Cleasby/Vigfusson Dictionary

AN

ICELANDIC-ENGLISH

DICTIONARY

BASED ON THE MS. COLLECTIONS OF

THE LATE RICHARD CLEASBY

ENLARGED AND COMPLETED

BY

GUDBRAND VIGFUSSON, ALA.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND LIFE OF RICHARD CLEASBY BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L.

Oxford

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

INTRODUCTION

THIS work is a Dictionary of the Old Icelandic Language, or (as it may be called) the Classical Language of the Scandinavian race. The history of the preservation of this language in its ancient form is remarkable. The Icelandic language, in old writers also called the Norse or the Danish (Norœna or Dönsk tunga), was spoken by the four great branches of the Scandinavian race who peopled the countries abutting on the Baltic, the Norsemen or Northmen, Swedes, Danes, and Goths (Norðmenn, Svíar, Danir, and Gautar], as well as by the inhabitants of those parts of Northern Russia which were then known by the name of Gardar*. At the beginning of the 9th century the growing population of these countries, together with political changes and the naturally enterprising character of the people, caused a great outward movement of the race. Under the leading of their chieftains they set forth to seek for homes in other lands; and thus the gth century came to be known by the name of the Age of the Vikings (Vikinga-OlcT), The stream of emigra- tion increased in volume, as tidings of the successes of the first adventurers reached the northern shores. The Swedes continued to press eastward into the countries beyond the Baltic, while the Danes and Norsemen steered boldly to the south and west, and chiefly to the shores of the British Isles. Two main currents of this emigration by sea may be traced. First, the Danish, which directed its course to the north-east of England, and at length occupied that district so completely that it received the name of the Dena-lagu. The Saxon Chronicle is the chief authority for this part of the subjectf; the only old Icelandic works which touch on it being the Egils Saga, which says that in the reign of Athelstan almost every family of note in Northern England was Danish by the father's or the mother's side; and the Ragnars Saga, which professes to give an historical account of the great Danish invasion, but is almost as mythical as the Iliad. The second migration was Norse. These settlers gradually peopled the coasts of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Orkneys and Shetland, and the northern counties of Scotland, Ross, Moray, and especially Caithness. In the year 852 A.D. the Norse sea-king Olave the White reached Ireland with a large fleet, and founded a Norse principality at Dublin: the foremost man among the Norsemen in Scotland was Earl Sigurd, uncle of Göngu-Hrolf. It is

probable that to this same emigration must be referred the conquest and occupation of Normandy. * See the word Gardar in the Dictionary. t The Saxon Chronicle under the year 787 states that in that year Danish ships first came to England. The Annales Cambriae record the same fact with regard to Ireland under the year 795 : so also the Irish Annals, see Dr. Todd's Introduction to ' The War of the Gaedhill with the Gaill/ p. xxxii (Rolls' Ed.). With this stream of Norsemen the colonisation of Iceland also is closely connected. That island had already been discovered by a Viking named Naddodd, who called it Snowland (Snœland]; it was next seen by Gardar, a Swede, after whom it was named Gardarsholm ; and lastly, the Viking Fldki gave it the name of Iceland, from seeing the Isafjörd covered with polar ice. But the first settlers were Ingolf, son of Orn, and his foster-brother Leif, who set sail about A.D. 870, and reached Iceland; they soon however passed on to Ireland, whence after a few years they returned to Iceland, taking with them some Irish slaves. The year 874 is fixed by the chroniclers as the date of this final settlement. Leif was soon after murdered by his unwilling Irish colonists; Ingolf remained alone and is regarded as the first settler in the island. About the same time Harold Fair-hair had seized the throne of Norway, and, by the establishment of despotic power, had become unbearable to the high-spirited and independent chiefs; and therefore the newly-discovered island, bleak and desolate as it was, offered a wel- come home to men who had hitherto lived in the possession of equal and undisputed rights. Again, the Norsemen in the British Isles became unsettled after the death of King Thorstein, Olave the White's son (the Oistin Mac Amlabh of the Irish Annals), in the year 874 A.D. ; and they seem from that time to have begun to migrate to Iceland. Conspicuous among these emigrants was Queen Au$r Djrípau&ga, King Olave's widow, who set forth with almost all her kinsfolk and followers. It is probable that the

