Ch. 3 notes Ecology.ppt

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Ecology



Eco =

House



-ology =

Study of.



Study of

(3)

Ecology



Interaction of

organisms

with each

other, and

(4)

Ecology in the Past

 _{As usual, science in the past}

can be pretty unusual…

 _{Overall, ecology is a relatively}

new field.

 People wouldn’t start thinking about concepts like food webs and such until around the

1700s.

 _{However, they did have their}

(5)

Crytpozoology

 _{Cryptozoology - Study of Mythical animals}

 People thought they were real but we didn’t

find a whole lot of proof for them.

 _{Cryptids: Mythical Animal thought possibly to}

(6)

Examples:

 _Emela-ntouka

 Elephant sized

animal with huge horn.

 Perhaps living in

Africa?

 No actual

(7)

Examples:

 _Bunyip

 This man eating

thing from Australia.

 Popular belief

among aboriginal people.

 Nobody was quite

(8)

Grassman

 _{Said to be seen in Ohio}

 7’ – 9’ tall

 Possibly related to

bigfoot

(9)

Will-o-wisp

 _{Thought to be}

fairies.

 _{Lead Travelers}

astray

 _{Probably just the}

(10)

Okapi

 _{Half Giraffe, Half}

Zebra

(11)

Okapi

 _{Turned out people}

were just haters.

 _{Okapi are real!!!}  _{They are just}

(12)

Jackalope

 _{Mythical Animal in North America}  _{Rabbit with Antlers}

(13)

Jackalope

 _{Turns out they were}

sort of real all along.

 _{Wart-like tumors}

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Ecology



Interaction of

organisms

with each

other, and

(17)

Environment

 _{All conditions}

surrounding an organism.

 _{Broken down into}

(18)

Biotic

 _{living parts of the environment}

(19)

5.

Abiotic

 _{Nonliving part of the environment}

 _{Sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind,}

(20)

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Examples of the Interactions of

Abiotic and Biotic

• _{Tadpoles eat algae, frog eats insects, herons}

eat frogs

• _{Frog is affected by how much water is}

available, temperature and humidity.

• _{Organisms influence abiotic factors; tree}

(22)

Ecology

 _{Interaction of}

organisms with each other, and their

physical environment.  _{Scientist have}

classified different

levels of organization.  Levels reflect different

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23

1

st

Level of Organization



Organism

:

An individual living

thing that is made of

cells, uses energy,

reproduces,

responds, grows, and

develops

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24

2

nd



Population

:

A group of

organisms, all of

the same species,

which interbreed

and live in the

same place at the

same time.

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3

rd



Biological

Community

:

All the populations

of different species

that live in the

same place at the

same time.

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4

th



Ecosystem

:

_Populations_Populations

of plants and animals that

interact with each other in a

given area with the abiotic

components of that area.

(terrestrial or aquatic)

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5

th

Level of Organization



Biome



Is a group of

similar ecosystems

that share the

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6

th



Biosphere

:

The portion

of Earth that

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The Biosphere



Life is found in air, on land, and in

fresh and salt water.



The BIOSPHERE

The

BIOSPHERE

is the portion of

Earth that supports living things.

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3.2 Energy, Producers, Consumers

 _{Every organism needs energy}

to fuel life’s processes.

 _Growth

 _Reproduction

 Other metabolic processes



No organism can

create energy

 _{Organisms use energy from}

other sources

 _{Sunlight is the ultimate source}

of energy Only animal that

makes its own energy…

Cyborg Bear with built in fusion

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To be alive is to be part of a

struggle for energy.



Energy = Life



Many

strategies to

get this energy.



Two basic

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Strategy 1:

Be an Autotroph



Use solar or

chemical

energy to

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Strategy 2: Be a

Heterotroph

 _{Obtain energy by eating}

other organisms.

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Different Classifications of

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Primary Producers

 _Autotrophs

 _{First producers of}

energy-rich compounds

 _{Algae, certain}

bacteria, plants

 _{Inorganic compounds}

assembled into

(36)

Autotroph: Process I

 _{Photosynthesis-using} sunlight; making oxygen, removing carbon dioxide  _Plants-land

 _{Algae-freshwater and}

surface ocean

 _{Cyanobacteria-tidal flats}

(37)

Autotroph Process II

 _{Chemosynthesis-chemical}

energy is used to produce carbohydrates

 _{Deep ocean floor, harsh}

environments (volcano vents), hot springs.

Note

 _{Photosynthesis = ~99%}

of autotrophs

 _{Chemosynthesis = ~1%}

of autotrophs

 _{Organisms use one, not}

(38)

Consumers



Organisms that rely on other

organisms for energy, nutrients



Animals, many bacteria



Usually involves ingesting an

organism

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Type of Consumers

 _{Different types of consumers.}  _{Depends on where the food}

chain the organism is.

 Primary  _Secondary  Tertiary  _Quatinary

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Energy flows in ecosystems

 _{Primary consumer - Animals that eat plants}

or other producers

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Energy flows in ecosystems

 _Secondary_{or tertiary consumers-}

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Energy flows in ecosystems

 _{Animals that get their energy from both}

producers and consumers are omnivores.

 Omnivores - NOT able to digest cellulose.

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Scavenger

 _Heterotroph

 _{An animal that feeds}

on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.

