Agriculture

Agriculture

Chapter 11

Agriculture

What little do you know? #1-5

#2

This?

Breaking down Agriculture

Economic Activities

products closest to the ground- often Intensive labor

97% of world farmers found in Developing/Periphery countries

• Secondary economic activities

Manufacturing of primary products into new products

Rarely in the periphery, most in semiperiphery

• Tertiary economic activities

service industry – connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade

Classification of Economic Activities

• Primary=Extraction Activities Hunting & Gathering From ground!

– Farming

– Livestock raising or herding

– Lumbering – Mining

– Quarrying

Primary Example -Teak logs near

Top picture-aquaculture or fish farming in Thailand

Classification of Economic Activities

• Secondary Activities

– Manufacturing-convert ing raw materials into finished goods.

– Major changes in

human history marked by new ways to convert raw materials into

Classification of Economic Activities

essential services in a complex society

– Doctors, dentist, hospitals – Lawyers

– Teachers

– Stores, shops – Banks, offices

• Quaternary –pay quarterlies?

– Info and exchange of money

• Quinary- Question?

Arable Land pg6

Percent Arable by Country

• ANSWER-example

• The US only has 2 million

farmers now. 1.5% of our pop. • Mechanization and farm

consolidation have forced out many small scale farmers.

• Yet US farm production is at an all time high.

• IN MOST OF THE WORLD

AGRICULTURE REMAINS THE LEADING EMPLOYMENT

SECTOR-45% of the world’s population are farmers yet US

Tertiary Sector makes up the majority of Core nation jobs. List the jobs for each type of Tertiary Service.

THE BEGINNING OF FARMING

• E.Q Where/When did Agriculture Begin?

Before Farming

Fishing was the only way to acquire food for most of our existence.

– San of southern Africa – Aboriginals of Australia – Native Americans of Brazil

Bushmen of the

Kalahari still live

Hunting & Gathering Societies

• Settlements are NOT PERMANENT

• Populations remain small • Technology improved

slowly…VERY SLOWLY • Bone & stone tools &

weapons-AKA spears • Learned to control

fire-protection-cooking

The First Agricultural Revolution

AKA Neolithic=

• Where did plant domestication begin?

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS- ex. Mesopotamia/FCrescent, etc

South and Southeast Asia & Americas

early domestication of root crops, up to 14,000 years ago.

Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent)

then early domestication of seed crops, about 10,000 years ago.

The First Agricultural Revolution

• Where did animal domestication begin?

– Ancient Civilizations and the Americas

• How did Agriculture spread?

The Fertile Crescent –

Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began.

- because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time

- generated a surplus of wheat and barley = what does that lead to? - first integration of plant growing and animal raising

(used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops)

Animal Domestication – Really only 14 animals

Subsistence Agriculture

• Subsistence Agriculture –

Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive.

- farmers often share small pieces of land - some are sedentary, and some practice

shifting cultivation- (Most common) search for

fertile land, farm 3-5years * slash-and-burn-harm rain forests…

Intensive: High Labor Gardening, Fruits/Vegetables

Like gardens in some people’s backyards!

World Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture

Settling down in one place, a rising population,

and the switch to agriculture are interrelated

occurrences in human history. Hypothesize which of these three happened first, second, and third, and explain why.

How did settlements begin?

How do you know you are right?

Does population need food to survive?

Does food create population?

Mocking Agriculture Revolution

John Greene

Which was 1st? Have your answers out!

1)Settling down in one place- Front of Room

2)A rising population - Door

3)Switch to domesticated agriculture- Pencil Sharpener --At your table sum up your answers, then respectfully debate!

Let’s have a little fun and see what little you know….

How did Agriculture Change

with Industrialization?

Level 1A. Explain 1st & 2nd Agriculture Revolution Level2B. Describe difference between Agricultural

Revolutions

Level3B. Explain impacts/effects of each Ag revolution

Second Agriculture Revolution

17

-18

century

• A series of innovations, improvements, inventions and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses. *Less farmers were needed*

(fueled by the industrial revolution)

– Examples: seed drill, steam engine, internal combustion engine, tractors, etc.

– advances in livestock breeding, trait-breeding specifically, cross breeding =BIGGER ANIMALS

– Land is consolidated, new fertilizers, crop rotation, field system like tiling, new banking/lending policies

– LED TO URBANIZATION as less labor needed-CITIES^

1800s Von Thunen Model

• Von Thunen Model p376

– What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town.

– Cost/TIME of transportation impacts land use.

– First effort to analyze the

spatial character of economic activity. ‘Perishability’

– Basic Assumptions

• Flat land, same environment conditions, no transport

What will I find at each spatial layer?

• Task: For each Von Thunen Layer of a city, provide two agriculture

items/processes/descriptions you think you would find WITH a reason why you know that for each….

• Skip 2 as this is simply forest land for wood burning stoves and making furniture….

• Partner… Find two other people with a shirt

Von Thunen Model

• Von Thunen Model

1) Perishable goods- Milk, fruits, rare delicacies → AKA Milkshed

2) Wood for burning in stoves, protection from storms

3) Bulky crops like corn, wheat, soybeans etc. (Manure from 4)

4) Smelly livestock and grazing land like pigs and cattle

Application of Von Thunen Model

SUMMARIZE/REFLECT/COMPARE

Find two people- re-read your notes & Vocab

Add what you are missing, ESPECIALLY examples! Circle/Underline most important pieces

Third Agriculture Revolution

(Green Revolution)1960’s(why/cause) to Present HIGHLY MECHANIZED

• invention of high-yield grains, especially rice,

with goal of reducing hunger in poorest areas.

- increased production of rice and CROP YIELDS - stronger seeds invented to protect from

weather/diseases

- reduced famines due to crop failure (now distribution)

Now most famines are due to political problems

-Introduction of GMO’s (Genetically modified organisms) -PRESERVATIVES & HIGH YIELD SEEDS

-Revolution focused on areas like INDIA to

Consequences to Green Revolution?

• With your neighbors without moving,

Opposition to Green Revolution

• Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to:

– vulnerability to evolution of pests – Soil erosion and depletion

– Water shortages due to over Irrigation

– Micronutrient deficiencies- grow food we can’t eat...

– Outrageous Increased use of chemicals...

– Less farmers due to High Mechanization

– Wetland/Environmental damages due to run off

– Seed, Machingery, Fertilizer costs outrageously higher

– Most periphery countries focus on Monoculture

– locally grown non-edible food, drives up food costs

Year Round Rice Production

–monoculture

- lands that used to be used for family subsistence are now

used for commercialized farming with revenues going to the men&CORE.

- women do the work of rice production and see little of the benefit because of the power relations with other countries and government

- Monoculture doesn’t provide variations of food for consumption

India Green Revolution

• Power of Place #16 start clip at 14:45

What Imprint does

Agriculture make on the Cultural

Landscape? On population clusters?

Look out an airplane lately? Checkers

much? Or space ship circles? What about

where people live?

Cadastral Systems -

• Township and Range System-(rectangular survey system) - Most common in US- checkerboards! Reason we have square towns

-is based on a grid system(geometric) that creates 1 square mile sections.

- after Revolutionary War, West expanded from Homestead Act (5yrs inherited 160 acres of unsettled lands)

• Metes and Bounds Survey –pre-established boundary

uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.

• Long-lot Survey System –Established in France

Township and Range –

Longlot Survey System –

The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels.

Time to Draw a town!

On a separate sheet of paper. Time to show off!

• In the next 5 minutes Draw a Town.

• Include the basics of a town. Keep it simple, not to much detail, but LABEL.

• When you are done drawing, write 5

explanations how/why your town is setup that way.

Functional Differentiation within Villages

• Cultural landscape of a village reflects:

– Social stratification- bigger size + quality =More prestige

Agricultural Villages

• Linear Village- (Hilly regions of Europe) Sit atop a hill or rivers to offer protection And/Or conserve ARABLE land

• MOST are Cluster Village (nucleated) Small gardens and outbuildings intermingle to create clustered farms. Developing

• Round Village (rundling) Created for cattle round ups

• Walled Village Originated to protect from invasions. As pop. Grew, new walls created. Most common in Europe

• Grid Village (Modern style) conquistadors and colonies organized to sustain rule → typically become bigger towns

Top-a Namibian village or kraal to protect livestock

Right-Masaai use the blood of their livestock for food.

Nordlingen, Germany built in the Middle Ages circa, 14th Century. What village?

NUCLEATED

Stilt village in Cambodia

DISPERSED Farm in Minnesota MOST COMMON IN USA

Summary:

Agriculture has influenced the cultural landscape and environment in numerous ways.

Describe in detail 3 ways Agriculture has impacted the landscape in YOUR lives OR in the world.

Think:

Politically:

Economically: Socially:

Spatially:

When Done: Read Intensive vs Extensive

Article: Intensive or Extensive?

Complete a K - W - L chart: K= what do you know

E.Q. What is the Global Pattern

of Agriculture and Agribusiness

TODAY?

A: Define Agribusiness and Commercial Agriculture. B: What is the difference between Commercial

farming compared to 1st/2nd AG revolutions.

C: What impacts or effects has Agribusinesses had on the world food industry?

Agriculture TODAY

• Commercial Agriculture- Focus on one/two crops

Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. Bigger than conventional gma and gpa farms. Less Women in Core countries…

● OFTEN USE GMO’s- more nutritious, more resistant to weather/pests & larger yields!

- Began in colonial agriculture-PLANTATIONS-Cash Crops

- concentrated efforts on MONOCULTURE in periphery

- more mechanized/efficient transportation allows specialization -ORGANIC FARMING on rise due to bad reputation of chemical use

Advances in Transportation and Food Storage

- Containerization of seaborne freight traffic

- Refrigeration of containers, as they wait for barges

Agribusiness and the Changing

Geography of Agriculture

• Agribusiness- Large companies tied in Agriculture – Agribusiness provide services to commercial & family farmers

With the development of new agricultural technologies

enormously increasing production, agriculture has become a multibillion dollar industry. Less Farmers Needed Than Ever B4

- ex. –Poultry/Hog industry in the US

-production is now concentrated yet supports all US -farming is turning into manufacturing

Organic Agriculture

• Organic Agriculture –

The production of crops without the use of

synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without

hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds.

- sales of organic foods rising in core countries

- grown everywhere, yet unable to feed 7.2Billion

Fair Trade Agriculture-

Luxury Crops

• Fair Trade Coffee – Periphery gaining power!!

Coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee

importers.

- guarantees a “fair trade price”

- over 500,000 farmers profits and wages increased

- produced in more than 20 countries - often organically produced

Fair trade coffee

farmer in El Salvador grows his beans

organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better

Loss of Productive Farmland=

Urban Sprawl has caused farmers to lose- Carrying Capacity

Farmers have responded by tiling and draining wetlands, lessening

Food Deserts

• Limited access to food, specifically fresh fruits and vegetables

- Location of Grocery Stores in small rural areas? GONE

- Fast Foods more prevalent then grocery stores - Third World countries focus on monoculture…

• Read Inner City Memphis Food Deserts

- EAT LOCAL MOVEMENT- Think of it as gardens on steroids that are for sale in local farmers markets!

BLUE REVOLUTION

Aquaculture- practice of raising and harvesting fish

and other forms of food that live in water artificially. - Fastest growing food production in world

Agriculture and Climate

• Climate Regions (based on temperature and precipitation) help determine agriculture

production.

• Agriculture Regions – drier lands usually have livestock ranching and temperate climates

usually have grain production.

Climate

determines AG production

• Dry lands/Arid Climates-Animal Herding • Tropical Climates- Slash N’Burn/Citrus • Temperate- Mixed Crop/Livestock- USA

• North Latitudes- Grain (wheat,barley) Russia, Canada

World Map of Climates-388

Partner up

Summary:

A: Define Agribusiness and Commercial Agriculture.

B: What is the difference between Commercial farming compared to 1st/2nd AG revolutions.

C: What impacts or effects has