Most Commonly used terms/associations on the Regents
Social Sciences
o
Historians – primary [were there or eye witness] and secondary [writes about after] sourceso
Economist – economic types, scarcity, supply and demando
Archaeologist - artifactso
Sociologist, psychologist, political scientists – government types Neolithic Revolution – turning point: from nomadic hunter gatherers = – domestication of plants and animals -> surplus of food -> settlements -> job specialization -> civilization
Bantu Migration – Africa example of cultural diffusion b/c the Bantus spread language and iron-working as they migrated
River -valley Civilizations: o Floods= silt fertile soil
o Mesopotamia – tigris and Euphrates rivers – Sumeria= cuneiform first writing system Babylon = Code of Hammurabi,
First monotheistic faith = Judaisim – Founder is Abraham , holy text = torah, Code of behavior/guide to living = 10 Commandments, Spreads- Yes – through Diaspora (kicked out of homeland by the Romans) Spread to Western and Eastern Europe - Leads to some anti-semitism in Europe due to jealousy over wealth and seeming alienness
o Indus River – in India, Harappa, and Mohenjo Darro, = plumbing, advanced cities, trade, cotton production
o Nile River – Egyptian, Writing system of hieroglyphics, adv, construction, irrigations systems
o Yangzte and Huang He Rivers of China = Shang Dynasty - bronze vessels and rice and writing system (oracle bones and shells)
Classical Civilizations
o Greece: Mountains = city states (polis), Athens = birthplace of democracy, Civic values or Civic Virtues = code that binds pople together in a society, Philosophy= Plato, Socrates, Hipocrates, Aristotle,
o Rome- Republic – choose representative to make decision (Senate, Consuls),
Architecture = Roads, Aqueducts, archs, Dome – influcences Byzantines -> Russians,-> Muslims, Rome eventually controls all of the Mediterranean Sea – central location
Punic War, Hannibal corrses the Alps with an army Roman golden age Pax Romana
Rome = birth of Christianity in Jerusalem – Founder Jesus of Nazareth and Paul the Apostle- Monotheistic, 10 commandments, Jesus is the Son of God and died for Man’s Sins, Main text – Bible (old testament and the New (Gosplels), Spread – Yes Middle East, Western Europe and North Africa.. How – Cultural Diffusion, Missionaries, common language, attraction of Christianity,
Christiants initiall persecuted by Romans then Constantine converst and issues Edict of Milan = legalized Christianity. Moves the Capital to the EAST in
Constantinople – corssroads between Asia and Europe, Strategic Location, Trade Fall of Rome in 476 CE due to internal and external causes
o Mauyran Civilization – India, Began as Hindus _ Polytheistic, Main Beleifs = Caste
System organizes people based on birth/spiritual purity , Dharma (duty) and Karma (attained spiritual purity) Reincarnation (samsara) cycle of death and birth, goal = Moksha = oneness with the soulforce of the universe, Holy Text = Vedas, Upanishads, Mahabharata, Ramayana: Spread? To India YES by the Aryan invasions, out of India NO
Has ruler named Asoka converts to Buddhism : Founder Siddhartha Guatama
(i.e. Buddha), Enlightened One ( means he sees the truth), Four Noble Truths: Life is suffering, Suffering comes from Desire, to eliminate suffering elimates desire, eliminate desire by following Eightfold Path (guide to living). Holy Text – Tripitaka Three Baskets, Spread? YES to China, Southeast Asia, and Korea, and Japan (zen Buddhism)How? Missionaries. Emperor Asoka of Mauryan Dyynasty ORDERS Buddhist monks to spread religion
o Gupta: Golden Age of India – math and science and medicine, (Decimal system, number
0, astronomy), Science = calendar, Medicine – medical school , surgery, fix bones, inocculations (vaccines), Silk Road Trade
o Zhou Dynasty of China- feudal form of government, Classical Chinese culture, Silk
Production, writing,
Later Zhou is weak becomes Warring States
Confucianism – Confucius (Kong Fu Zi), Text – The Analects, Purpose – to provide order and stability, Main Ideas: filial Piety – respect for elders, Five Relationships (ruler to ruled, Father to Son, Elder Brother to Younger, Husband to Wife, friend to friend): Spread? In China through Han Dynasty. Cultural diffusion to Japan, Vietnam, (Korea): Effect: Civil Service Test/Exam, and
Bureaucracy –government by educated officials
Daoism – nature religion of China – everything has spirits (Laozi) o Legalism – Qin Dynasty of China
First Emperor of China –Shi Huangdi
Use legalism government –
Harsh penalities and laws, spying on each other, censorship
Builds roads, Great Wall, Standardized writing, Standiardized weights and measures (Increase trade)
Terra Cotta Army built to protect his tomb
o Han Dynasty of China- Golden Age
Create Civil Exam and Confucian Bureaucracy (spread it through China) Exam is on The Analects and Confucianism
Built Roads, kept the changes of the Qin Dynasty
Expanded/began Silk Road Trade:
Middle Ages
