ruled by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty from 1271-1368.
"According to a contemporary account cited in the book
Collapse of Central Rule
Daimyo became to powerful.
By 1500 Japan was near chaos.
Onin War broke out.
Central authority disappeared there were
260 different districts run by various Daimyo
Life in Early Japan
Role of Women
During the early development of Japan women did
have many rights.
By the 1500’s women had less rights.
Men could divorce their wife if they were unable to
produce a son, had an affair, talked to much or had a
serious illness.
Aristocratic women had more rights and were allowed
Early Religion of Japan
They worshiped spirits called Kami who
they believed resided in all things and specifically at Mount Fuji, the cherry
blossoms, bonsai trees, formal gardens, and the Sakaki (the holy tree).
They believed that their ancestors were
present in the air around them
They practiced Shinto – “The Sacred
Way”. "Shinto" means "way of the gods" ("Kami no michi"),
They believed in the sun goddess
Torii
Shinto Symbol
The origin of the torii is said to come from an old Japanese legend,
when the sun goddess became extremely annoyed with her prankster brother. She hid herself in a cave and sealed the entrance with a rock, causing an eclipse. The people were afraid that if the sun never
returned, they all would die. So, per the advice of a token wise old
man, they built a large bird perch out of wood and placed all the town's roosters on this perch. They all started to crow noisily, causing the
Zen Buddhism
Buddhism was brought to Japan in the 600’s.
Zen Buddhism was brought to Japan by Chinese monks in
1200’s.
Emphasized enlightenment through meditation and Taoism.
Stress on simplicity and disciple was popular with the samurai.
Zen monasteries influenced politics , trade, and the arts. The
Culture in Early Japan
Japanese art and architecture – landscape was extremely important.
Harmony of Garden, water and architecture.
Women were the most productive writers.
The Tale of the Genji written by Murasaki
Shikibu
Traces the life of the noble Genji as he
tries to remain in favor with those in power.