number of Norsemen who sailed from Ireland to Iceland was about equal to that of those who had gone thither from Norway. They carried with them their families and such cultiva- tion as they possessed. They spoke that form of the Scandinavian tongue which prevailed on the western coast of Norway; and as time went on, while new dialects formed themselves throughout Scandinavia, in Iceland the old tongue rose to the dignity of a literary language, and thereby retained its original form. It has thus been preserved to our days *. The first settlers formed an independent aristocracy, or republic, which continued for nearly four hundred years. Up to the end of the loth century they held the heathen faith and practised the rites of heathen worship : Christianity was accepted as the faith of the island in the year 1000 A.D. Two centuries and a half after this change of faith (A.D. 1262) the Icelanders made willing submission to the king of Norway, that is, as has been said, about four hundred years after the first discovery of the island. It was during this period that the Laws and Sagas of Iceland were written. Some idea of the extent and variety of this literature may be formed from the compendious account which is subjoined to this Preface. Tales of an historical and

mythological character were committed to writing, being for the most part narratives of the feats of heroes abroad and at home, and belonging to the times before the year 1030 A.D., which may fairly be called the patriarchal age of Icelandic history; and in these tales, with poems, laws, and

documents of various kinds, the old Scandinavian tongue, as spoken and written by the Icelanders in the period ranging from goo to 1262 A.D., has been handed * See the Landnáma, the Laxdaela Saga, and the Irish Annals; and, for details, Mr. Dasent's Paper in the Oxford Essays for 1858, pp. 176 sqq., and his Introduction to 'The Story of Burnt Njal/ Edinburgh 1861. down to us in a form which may justly be called classical. In Sweden and Norway the old Scandinavian tongue is

preserved in writing only on the scanty Runic monuments. The earliest Danish and Swedish written laws are believed not to be earlier than the middle and end of the I3th century, by which time the common language in these lands had already undergone great changes, although the modern Danish and Swedish were not yet formed. In Norway, however, a considerable literature of the I3th century survives; and the old language lasted longer there than in the sister countries. This literature consists of laws, diplomas, homilies, and translations of French romances; and these works are quoted in this Dictionary together with the Icelandic. These documents belong to the period embraced by the reign of King Hakon, A.D. 1216-1263 ï but, though valuable, they do not make an original

literature. Only in Iceland did a living literature spring up and flourish; there alone the language has been handed down to us with unbroken tradition and monuments, from the first settlement of the island to the present day. It is believed that the present Dictionary will furnish not only a complete glossary of the words used in this old classical literature, but also a full account of the forms and inflexions of the verbs, with copious citations of passages in which each word occurs, with

references carefully verified, and explanations given whenever they seem to be required; and, at the same time, though the Dictionary is mainly intended for the old authors, both in prose and poetry, it endeavours to embrace an account of the whole language, old and new. A few words must be added to explain the origin and history of the work. Many years ago, RICHARD CLEASBY projected a General Dictionary of the Old Scandinavian Language; and in 1840 he left England to settle in Copenhagen, the chief seat and centre of Scandinavian learning and the home of the best collection of Icelandic MSS., for the purpose of preparing himself for his work and of obtaining the assistance of Icelandic students in collecting materials; among these Mr. Konrad Gislason's name ought especially to be mentioned. Mr. Cleasby was a man of inde- pendent means, an excellent scholar, held in high esteem by foreign scholars, devoted to his work, and shunning no labour to make it perfect. He reserved for himself the old prose literature ; while Dr. Egilsson was engaged on the poetical vocabulary, towards the expenses of which Mr. Cleasby promised to contribute, so that he may be said to have been the chief promoter of that work also. The MS. of the Poetical Dic- tionary was ready for publication in the year 1846. In the following year Mr. Cleasby caused five words—