 _{Food source must}

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Decomposers and Detritivores

• _{Decomposer – No Mouth}

• _{Breaks down dead materials}

• _{Plant or Meats}

• _{releases nutrients that are used} by primary producers

• _{Decomposers are recyclers}

• _{Without them the circle of life} ends.

• _{No nutrients = no plants = no} animals = no ANYTHING!!.

• _{Detrivore - Mouth} • _{organism that feeds}

on plant and animal

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Food Chain

_{Energy flows through an ecosystem in a}_{one way}

stream-primary producer to consumers

_{Organisms transfer energy}

Eating

being eaten

Absorbing

Being Absorbed

_{Diagram showing the transfer of energy (and}

(48)

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KEY PIECES



One direction



Arrow Points to

where the

energy to

moving towards!



Multiple levels



Note:



The different

levels have

(50)

Arrow always points to the eater.

(To the organism obtaining the

energy)

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Food Webs

 _{Many animals eat more than one kind of food.}  _{A food web is many food chains linked}

together to show a model of the feeding

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NOTE

 _{More Complex than a food chain}

 Many food chains linked.

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Trophic Levels

 _{Each step in a food}

chain or a food web.

 _{Bottom level is always}

the first level.  Plants

 _{Primary Consumers}

 Things that eat plants

 _{Secondary Consumers}

 Eat primary consumers

 _{Tertiary Consumers}

 Eat Secondary

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Ecological (Trophic) Pyramids

 _{Show the relative amount of energy and}

matter contained within each trophic level

 _{Pyramids of energy}  _{Pyramids of biomass}

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14. Pyramid of Energy

• _{Only a small amount of energy passes between}

trophic each levels.

• _{Organisms expend energy in}

• _Respiration • growth

• reproduction

• _{A lot is also wasted and released as heat energy.} • _{About 10% of the energy in one trophic level is}

passed to the next trophic level.

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Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

 _{Biomass-the total amount of living tissue in a}

trophic level.

 Took all the organisms.  Put them in a ball

 _{Dried that ball}

 _{That is total biomass}

 _{Population-relative number of organisms in a}

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

Organisms have relationships



With other organisms



With the environment

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What is a niche?



Niche –

1.

the biotic and abiotic needs of a

organism

2.

How the organism gets those needs.



Resources: food, water, space



Abiotic factors: weather, moisture



Biotic factors: reproduction, specific food

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Amazonian Horned Frogs

 _Niche

 Amazon Rain Forest  Freshwater

 _{Stalks prey by}

hiding in leaves

 Then it “Chomps”

them.

 This is how it

(64)



One Animal = One Niche



Rarely do two organisms share

the same niche.



The better one would just win

(65)



Similar

organism can

coexist as

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Competition

 _{Two organisms compete for the same resource.}

 Relationship: /

- Both suffer as a result.

 Example: Lion and Cheetah both compete for the

(68)

How do organism interactions shape ecological

communities?



Predation



One organism captures and feeds on

another



Relationship : + / -



Large impact on prey species

(69)

Predator Prey

 _{Predator-capturing, subduing prey}

 _{Prey- avoiding, escaping, fighting off}

predator

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How do organism interactions shape ecological

communities?

 _Symbiosis

 Any relationship where species live closely

together

 Mutualism – both benefit

 +/+

 Commensalism – one benefits, no effect

on the other

 + / …

 Parasitism – one benefits, other is harmed

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3.4 Cycles of Matter

• _{Living things-O, H, C, N mostly (sulfur,}

phosphorus)

• _{Unlike energy, matter cycles within and}

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4 major Cycles

• _{Biogeochemical cycles}

• _{Biological cycles: involve eating, breathing}

burning food

• _{Geological cycles-volcanoes, weathering,}

erosion

• _{Chemical/physical-cloud formation, running}

water

• _{Human Activity-burning fossil fuels, clearing}

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16. Water Cycle

 _{Water continuous moves between ocean,}

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17. Nutrient Cycle

 _{Nutrients-the chemical substances organisms}

(80)

18. Nutrient-carbon

 _{Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids}  _{Shells of animals}

(81)

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19. Nutrient-Nitrogen

• _{Make amino acids-DNA-RNA-Proteins}

• _{Without Nitrogen, you physically could not}

exist

• _{Atmosphere 78% nitrogen gas} • _{This is mostly unusable to use.}

• _{We can’t just breathe in Nitrogen, and use it.} • _{Bacteria can!}

• _{Bacteria is the main}

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Players in Nitrogen Cycle

• _{Nitrogen fixation-}_{certain bacteria can take}

atmospheric nitrogen and make it usable by plants-peanuts, peas, legumes

• _{Denitrification}_{-other soil bacteria get}

energy by converting nitrates into nitrogen gas

• _Humans:

• _{add Nitrogen to the biosphere through}

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20. Nutrients-Phosphorus

 _{Part of DNA and RNA}

 _{Most remains on land or water}

 _{Rocks and sediments wear down, phosphate}

(86)

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21. Nutrient Limitations

 _{If enough water and sunlight is available,}

nutrients will control how primary productivity.

 _{Crop plants are limited by one or more}

nutrients-farmers use fertilizer

 _{Open oceans are nutrient poor compared to}

the land-nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient