Learning Memory and Thinking1

Stimulus

• _{Something that}

produces a reaction

Response

Look at this…

Conditioning

=

Classical Conditioning- type of learning and adjusting where two stimuli have

been associated with each other

• _{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfTTm-rg}

Pavlov’s Dogs

What is your biggest

fear???????

• _{Scrap sheet of paper} • _{Write ONE PARAGRAPH} • _{5 to 8 sentences}

• _{Write why you are}

scared of it

• _{Tell about any}

What does

1- Flooding- exposed to the

Downfall:

2-Systematic Desensitization

• _{People are taught relaxation techniques when around their}

fear

http://

app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/asse tGuid/37188E66-9F7C-4C13-AB6D-D89294534 483

Operant Conditioning

• _{People and}

animals

• _{Learn to do or}

not to do things because of the results of what they do

• _{Learning from}

Reinforcement-

Primary

Reinforcers- function due

Negative Reinforcers- increases the frequency of the behavior that follows

Positive punishment

works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making

the behavior less likely to happen in the future.

Decrease the behavior that it follows

EX. You wear your favorite baseball cap to class, but are reprimanded by your

Negative Punishment

happens when a certain desired stimulus

is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less

often in the future.

taking something good or desirable away in order to reduce the occurrence of a

particular behavior

What kind of effect does media

violence have on children and

teens?

• _{Write TWO paragraphs (5 to 8 sentences}

each)

• _{TV, video games, movies, etc.}

• _{How much of an effect?}

• _{Any personal experiences?}

1- Preview

• _{Previewing the subject}

matter before learning it to get a general picture of

2- Question

• _{Develop questioning}

skills

• _{Have a deeper}

3- Read

•

_{Read with}

the purpose

of

answering

your

4- Reflect

• _{Relate new}

information to old information

• _{Relate new info to}

events in your personal life

5- Recite

6- Review

• _{Repeating things helps}

http://

Memory- the process of

Flashbulb Memory

• _{Memory that is}

Three Processes of Memory

• _Encoding

• _Storage

1- Encoding- translation of information into a form in which it can be stored

Ex.

Humming your

Context-Dependent Memories

• _{Context of a memory =}

situation in which a person first had the experience

being remembered

• _{Depend on the place}

where they were stored

• _{Ex. Going back to your}

State-Dependent Memories

• _{Memories that are}

retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded was

re-created

• _{Ex. Happy feelings}

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

• _{Having difficulty}

retrieving information

• _{You’re sure you}

know it, just

What is your happiest

childhood memory?

• _{Draw and color a picture of it}

• _{Include a short description of what’s going on} • _{Tell about your memory}

• _{Why is it the happiest?}

• _{What kind of effect does it still have on you?} • _{Why is it important to you?}

Stage 1- Sensory Memory

• ₁st _{stage of}

memory

• _{Immediate initial}

recording of

memory that is

Iconic memory

Eidetic Memory

• _{Ability to remember}

visual stimuli over long periods of time

• _{Memories last for a long}

Stage 2-

Short-Term Memory

• _{Things you} think about

and are aware of at the

moment

Primacy Effect

• _{Tendency to recall the initial}

items in a series of items

Recency Effect

• _{Tendency to recall the last}

Interference • _New information appears in short-term memory and takes place of what is

3- Long-Term Memory

• _{You have to take steps to store information in this stage of}

Schema

• _{Your prior knowledge about a subject}

• _{What you already know}

Journal

• _{Tell about a time that you had a difficult}

time remembering something.

• _{What were you trying to remember?}

Why?

• _{What did you do to help you remember}

what you needed to? Did it work?

Amnesia- severe memory loss

• _{Brain injury} • _Shock

• _Fatigue • _Illness

Improving Memory

• _{Drill and Practice} • _Association

• _{Form unusual}

associations

• _{Mnemonic Devices}

Remember the last problem that

you had a difficult time solving

• _{What was the problem?}

• _{Why was it so difficult to solve?}

• _{What steps did you take to find the solution?} • _{What stumbling blocks did you encounter?} • _{½ a page}

Thinking- Mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing, and

Problem-Solving Methods

• _{Trial and Error} • _Difference

Reduction

• _Means-End

Analysis

Difference Reduction

Identify THREE things

• _Goal

• _{Where we are in}

relation to it

• _{What direction we must}

Means-End Analysis

• _{Know that certain things we do (means) will have a certain}

Obstacles to Problem Solving

Mental Set

• _{Respond to a new problem}

with an approach that was successfully used with

similar problems

Functional Fixedness

• _{Think of an object as being}

Convergent Thinking

• _{Thought is limited to}

available facts

• _{Narrowing thinking to find}

one solution Divergent Thinking

• _{Looks for leads to different}

Think back to the Hunger Games…

• _{Discuss how someone’s environment can effect}

their behavior by using Katniss as an example.

• _{Discuss the effect that these things had on her:}

people around her, the state of Panem at this time, lack of resources, fear from the Capitol, lack of a

father in the household, her mother’s state of mind, etc.

• _{1 ½ page}

Journal

• _{Create a solution to a problem using the}

ABCDE’s of problem solving

• _{Make it up}

• _{Bullet points are fine}

• _{Use the ABCDE’s to show how the problem is}

Deductive

Reasoning

• _{Conclusion is}

true if the premises are

true

• _Logically

Inductive Reasoning

Confirmation Bias- seek to confirm their

hypothesis rather than

Cognitive Processes Video

• _http://

Representativeness Heuristic- make decisions about a sample according to

the population that the sample appears

Framing Effect- Wording effects decision making

http://

Stages of Language Development

• _{Crying, Cooing, and}

Babbling

• _Words

• _{Development of}