TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xvii

Topical List

Law Practice

ADJUSTING TO A NEW WRITING SITUATION ... 13

DEADLINES, MEETING THEM ... 148

GHOST WRITING ... 201

GRACE UNDER FIRE ... 204

JUDGES, HOW TO ADDRESS ... 248

MANAGING WRITERS ... 275

MULTI-TASKING ... 292

ORAL PRESENTATIONS ... 325

PRIORITIES WITHIN ONE PROJECT ... 400

PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE AND PRESENTATION ... 404

TIME MANAGEMENT ... 545

TRIAGE... 559

WRITING BLOCK ... 603

International Legal Writing

COMMUNICATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ... 111

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ... 177

GRAPHICS AND SYMBOLS IN EMAIL ... 205

Writing and Technology

ADJUSTING TO A NEW WRITING SITUATION ... 13

CITATIONS, ELECTRONIC ... 82

CLEANSING ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS ... 88

COMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRONIC ... 105

COMMUNICATIONS, REAL-TIME OR ABBREVIATED ... 117

EMAIL, HOW TO MANAGE ... 171

EMOJIS ... 172

EMOTICONS ... 173

GRAPHICS AND SYMBOLS IN EMAIL ... 205

PAPERLESS PRACTICE ... 349

PRIVACY ... 401

SOCIAL MEDIA ... 516

TEXTING UNDER THE TABLE ... 537

TWITTER ... 560

WORDS SPELLCHECKERS WON’T CATCH ... 597

WRITING AND TECHNOLOGY ... 600

Writing Process

General Concepts ADJUSTING TO A NEW WRITING SITUATION ... 13

AUDIENCE ... 41

AUDIENCE OR READER? ... 43

DOCUMENT CHECKLIST ... 159

ELECTRONIC ETIQUETTE ... 168

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HABITS, WRITING ... 215 HELP ... 218 MULTI-TASKING ... 292 NOTES ... 300 PAPERLESS PRACTICE ... 349 PERFECTIONISM ... 365 POLISHING ... 377 PREWRITING ... 391

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD LEGAL WRITING ... 394

PRIORITIES WITHIN ONE PROJECT ... 400

PROCESS AND PRODUCT COMPARED ... 402

PROCRASTINATION ... 403

PROFESSIONAL POSTURE ... 406

PURPOSE ... 411

REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437

RESEARCH AS WRITING ... 450

RESEARCH STRATEGY GUIDE ... 452

REVISING ... 460 REWRITING ... 463 THESIS SENTENCES ... 543 TIME MANAGEMENT ... 545 TRIAGE... 559 WRITING ... 599 WRITING PROCESS ... 614

Working with Other Writers CHOICES IN LEGAL WRITING ... 78

COLLABORATION ... 90

EDITING... 163

GHOST WRITING ... 201

GRACE UNDER FIRE ... 204

INDEPENDENCE IN LEGAL WRITING ... 229

INSTRUCTIONS, WRITING THEM ... 234

MANAGING WRITERS ... 275

TIME MANAGEMENT ... 545

VOICE ... 585

Making Preliminary Decisions ARGUING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ... 32

AUDIENCE ... 41

COMMUNICATIONS, EMAIL ... 106

ELECTRONIC FILINGS ... 168

GETTING STARTED ... 199

INTRODUCTIONS ... 237

NOTES ... 300

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xix

ORGANIZATION FOR THOSE WHO CAN’T OUTLINE ... 330

PERFECTIONISM ... 365

PREWRITING ... 391

PROCRASTINATION ... 403 PURPOSE ... 411 READERS ... 428 REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, OTHER ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437

SCOPE ... 491

STANDARD OF REVIEW ... 519

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ... 535

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 535

THEME ... 540

THEORY OF THE CASE ... 541

TIME MANAGEMENT ... 545 VOICE ... 585 WRITING, OBJECTIVE ... 604 WRITING, PERSUASIVE ... 606 WRITING PROCESS ... 614 WRITING TO ATTORNEYS ... 616 WRITING TO CLIENTS ... 618

Writing Techniques

Researching LEGAL ANALYSIS ... 255 MANDATORY AUTHORITY ... 278 NOTES ... 300 PERSUASIVE AUTHORITY ... 370 READERS ... 428 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 RESEARCH AS WRITING ... 450

