Unit 11 PPT.pptx

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Aim: What is the study of ecology,

and how do ecologists classify living

and non-living factors?

Do Now: Review the Unit 10 Syllabus

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Ecology



The scientific study of

interactions among organisms

and between organisms and

their environment

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Biotic Factor



Any living part of the

environment



Examples: animals, plants,

decomposers, bacteria,

insects

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Abiotic Factor



A non-living, or physical, factor

that shapes and influences an

environment



Examples: Sunlight, water,

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Organism



A single living thing

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Population



A group of individuals of the

same species that live in the

same area



Example: A group of dandelions

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Community



A group of different populations that

live together in the same area



Example: Dandelions, coyotes,

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Ecosystem



All the organisms that live in a place,

together with their physical

environment (abiotic and biotic

factors)



Example: Dandelions, coyotes,

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Comprehension Check

What are the biotic factors in this picture? What are the abiotic factors?

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Biome



A group of ecosystems that share

similar climates and organisms



Example: The deciduous forest

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Biosphere



All life on Earth, and all parts of the

Earth where life exists



The biosphere contains every living

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Aim: How does energy flow

through an ecosystem?

Do Now: Quiz on ML #1

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Autotroph (“Self-Feeder”)

 _{Organism that is able to capture energy from}

sunlight and use it to make food through photosynthesis

 _{Also called “primary producer”}

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Heterotroph (“Other-Feeder”)

 _{Organism that needs to eat other organisms}

for energy and nutrients

 _{Also called “consumer”}  _Example:

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Decomposers

 _{Organism that breaks down and obtains}

energy from dead organisms chemically

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Food Chain

 _{A series of steps in which organisms transfer}

energy by eating and being eaten

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Food Web

 _{A network of complex interactions formed by}

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Trophic Levels

 _{Each step in a food chain or food web}  _{10% rule: Only 10% of energy available}

within one level is passed to the next level

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Ecological Pyramids

 _{Show how much energy or matter (biomass)}

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Aim: What are the main types of

relationships between species?

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Habitat

 _{An area where an organism lives, including}

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Niche

 _{The full range of physical and biological}

conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those

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Competition

 _{Organisms use the same limited resources}

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Predation (+/-)

 _{An interaction in which one animal (predator)}

captures and eats another animal (prey)

 _{Predators affect the size of prey populations}

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Symbiosis

 _{A relationship in which two species live}

closely together

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Mutualism (+/+)

 _{The symbiotic relationship in which both}

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Parasitism (+/-)

 _{The symbiotic relationship in which one}

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Commensalism (+/0)

 _{The symbiotic relationship in which one}

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Aim: What factors contribute to

changes in populations and

ecosystems?

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Factors that Affect Population Growth

 _{Birth Rate}  _{Death Rate}

 _{Immigration – When individuals move into an} area from elsewhere.

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Exponential Growth

 _{Exponential growth occurs} under ideal conditions

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Carrying Capacity

 _{The carrying capacity is the number of}

individuals in a population, that an environment can support.

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Equilibrium

 _{Equilibrium occurs in a population when birth} rate + immigration = death rate +

emigration.

 _{The population level remains approximately}

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Limiting Factor

 _{A limiting factor is something that controls the}

growth of a population and determines the carrying capacity.

 _{Limiting factors can include:}

 Competition  _Predation  Parasitism  Disease

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Comprehension Check

1. Four environmental factors are listed below.

A. Energy B. Water

B. Oxygen D. Minerals

Which factors limit environmental carrying capacity in a land ecosystem?

2. After a rabbit population reaches carrying capacity, the population of rabbits will most likely:

a. Decrease, only B. Increase, only

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Ecological Succession

 _{A series of gradual changes that occur in a}

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Primary Succession

 _{Succession that occurs in an area in which}

there has never been a community of living organisms

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Pioneer Species

 _{The first species to populate an area during}

succession

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Secondary Succession

 _{A type of succession that occurs in an area}

that was only partially destroyed

 _{Faster than primary succession}

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Climax Community

 _{The healthy community that exists following}

succession