bragð, búa, at (conjunction), af (preposition), and ok (conjunction) —to be set up in type as specimens of the projected Prose Dictionary. These he sent to several foreign friends, and among others to Jacob Grimm, who returned a most kind and friendly answer, warmly approving of the plan as indicated in the specimens, and adding many good wishes that Mr. Cleasby might have health and life to complete the work. Unhappily these wishes were not to be realised, In the autumn of the same year he was taken ill, but was in a fair way to recovery, when, by resuming work too soon, he suffered a relapse. His illness took the form of typhus fever, and he died insensible, without being able to make arrangements respecting his papers and collections. Desirous to continue the work which he had begun, and in which he was so deeply interested, Cleasby's heirs decided to bear the expense of continuing it. The task of doing this was entrusted to Konrad Gislason, a son of Gisli Konradsson who for half a century was a prolific and popular Icelandic author. Konrad had assisted Cleasby in his study of Icelandic from November 1839, and had, along with other Icelanders, been employed on the dictionary from April 1840. From 1846 onwards he made many important contributions to Icelandic studies, and was professor of Icelandic in the Uni- versity of Copenhagen from 1853 to 1886. With so eminent a scholar, whose special studies were in the early Icelandic language and literature, the dictionary was in good hands, all the more as he also had capable assistants, among whom were Gisli Magnusson, Benedikt Gröndal, Eirikur Jonsson, and Gunnlaugur Þordarson. By their combined work the material collected for the dictionary had been so far dealt wr_{ith that by 1854 it had been put into dictionary form for the whole alphabet and}

made available for general use by the meaning of the words being correctly rendered in English, although for the editor and his colleagues this was an acquired language. At this stage, however, Cleasby's heirs had misgivings as to the time that might still be required to complete the work, and decided to have the manuscript immediately sent to England, where it was placed at the disposal of Mr. (afterwards Sir) G. Webbe Dasent, who had shown his interest in, and knowledge of, Icelandic by his translations of the Prose Edda (1842) and Rask's grammar (1843). In the year 1855 Dasent proposed to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to under- take the publication of the dictionary. The matter, however, remained in abeyance till 1864, when Dasent again brought it before the Delegates. They were persuaded to renew their engagement with him to undertake the publication of the work. He stated, however, to the Delegates that the papers were left in an imperfect state, and asked them to grant a sum of money for the purpose of securing the services of an Icelandic scholar in completing the work. This was also agreed to; and Dasent, in the course of the same year, secured the services of Gudbrand Vigfusson, an Icelander born, already well known for his learning, and for his labours in the field of his native literature. Vigfusson, like Gislason, had been a student in Copenhagen, and from 1860 on- wards had established his reputation as an Icelandic scholar by editing some important sagas and other works as well as by his articles on various subjects. In entering the field of lexicography he was undertaking something new, for which, however, the way had already been prepared for him. The manuscript dictionary compiled in Copen- hagen has fortunately been preserved, so that Vigfusson's share in producing the printed work can readily be made out. For many of the words it was only necessary to make minor changes, occasionally of definitions, but more frequently of references, these being usefully altered to apþly to a printed text in place of the manuscript from which they had originally been copied. In many entries, usually of minor importance, the quotations given in the manuscript dictionary were omitted, in order no doubt to save space, as the entry was thus reduced to one line instead of two or three. On the other hand, the space given to words of some importance or interest, especially those relating to Icelandic culture or history, was frequently enlarged and the article made more informative. The model for the elaborate treatment of the commonest verbs had already been set by Gislason, whose articles on these also supplied the bulk of the numerous quotations. While thus to a great extent making use of, and at the same time improving, the material ready to his hand, Vigfusson made various additions to