STANDARD OF REVIEW ... 519

SYNTHESIS ... 534

THEORY OF THE CASE ... 541

TRIAGE... 559

UPDATING THE LAW ... 565

WHEN TO STOP ... 588

Citing ALWD GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION ... 19

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BLUEBOOK ... 55

CITATIONS ... 79

CITATIONS, BASIC FORMAT ... 81

CITATIONS, ELECTRONIC ... 82

CITATIONS, PARALLEL ... 83

CITATIONS, PINPOINT ... 83

CITATIONS, SIGNALS ... 84

CITATIONS, STRING ... 85

CITATIONS, VARYING FORMATS ... 86

FOOTNOTES... 192 PARENTHESES ... 357 PARENTHETICALS ... 358 POLISHING ... 377 Reasoning REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 Persuading ARGUING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ... 32

BAD NEWS, GIVING IT ... 43

BAD NEWS, SOFTENING IT ... 47

COMMUNICATIONS, PERSUASIVE ... 114

COMMUNICATIONS, TONE OF ... 117

COUNTERARGUMENTS, HOW TO HANDLE ... 142

ORGANIZATION, LARGE-SCALE ... 333

ORGANIZATION, SMALL-SCALE ... 335

OUTLINES ... 341

POINT OF VIEW, OBJECTIVE TO PERSUASIVE ... 376

POSITIONS OF EMPHASIS ... 380 PRECISION ... 384 READERS ... 428 REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 SENTENCE LENGTH ... 495 SENTENCE STRUCTURE... 500 SHORT SENTENCES ... 510 STARE DECISIS ... 520 STYLE ... 525

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xxi

TOUGH, SOUNDING THAT WAY ... 555

VOICE ... 585 WRITING, PERSUASIVE ... 606 WRITING TO ATTORNEYS ... 616 WRITING TO CLIENTS ... 618 Organizing Large-Scale Organization HEADINGS ... 216 LEGAL ANALYSIS ... 255 ORGANIZATION, CHRONOLOGICAL ... 330

ORGANIZATION, TOPICAL ... 336 ORGANIZATION, LARGE-SCALE ... 333 REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, OTHER ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 TOPICAL ORGANIZATION ... 554 Small-Scale Organization CONNECTIONS, MAKING THEM ... 132

LISTS, STRUCTURE OF ... 266

LOGICAL LINKS ... 274

ORGANIZATION, SMALL-SCALE ... 335

PARAGRAPHS ... 352

SENTENCE STRUCTURE ... 500

TOPIC SENTENCES OR THESIS SENTENCES? ... 555

TRANSITIONS ... 556

Organization in Specific Documents BRIEFS ... 57 BRIEFS, AMICUS ... 60 BRIEFS, APPELLATE ... 62 BRIEFS, PRETRIAL ... 65 BRIEFS, REPLY ... 65 BRIEFS, TRIAL ... 66 CONCLUSIONS ... 129 DISCUSSION SECTION ... 158 INTRODUCTIONS ... 237 MEMOS ... 281 PROCEDURAL OR SUBSTANTIVE? ... 402 QUESTIONS PRESENTED ... 414 Process of Organization DEADLINES, MEETING THEM ... 148

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HABITS, WRITING ... 215

NOTES ... 300

ORGANIZATION, SMALL-SCALE ... 335 OUTLINES ... 341 POLISHING ... 377 POWERPOINTS ... 383 PREWRITING ... 391 REVISING ... 460 REWRITING ... 463 TIME MANAGEMENT ... 545 WRITING PROCESS ... 614 Writing COMMUNICATIONS, CLOSINGS FOR ... 104

COMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRONIC ... 105

COMMUNICATIONS, EMAIL ... 106

COMMUNICATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ... 111

COMMUNICATIONS, OPENINGS FOR ... 113

COMMUNICATIONS, PERSUASIVE ... 114

COMMUNICATIONS, REAL-TIME OR ABBREVIATED ... 117

COMMUNICATIONS, TONE OF ... 117 DICTATION ... 155 DRAFTING ... 162 DRAFTS ... 162 WRITING ... 599 WRITING BLOCK ... 603 WRITING PROCESS ... 614 WRITING TO ATTORNEYS ... 616 WRITING TO CLIENTS ... 618 Structuring Sentences AGREEMENT, SUBJECTS AND VERBS ... 16

CLAUSES ... 87 COMPLEX SENTENCES ... 124 COMPOUND SENTENCES ... 125 CONJUNCTIONS ... 131 DEPENDENT CLAUSES ... 152 INTRUSIVE PHRASES ... 240 PARALLEL STRUCTURE ... 354 PHRASES ... 371 SENTENCE FRAGMENTS ... 494 SENTENCE, PARTS OF ... 495 SENTENCE STRUCTURE... 500 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ... 529 SUBORDINATION ... 530

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xxiii Choosing Words

Accuracy

ACCURACY ... 5

AMBIGUITY, WAYS TO AVOID ... 19

OF COURSE ... 311 PRECISION ... 384 THIS ... 544 Legal Terms ABOVE ... 5 AFFECT OR EFFECT? ... 14 AFORESAID ... 15 ATTORNEY OR LAWYER? ... 40 BLUEBOOK ... 55 DICTA ... 154 EQUITY ... 180 IMPLY OR INFER? ... 228 JARGON ... 248

JUDGES, HOW TO ADDRESS ... 248

KEY TERMS ... 253 LEGALESE ... 260 MIGHT OR MAY? ... 287 PRECISION ... 384 PURSUANT TO ... 412 TERMS OF ART ... 536 WHETHER ... 590 Conciseness AS A MATTER OF FACT ... 37

AT THIS POINT IN TIME ... 40

CLEARLY ... 89

CONCISENESS ... 126

FACT OF THE MATTER, THE ... 186

FACT THAT, THE... 187

FLOWERY LANGUAGE ... 190

FOR THE PERIOD OF ... 198

IN ADVANCE OF ... 229

IN ORDER TO OR TO? ... 233

IN QUESTION ... 233

IT IS SAID THAT, IT WOULD SEEM THAT, IT MIGHT BE SAID THAT ... 247 IT IS . . . THAT ... 247 JARGON ... 248 OBVIOUSLY ... 311 REPETITION ... 447 THERE IS . . . THAT ... 542

UNTIL SUCH TIME AS ... 564

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Clarity and Readability COLLOQUIALISMS ... 94 KEY TERMS ... 253 JARGON ... 248 LEGALESE ... 260 LOGICAL LINKS ... 274 MODIFIERS ... 288 PRECISION ... 384 PRIOR TO ... 401 READABILITY ... 425 REALLY ... 433 RESPECTIVELY ... 459 TERMS OF ART ... 536 TRANSITIONS ... 556 UNDOUBTEDLY ... 562 UTTERLY ... 567 VARIETY ... 567 VERY ... 584

Specific Wording Techniques ALLITERATION ... 17 ASSONANCE... 38 CLICHÉ ... 89 EMPHASIS ... 174 FORMALITY, LEVEL OF ... 194 HYPERBOLE ... 222 IDIOM ... 225 PERSUASIVE WRITING ... 371 POSITIONS OF EMPHASIS ... 380 REPETITION ... 447 RHYMES ... 467 TONE ... 550 VARIETY ... 567 VOICE ... 585 Tone BAD NEWS, SOFTENING IT ... 47

COMMUNICATIONS, TONE OF ... 117

EMOJIS ... 172

EMOTICONS ... 173

FORMALITY, LEVEL OF ... 194

PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE AND PRESENTATION ... 404

SOCIAL MEDIA ... 516

TONE ... 550

TOUGH, SOUNDING THAT WAY ... 555

Using Graphic Aids BOLDFACE TYPE ... 55

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xxv CHARTS... 78 EMOJIS ... 172 EMOTICONS ... 173 FONT CHOICES ... 191 FONT SIZE ... 191

GRAPHICS, HOW TO USE ... 205

GRAPHICS, WHICH FORM TO USE ... 210

ITALICS ... 245

LISTS, WHEN TO USE ... 272

POWERPOINTS ... 383 TYPEFACE SIZE ... 560 UNDERLINING ... 561

Legal Documents

Memos ANALOGOUS CASES ... 23 APPLICATION ... 31 BRIEF ANSWERS ... 57 CAPTIONS ... 71 CASE BRIEFS ... 74 CONCLUSIONS ... 129 CONCLUSORY ... 130 DISCUSSION SECTION ... 158 INTRODUCTIONS ... 237 LEGAL ANALYSIS ... 255 MEMOS... 281 OBJECTIVITY ... 310 ORGANIZATION, LARGE-SCALE ... 333 ORGANIZATION, SMALL-SCALE ... 335 OUTLINES ... 341 QUESTIONS PRESENTED ... 414 READERS ... 428 REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, OTHER ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 STARE DECISIS ... 520 STATEMENT OF FACTS ... 521 WRITING, OBJECTIVE ... 604 WRITING TO ATTORNEYS ... 616 Briefs ARGUING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ... 32

ARGUMENT SECTION ... 33

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BRIEFS, AMICUS ... 60 BRIEFS, APPELLATE ... 62 BRIEFS, PRETRIAL ... 65 BRIEFS, REPLY ... 65 BRIEFS, TRIAL... 66 CONCLUSIONS ... 129

COUNTERARGUMENTS, HOW TO HANDLE ... 142

CREDIBILITY ... 144

DESIGN ... 153

ISSUE STATEMENTS ... 241

MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES ... 281

PERSUASIVE WRITING ... 371

POINT HEADINGS ... 375

POINT OF VIEW, OBJECTIVE TO PERSUASIVE ... 376

READERS ... 428 REASONING, ANALOGICAL ... 433 REASONING, DEDUCTIVE ... 433 REASONING, INDUCTIVE ... 435 REASONING, MODERN ... 436 REASONING, OTHER ... 436 REASONING, POSTMODERN ... 437 REASONING, PRESENTING IT ... 437 STANDARD OF REVIEW ... 519 STARE DECISIS ... 520

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ... 522

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT... 531

SYLLOGISMS ... 532

WRITING TO ATTORNEYS ... 616

Various Legal Documents ANSWERS TO COMPLAINTS ... 25 BENCH MEMOS ... 51 BRIEFS ... 57 BRIEFS, AMICUS ... 60 BRIEFS, APPELLATE ... 62 BRIEFS, PRETRIAL ... 65 BRIEFS, REPLY ... 65 BRIEFS, TRIAL... 66 CASE BRIEFS ... 74 COMMUNICATIONS, EMAIL ... 106 COMPLAINTS ... 122 CONTRACTS ... 137 CORPORATE DOCUMENTS ... 139 INFORMATIVE ARTICLES ... 231 LEGISLATION ... 263

MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES ... 281

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xxvii

OPINIONS, LEGAL ... 317

ORDERS ... 329

PLEADINGS ... 372

SCHOLARLY WRITING ... 475

SETTLEMENT LETTERS AND EMAIL ... 507

VERIFICATION ... 583 WILLS ... 592

Checklists

DOCUMENT CHECKLIST ... 159 POLISHING CHECKLIST ... 378 PREWRITING CHECKLIST ... 393

RESEARCH PROCESS CHECKLIST ... 451

REVISING CHECKLIST ... 462

REWRITING CHECKLIST ... 465

SCHOLARLY WRITING CHECKLIST ... 476

UPDATING THE LAW ... 565

WHEN TO STOP ... 588

Grammar Concepts

Generally BENDING THE RULES ... 53

GRAMMAR ... 205 SENTENCE FRAGMENTS ... 494 Nouns ABSTRACT NOUNS ... 5 ANTECEDENTS ... 27 COLLECTIVE NOUNS ... 94 NOMINALIZATION ... 297 NOUNS ... 305 PROPER NOUNS ... 410 Verbs ACTIVE VOICE ... 8 PASSIVE VOICE ... 360 PAST PARTICIPLES ... 362 SPLIT INFINITIVES ... 517 VERBS, AUXILIARY ... 568

VERBS, EFFECTIVE USE OF ... 570

VERBS, IRREGULAR ... 573

VERBS, LINKING ... 574

VERBS, MOODS ... 574

VERBS, PARTICIPLES ... 576

VERBS, TENSES ... 577

VERB TENSES, WHICH TO USE? ... 582

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Modifiers ADJECTIVES ... 11 ADVERBS ... 14 APPOSITIVE ... 32 ARTICLES, GRAMMAR ... 37 MODIFIERS ... 288 MODIFIERS, DANGLING ... 289 MODIFIERS, MISPLACED ... 289 MODIFIERS, SQUINTING ... 290 NONRESTRICTIVE PHRASES ... 299 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ... 387 PREPOSITIONS ... 388 PRONOUNS ... 407 Punctuation ABBREVIATING DATES, NAMES, STATES, AND TITLES ... 1

ABBREVIATIONS IN TEXT ... 4 ACCURACY ... 5 APOSTROPHES ... 28 BRACKETS ... 56 CAPITALIZATION ... 69 COLONS ... 94 COMMA, OXFORD ... 97 COMMAS ... 98 DASHES ... 146 ELLIPSES ... 170 EM OR EN DASH? ... 170 EXCLAMATION POINTS ... 182 HYPHENS ... 222 LISTS, STRUCTURE OF ... 266 PERIODS ... 366 QUESTION MARKS ... 413 RUN-ON SENTENCES ... 471 SEMICOLONS ... 492

SPACING BETWEEN SENTENCES ... 517

Usage ABBREVIATING DATES, NAMES, STATES, AND TITLES ... 1

ABHORRENCE OF OR ABHORRENCE FOR?... 4

AFFECT OR EFFECT? ... 14

AGREE TO OR AGREE WITH? ... 16

ALL-ROUND OR ALL AROUND? ... 17

ALL READY OR ALREADY? ... 17

ALRIGHT OR ALL RIGHT? ... 18

ALTHOUGH OR THOUGH? ... 18

ALTOGETHER OR ALL TOGETHER? ... 19

A.M. ... 19

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TOPICAL LIST OF ENTRIES xxix AND/OR ... 24 AS IF OR AS THOUGH? ... 38 AS OR LIKE? ... 38 AS TO ... 40 BAD OR BADLY? ... 49 BASED ON ... 49 BASICALLY ... 49 B.C. OR B.C.E.? ... 50 BECAUSE OR SINCE? ... 50 BEST OR BETTER? ... 54 BLACK ... 55

CAN HARDLY OR CAN’T HARDLY? ... 68

CANNOT OR CAN NOT? ... 68

CAN OR COULD? ... 69

CAN OR MAY? ... 69

CERTAIN ... 78

CLEARLY ... 89

COLLOQUIALISMS ... 94

COMPOUND WORDS, WHEN TO HYPHENATE ... 126

CONTACT ... 134

CONTEND ... 134

CONTINUAL OR CONTINUOUS? ... 136

CORRESPOND TO OR CORRESPOND WITH? ... 142

COULD CARE LESS OR COULDN’T CARE LESS? ... 142

DIFFERENT FROM OR DIFFERENT THAN? ... 156

EACH ... 163 ELEGANT VARIATION ... 169 EMAIL OR E-MAIL? ... 172 EMINENT OR IMMINENT? ... 172 END RESULT ... 177 ETC. ... 181 EVERYBODY ... 181 EVERYONE ... 181

FACT OF THE MATTER, THE ... 186

FARTHER OR FURTHER? ... 187 FEWER OR LESS? ... 188 FIGURATIVE MEANING ... 188 FLOWERY LANGUAGE ... 190 FOREGO OR FORGO? ... 193 GOOD OR WELL? ... 204 HANGED OR HUNG? ... 216 HYPERBOLE ... 222 IF AND WHEN ... 227 IMPACT ... 228 IMPLY OR INFER? ... 228 IN ADVANCE OF ... 229

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JARGON ... 248 LAWYER OR ATTORNEY? ... 254 LAY OR LIE? ... 254 LEAD OR LED? ... 255 MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS ... 279 MAY OR MIGHT? ... 280 MOST IMPORTANTLY ... 290 OBLIVIOUS OF OR OBLIVIOUS TO? ... 311 OK, O.K., OR OKAY? ... 311

ON LINE, ONLINE, OR ON-LINE? ... 312

ORAL OR VERBAL? ... 325

OTHERWISE ... 340

PADDING ... 349

PER ... 364

PERCENT, %, OR PER CENT? ... 365

PHENOMENA OR PHENOMENONS? ... 371

PREPOSITION, ENDING A SENTENCE WITH ... 388

PRINCIPAL OR PRINCIPLE? ... 394 PROCEDURAL OR SUBSTANTIVE? ... 402 REALLY ... 433 REGARDLESS OR IRREGARDLESS? ... 447 RECUR OR REOCCUR? ... 446 S/HE ... 510

SOMEDAY OR SOME DAY? ... 516

SOMEONE ... 516 THEIRS OR THEIR’S? ... 540 THEREFORE OR THEREFOR? ... 542 TO BE ... 549 UNTO ... 565 UTTERLY ... 567 VERY ... 584 VIRTUALLY ... 584 VIZ. ... 584 WE ... 587 WHEN OR IF? ... 588

WHETHER OR WHETHER OR NOT? ... 591

WHOEVER OR WHOMEVER? ... 591

WHO OR WHOM? ... 592