Feudalism – exchange of land for service, land goes to elite, decentralized form of government, land is the most important commodity, about obligations, serfdom – peasants bound the land
Manorialism – self-sufficient communities on the Lords Land, Manor = the
Lord’s House
Guilds:regulate prices and wages, standardize product, commercial revolution
Great Schism 1054 CE – split between Roman Catholisicim (West) and Eastern
Orthodoxy in the East (split over argument over papal authority)
Crusades Holy War between Christians and Muslims, overt the Holy Land
(Palestine) Began in 1092 Papal Bull of Urban II. Do NOT capture Jerusalem for long) but DOES lead to cultural diffusion between Asia and Europe, leads to the growth of TRADE and then towns and cities in Europe. Multiple perspectives
11 th Century Agricultural Revolution 3 fields system horse collars, increases
food -> increases population -> increases economy
Black Death came from Asia/China through trade, 1/3 of Europe dies, decreases
economy inshort run, increases economy of Europe later, Labor Shortage = higher wages
o Islam Begins in the 630’s CE in Arabian Peninsula, Founder – Mohammad – Prophet,
Holy Text – Qu’ran, Guide to Living – 5 Pillars of Islam (no god but god, prayter 5 x day towards Mecca,(holy City), Fasting during Ramadan, Charity (alms), Pilgrimage toMecca (Hajj) Religious LAW: Sharia (made up of the Qu’ran and Hadith) Spread? YES HOW? Missionaries, SPREAD THROUGH trade, conquest (all non-jews and Christians had to convert or DIE, Christians and Jews could KEEP their relgion if they paid religious Tax (Jizya) : Tolerant Religion.
Islamic Expansion 700s- 1300 Islam Expands under the Abbassid Caliphate and
Umayyid Caliphate to conquer, Middle East, North Africa, parts of Eastern Eruope, and SPAIN.
Golden Age of Islam: - Expanded trade, Silk Road, Science (Astronomy) Math –
algebra, one language= Arabic, Medicine – Avicenna (Ibn Sina) medical textbook that became MAIN textbook for doctors in Europe Asia and North Africa until 1700’s, Dome from Byzatnines, compass (got it from China, used it for navigation _> spread it to Europe)
Jihad – holy war of expansion
French Revolution
o HC: Ancien Regime (3 Estates system) 1st Clergy (church) pay few taxes, 2nd Nobles pay
no taxes 3rd Estate (everyone else, peasants, lawyers, doctors, merchants bankers)
o Food shortage in France, unfair taxation, huge debt from Louis XIV o Louis XVI in charge rules like Louis XIV absolutist divine right
Wants to raise taxes, calls for an Estates General (parliament)
3rd estate declares themselves the National Assembly and demands big changes
Louis XVI locks them out of the assembly room
LEADS to Tennis Court Oath (3rd estate pledge not to stop until France has a new
constitution)
o National Assembly write the Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen
influenced by the Enlightenment (gave rights to French men and women)
o Committee for Public Safety led by Maximillien Robespierre takes power initiates the
Reign of Terror violation of human rights ~40,000 french die in 1 year : Jabins v. moderates and Jacobins were radicals = extreme political views
o Directory – provided stability overthrown by Napoleon Bonapartecoup detat
Napoleon Napoleonic Code- influences ALL law codes of western Europe some
even to today
Tried to conquer all of western Europe
Peninsular Wars
Invasions of Russia FAILS because of harsh/severe Winter
Continental system
Removed Monarchs and installed his family and friends as kings of
concurred nations
Congresss of Vienna (1815) u after napoleon is defeated for 2nd time (waterloo),
Meeting of Great European leader to restore stability and a balance of powers
to Europe (restored monarchs to their thrones)
Technology:
o Lateen sail –triangle sails – allow sailing against the wind -> atlantic exploration and trade
o Compass- created in Han Dynasty (for divination), spread to Muslims for trade, -> Europe allows atlantic trade and navigation
o Movable Type Printing Press in Europe – Before: people wrote books by hand (very $$
$, tedius, few could write) invented in 1450’s in Mainz Germany by Johannes Gutenberg – Published the Guternberg Bible – (Adv. Faster, Cheaper books and many more of them) -> increase in literacy rates in Europe,
People can afford bibles, read them and begin to question the Church Martin Luther (german Monk) disagrees with selling of indulgences (pay for
forgiveness of sins)
Writes the 95 Theses – point out why indulgences are wrong Nails them to door of Wittenberg Church for all to See (Begins the
Protestant Reformation)
Splits religious unity of Western Europe
o Gunpowder – invented in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties (golden Age of
China)
o Spreads to Middle East and Europe - trade, warfare, fighting, cultural diffusion
Effects: Knights were rendered obsolete (guns punched through armor) , Casles
had to be changed as castle wall could be knocked down
Soldiers can be trained to shoot guns quicly and take down veteran knights
Guns could be cheaper
Leads to the creation of standing armies and the centralization of power of the state into the Monarchs Hands