it, mainly from Old Icelandic texts not previously printed, or from the Norse-Danish dictionary of Johan Fritzner published in 1867. A further addition to the vocabulary was the inclusion of a number of words not recorded in the older literature, but making their appearance at any time during or after the fifteenth century. As no systematic collection of these had ever been made, it was only to a few of them that it was possible to supply a date or a reference, and Vigfusson cited most of them simply as 'modern' or 'modern word' or 'now freq.', thus unfortunately helping to confirm the idea that there is a definite breach between 'old' and 'modern' Icelandic. For quite a number of such words dates could readily have been found in texts with which Vigfusson was familiar, or in the early dictionaries by Runolfur Jonsson (1651) and Gudmundur Andrésson (a 1654). Even those which are included in the supplement to this edition of the dictionary are no more than an imperfect attempt to fill the gap still existing between the records of the two main periods of Icelandic

literature. This Preface, as far as the fourth line of p. vi, is reprinted from that written by Dean Liddell for the first part of the dictionary, which was published in 1869. The short paragraph on the same page is partly abridged from the same source; otherwise the matter on pages vi and vii either has been rewritten or, for the most part, is entirely new. The Introduction, the life of Richard Cleasby, and the Specimens, occupying sixty-four pages in the first edition, are omitted in this one and the space added to the more essential supplement. W. A. C. The sources for the Icelandic part of this work are the following. 1. Mr. Cleasby's collections, which have in words, phrases, and

references supplied about one-half of the materials for the present work. 2. The Lexicon Poëticum, by Dr. Sveinbjörn Egilsson, born 1791, died 1852, a most excellent work, which has served as a chief guide in references from the old poetical language. 3. Fritzner's Dictionary, by Johan Fritzner, a Norse clergyman, begun shortly after the year 1850, and completed in 1867. It is a very rich and good collection, entirely independent of Mr. Cleasby, and has afforded much valuable assistance throughout. 4. Björn Halldórsson's Dictionary, Icelandic and Latin. The author, an excellent Icelandic clergyman, was born about 1715, and died 1794, and his work was published in 1814 by Rask, who also translated the original renderings into Danish: it is well known from the fact that Grimm in his Grammar has taken from it almost all his collection of the vocabulary of the Icelandic language. 5. Alt-Nordisches Glossar, by Theodor Möbius, 1866, a limited but independent

collection, which has afforded many happy references. 6. The Dictionary published in Copenhagen in 1860 (Old-Nordisk Ordbog). This book has evidently been compiled from Cleasby's papers in Copenhagen: it omits all references. It has been of some use, as it has here and there shewn where words have been omitted in the transcripts now at Oxford. 7. Earlier Glossaries: a. Specimen Lexici Islandici, by Magnus Olafsson, an Icelandic clergyman, died 1636, published under the name Specimen Lexici Runici in 1650 by the Danish scholar Ole Worm, who also wrote it in the Runic character. This is the first Icelandic Glossary alphabetically arranged, and contains from 1200 to 1500 words with references. Hence the word ' Runick/ as applied to Icelandic, in Hickes and Johnson. 0. Lexicon Islandicum, by Gudmundus Andreae, an Icelander, died 1654, published by Resen in 1683; it derives all words from Hebrew: not very interesting and without references. y. Monosyllaba Islandica, by Rugman, an Icelander, 1676; it contains about 1400 such words. 8. Index Linguae Veteris Scytho-Scandicae sive Gothicae, by Olaf Verelius, a Swedish scholar, died 1682, published by Rudbeck in 1691; a fairly done work, containing about 12,000 words with references from MSS. e. Lexicon Islandicum, a large collection made by Jón Olafsson, born 1705, died 1779; it has not been published but is preserved in MS. in Copenhagen and has therefore not been within reach, but illustrations from it are now and then given from memory. &. Skýringar, by Pál Vídalín, died 1727; a commentary on obsolete law terms, published at Reykjavik in 1854. 8. Indexes along with Editions, etc., e. g. the 12th volume of Fornmanna Sögur: Lexicon Mythologicum, by Finn Magnusen, affixed to the large edition of Sæmundar Edda: Indexes to Njála, Grágás, Annálar, etc.: Indexes along with Chrestomathies, e. g. Dieterich, a German scholar; as also Dieterich's Runic

