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Karavanke

Alps

Hans P. Schönlaub, GeoPark Carnic Alps

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Structural correlations between Carnic/Gailtal Alps

and Eastern Karavanke Alps

Karavanke Alps

Carnic/Gailtal Alps

Northern Karavanke Alps Foreland

??

Northern Karavanke Alps Mesozoic Gailtal Alps Mesozoic („Drauzug“)

Eisenkappel Paleozoic

??

Eisenkappel Granite

Nötsch Granite

Eisenkappel Crystalline Complex Gailtal Crystalline Complex

Karavanke Tonalite

Gailtal Tonalite

Seeberg Paleozoic

Carnic Alps Paleozoic

Southern Karavanke Alps Mesozoic Carnic Alps Mesozoic

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Tectonic subdivision of the Eastern Karavanke Alps

Quarternary

Tertiary

Northern Karavanke Alps Mesozoic

Eisenkappel Paleozoic (Diabase Unit)

Karavanke Granite

Karavanke Crystalline Complex

Karavanke Tonalite

Southern Karavanke Alps Mesozoic

Seeberg Paleozoic (“Seeberg Aufbruch“)

Fault

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P. L.

Northern Karavanke Alps – Triassic Seeberg Palaeozoic

Kamniško Savinjske/

Steiner Alps – Triassic Koschuta – Triassic

N-S cross section of the eastern Karavanke Alps (after F. Kupsch et al., 1971, modified by F. K. Bauer, 1973 and H. P. Schönlaub). Eisenkappel Palaeozoic

Granite & Eisenkappel Crystalline

1: Post-Variscan Permian and Upper Carboniferous, 2: Banded Limestone units, 3: Devonian limestone, 4 : undated volcanics, 5: Hochwipfel Fm., 6: undated shales (Seeberg Shale), 7: Upper Ordovician and Silurian, 8: Upper Ordovician volcanics, 9: Eisenkappel Granite, 10: Pillow lavas of Eisenkappel, 11: Diabase sill of Palaeozoic of Eisenkappel, 12: Werfen Fm., 13: Alpine Muschelkalk Fm., 14: Partnach Fm., 14: Wetterstein Lst. (dolomitic reef debris), 16: Wetterstein Lst. (calcareous reef debris), 17: Wetterstein Lst. (lagoonal facies), 18: Raibl Fm., 19: Rhaetian-Jurassic, 20: Schlern Dolomite, 21: Tertiary, 22: Dachstein Lst. (reef debris facies), 23: Dachstein Lst. (lagoonal facies).

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Bad Eisenkappel/Železna Kapla

Zimpasserkogel Kamniško Savinjske/

Steiner Alps

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Areal view of the Gail Valley with the Carnic Alps (left) and the Gailtal Alps (right)

Gailtal Crystalline Complex

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Carnic Alps Paleozoic

Gailtal Crystalline Complex

Gailtal Alps Mesozoic Periadriatic Line

Tonalites

View into the Gail Valley from East showing Carnic Alps in the South and Gailtal Alps to the North

http://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/PublishedMaps/

Nötsch Carboniferous Nötsch Granite

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Nötsch Granite

Geological Map of the Carboniferous of Nötsch

Gailtal Crystalline Complex Gailtal Alps Mesozoic

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Summit of Hochobir (2139 m) –

Northern Karavanke Mesozoic)

Eisenkappler Hütte (1555 m)

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Gailtal Crystalline Complex Nötsch Granite and Amphibolite

Gailtal Crystalline

Complex

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Eisenkappel Tonalite of Remschenig Valley (above)

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Carnic Alps

Karavanke Alps

Alps

Tuff - Ignimbrite

Stratigraphic subdivision of the Carnic and Karavanke Alps Paleozoic

(Hubmann et al., 2003, modified from Schönlaub, 1985)

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Composite section of the ~80 m thick

Trögener Group of Upper Ordovician to

Upper Devonian age followed by Lower

Carboniferous cherts and the Hochwipfel

Fm. (after Moshammer, 1989, 1990).

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Limestones and shales of the 80 m

thick Trögen Group dissected into

6 tectonic slices in the Trögen

River

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Seeberg Pass

Eisenkappel

http://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/PublishedMaps/

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Seeberg Pass Storschitz Zimpasser Eisenkappel Eisenkappel Storschitz Seeberg Pass Zimpasser http://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/PublishedMaps/

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Carnic Alps Paleozoic: Kellerwand with Eiskar glacier, Hohe Warte, Biegengebirge (left) and

Rauchkofel mountain (right) representing different Devonian limestone environments

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Sunrise at Kellerwand cliff (Devonian fore-reef),

first recognized by Leopold v. Buch 1824

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Lake Wolayer

with mountain

Seekopf (2554 m)

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Seewarte mountain (2595 m), centre of

Devonian shallow water deposits with Lake Wolayer

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Southern cliff of mountain Rauchkofel showing Upper Ordovician to

Lower Devonian rock sequences

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Southern face of Rauchkofel mountain with bedded Rauchkofel Fm.

(Lower Devonian -Lochkovian)

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Geological map of the Seeberg area (compiled by F. K. Bauer, 1981)

Pasterk

Rapold

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Seeberg Paleozoic: Distribution of different facies types in the Devonian and Lower

Carboniferous of the Seeberg area (after Tessensohn, 1975)

Rapold

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Rapold cliff with upside-down Upper

Devonian sequence of reef-debris

limestones with fissures and sedimentary

gap between basal Famennian and Lower

Carboniferous (after Tessensohn, 1975).

Rapold cliff

~1100 m altitude

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Base of small Pasterk rock with

greyish crinoid-coral bearing

limestones of Lochkovian to Pragian

age. Containing the historically

famous “

Bronteus

Trilobite Fauna“ of

Frech (1887)

Small Pasterk cliff Big Pasterk

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Sketch of 250 m thick Devonian reef complex of Storschitz with duplicated backreef and reef facies. 1 = Backreef algal limestone, 2 reef core with corals and stromatoporoids, 3 fault bounded Upper Carboniferous (after

Tessensohn, 1975).

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Kamniško Savinjske/Steiner Alps

Sunset in Karavanke Alps

(Foto Gailberger)

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Information panels Trögen Gorge,

Silberbründl

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The changing face

of the Earth

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Paläogeographie des alpinen Raumes in der Obertrias Alpine

Shelf(

Development of Alpine Shelf on northern part of Apulian Promontory of the African Plate

Upper Triassic palaeogeography

: Development of Alpine shelf on northern part of

Apulian Spur (Adriatic Promontory).

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INFO-BOX

Age Triassic (251 – 199.6 m. y.)

General development

- increasing production of lime due to rich and diverse organisms

(corals, bivalves, brachiopods, ammonoids, porifera, algae etc.)

on a shallow marine shelf with development of extended reefs in

Middle and Upper Triassic times, lagoons and deep water realms - continuous subsidence over some 50 m.y. resulted in more than

3000 m thick sediment accumulation

Palaeogeography

- passive continental margin with wide shelf area extending across Apulian Promontory as part of African Plate

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Sketch from the Bohemian Massif towards south with opening Tethys Ocean in Middle to Upper Triassic times

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INFO-BOX

Age Jurassic (199.6 – 145.5 m. y.)

General development

- Penninic Ocean formed between Africa and Europe

- marine sedimentary basin subsided differently due to mobile crust - limestone sedimentation restricted to submarine swells, clayish

and marly sediments deposited in deeper parts Palaeogeography

- breakup of Pangaea

- Atlantic Ocean opened followed by Penninic Ocean ~165 m.y. ago

- sedimentation of the later Limestone Alps on the northern part of

the Apulian Promontory which was separated from the Helvetic Shelf on the other coast (= European Plate) by the Penninic Ocean

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PaläogeographiePALAEOGEOGRAPHY des alpinen Raumes im Oberjura

Pangaea broke up, Penninic Ocean opened. Sedimentation of the later Limestone Alps on the northern part of the Apulian Promontory which is separated from the Helvetic Shelf on the other coast (= European Plate) by the Penninic Ocean. Tethys Ocean started closing

Eastalpine Shelf

Helvetic Shelf

Upper Jurassic palaeogeography: Pangaea broke up, Penninic Ocean opened. Sedimentation of the later Limestone Alps on the northern part of the Apulian Spur which was separated from the Helvetic Shelf on the other coast (= European Plate) by the Penninic Ocean. Tethys Ocean started closing.

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Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous

Sketch from the Bohemian Massif and its cover, the Helvetic Shelf, with opening of the Penninic Ocean, to the Eastalpine Shelf during the Upper Jurassic and

Lower Cretaceous

Tethys Ocean is being subducted

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INFO-BOX

Age Lower Cretaceous (145.5 – 100 m. y.)

General development

- widening of the Penninic Ocean through production of new oceanic

crust, upon which the “Bündner Schiefer“ (schistes lustrès) were

deposited

- intracontinental subduction within the Austroalpine (Eastalpine) tectonic unit ~135 m.y. ago caused shortening and tectonic subdivision of the Austroalpine into a lower and upper tectonic unit with formation of Austroalpine nappes

Palaeogeography

- breakup of Pangaea continued

- Adriatic Promontory separated from African Plate

- Adriatic Microplate started independent drifting

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Pillow lava of the Penninic Ocean floor at Idalpe, Tyrol

Pillow lava of the Penninic Ocean floor of the Penninic Ocean floor of

Prasinite of quarry Hinterbichl near

Prägraten,

Eastern Tyrol

reworked and schistosed Jurassic ocean crust

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INFO-BOX

Age Upper Cretaceous (100 – 65.5 m. y.)

General development

- Adriatic Microplate approached Europe - Penninic Ocean started closing - formation of an accretionary wedge (change from passive to active

continental margin)

- oceanic lithosphere and sediments of Penninic Ocean (flysch-type

Bündner Schiefer/“schistes lustrés“) deformed into Penninic nappes

- Eo-alpine high p/t metamorphism around 90 m.y affected less distinct the upper tectonic units including limestone areas Palaeogeography

- upper nappes formed shallow Austroalpine sedimentary basins subdivided by islands with deposition of Gosau sediments

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Upper Cretaceous paleogeography: Apulia approached Europe, Penninic Ocean started closing with deposition of thick Flysch deposits which subsequently were transformed into Penninic nappes. Shelf subdivided by islands with Gosau sedimentation. Eo-alpine high p/t metamorphism in deeper crust.

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Upper Cretaceous to Eocene

Sketch from the Bohemian Massif and its cover, the Helvetic Shelf – Flysch trough of Penninic Ocean – early Alps in Upper Cretaceous to Eocene time

European Plate Adriatic Plate/Apulia

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INFO-BOX

Age Paleogene (65.5 – 23 m. y.)

General development

- approx. 50 m.y. ago Penninic Ocean was completely closed - southern margin of European Plate was subducted under the

Austroalpine orogenic wedge until some 40 m.y. with formation of Helvetic and Subpenninic nappes, respectively

- Variscan granites transformed to orthogneisses

- temperature-controlled “young-alpine“ metamorphism

(“Tauernkristallisation“)

- 40 - 30 m.y. ago slab break-off of lithospheric plate resulted in ascent of hot melts between Austro- and Southalpine (= later Periadriatic Line) which crystallized to granites and tonalites in the crust and volcanoes on the surface, respectively

- Adriatic Plate started south-directed thrusting - thickening of crust underneath the central Alps

- ~30 m.y. ago adjustment movements starting with slow uplift Palaeogeography

- landscape evolution of Austroalpine with hills east of Brenner and low mountains to the west

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Oligocene paleogeography: Penninic Ocean has completely closed, rise of Austro-alpine Unit started and Molasse Basin formed.

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Oligocene

Sketch from the Bohemian Massif across the Molasse Basin to the northward thrusting Alpine nappes during Oligocene times

E u r o p e a n P l a t e

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Reconstruction of the Eastern Alps during the „Augenstein-landscape“ in the late Oligocene when the

Northern Limestone Alps were not fully exhumed

Later Tauern Window mountains

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INFO-BOX

Age Paleogene (65 – 23 m. y.)

General development

- beginning in the Eocene a foreland basin (“Paratethys“) gradually

subsided due to the superimposed load of the overriding Alps on European Plate

- until ~15 m.y. filling with debris from the rising Alps and the Bohemian Massif

- rich animal and floral heritage Palaeogeography

- shallow marine sedimentary molasse basin of Paratehys surrounding

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INFO-BOX

Age Neogene (23 – 2.4 m. y.)

General development

- N-S shortening resulted in indenter of Southern Alps some 20 m.y ago - rapid E-W lithospheric extension and stretching in Pannonian Basin - development of a system of lateral displacements north and south

of the Alpine chain

- lateral extrusion of Eastern Alps against Pannonian Basin

- thinning of central part of Eastern Alps due to normal slip faulting - start of exhumation of Hohe Tauern 15-13 m.y. ago

- internal deformation continued – formation of Alpine fissures

- formation of intra-Alpine Molasse Basins Palaeogeography

- since approx. 10 m.y. uplift of Alps with rates of some 5 mm/y, later slowing down to 0.5 mm/y

- sedimentation in Molasse Basin continued until 4 m.y. when fresh

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Sketch of the Alpine-Carpathian area during the middle Miocene: large crustal wedges of the Austroalpine Unit were squeezed out towards the east due to a south-north directed compression (after Peresson & Decker, 1997, modified)

Adriatic Plate

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African mantle

Geological N – S section of the Eastern and Southern Alps from Traunsee in Upper Austria to Bohinjsko jezero in Slovenia (after Froitzheim et al. 2008, Schuster & Stüwe, 2010, Stuewe & Homberger, 2011, mod.)

Major steps of Alpine plate tectonic evolution

- The Adriatic Plate was part of the African Plate until the Lower Cretaceous (“Adriatic/Apulia Promontory“) - subsequently the Adriatic Plate broke up and started to drift independently

- while the Austroalpine unit was detached from the Adriatic Plate during the Lower Cretaceous, the Southalpine was sheared off in southern direction during the Paleogene

- today the Austroalpine and Southalpine units are part of the Alpine orogenic wedge which is overlying the plate boundary of the European and Adriatic Plate in the subsurface

- anticlockwise rotation of the Adriatic Plate continues today with movements of some mm/y triggering seismicity in Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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Tectonic block diagram of the Eastern and Southern Alps

(Graphics: M. Brüggemann-Ledolter, Geological Survey of Austria)

TECTONIC UNITS DERIVED FROM ADRIATIC MICROPLATE

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Acknowledgement

Graphics: Monika Brüggemann-Ledolter, Geological Survey of Austria

Kurt Stuewe, University of Graz

Geopark Carnic Alps

Photos: Hans P. Schönlaub

Ruedi Homberger

Internet (Hochobir, Steiner Alps)

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Adriatic Plate – Southern Alps

References

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