Glossary (Runen-schatz), 1844: Physical Index in the Itinerary or Travels of Eggert Olafsson, Copenhagen 1772 : Index on Medical Terms in Félags-rit, 1789, 1790: Botanical Index in Hjaltalin's Icelandic Botany, 1830: Indexes of Proper Names in Landnáma, 1843; in _Fornmanna

Sögur, vol. xii, and Flateyjar-bók, vol. iii; in Munch's Beskrivelse over N.orge (Geography of Norway), 1849. 9. Mr. Vigfusson's own collections and such additions and illustrations as he has been enabled to make through his knowledge of his own mother-tongue. The sources for the etymological part are chiefly the following. Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, a work which embraces all Teutonic languages. For Gothic, the Glossary to Ulfilas, by Gabelenz and Loebe, 1843. For Anglo-Saxon, Dr. Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary; as also Grein's Poetical Glossary

(Sprach- schatz), 1861 and 1864. For Early English, the Ormulum, an old gospel paraphrase by Orm or Ormin (a Scandinavian name), published by Dr. White in 1852; it affords many illustrations of Scandinavian words, but it is chiefly curious for philological purposes because of the careful distinction it makes between short and long vowels. For Northern English and Scottish, Jamieson's Dictionary. For Old Saxon, Schmeller's Glossary to Heliand, an Old Saxon gospel harmony, 1840, For Old and Middle High German, Graff's Sprach-schatz, and Mittelhoch-Deutsches Wörterbuch, 1854 sqq.

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS CITED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

N. B,—The authors of most of the Icelandic Sagas are unknown; the works are therefore died, not the authors, even where they are known.

A. POETRY

.—Kviða generally denotes a narrative poem; mál a poem in dialogue or didactic; Ijóð, söngr a lay, song; tal a genealogical, drápa a laudatory heroic poem; rima a rhyme or rhapsody.

I, MYTHICAL POEMS :—Völu-spá, Háva-mál (mythical-didactic), Grímnis-mál,

Vafþrúðnis-mál, Skírnis-Vafþrúðnis-mál, Alvís-Vafþrúðnis-mál, Loka-senna, Harbarðs-ljóð, Vegtams-kviða, |jryms-kviða, Hýmis-kviða, Hyndlu-ljóð, Forspjalls-ljóð (mod.) 2. Poems in the form of a ' drápa,' but upon mythical subjects:—Haustlöng, Hús-drapa, Jiórs-drápa, Bagnars-kviða.

II. HEROICAL :—Fáfnis-mál, Sigrdrífu-mál, Hamðis-mál, Sigurðar-kviða (in three poems),

Guðrúnar-kviða (in three poems), Brynhildar-kviða, Atla-kviða, Atla-mál, Völundar-kviða, Rígs-mál, Helga-kviða Hjörvarðs-sonar, Helga- kviða Hvmdings-bana (in two poems), Helreið

Brynliildar, Oddrúnar-grátr, Guðrúnar-h.efna, Grotta-söngr, Gró-galdr, Fjölsvinns-mál, Ynglinga-tal, Háleygja-Ynglinga-tal, Bjarka-mál, Getspeki Heiðreks, and other poems in Hervarar Saga, Darraðar-ljóð. Most of these poems (in 1. II) are contained in the old collection commonly called Ssemundar Edda: the various editions differ in the distribution of the verses; in this Dictionary references are made to the edition of Möbius, Leipzig 1860; that of Sophus Bugge, Christiania 1867, has now superseded all former editions, and is cited in special instances.

III. HISTORICAL :—Höfuð-lausn, Sona-torrek, Arinbjarnar-drápa (all published in the Egils

Saga), Hákonar-mál (published in Hkr. i), Vell-ekla, Darraðar-ljóð, Rekstefja. 2. Poems later than the middle of the 12th century:—Kráku-mál (published in Fas. i), Hugsvinns-mál (paraphrase of Gate's Disticha), Sólar-Ijóð (published along with Sæmundar Edda), Hátta-tal (published along with the Edda), Jómsvíkinga-drápa, íslendinga-drápa, Merlinus-spá (an Icelandic metrical paraphrase of

Geoffrey of Monmouth), Málshátta-kvæði (collection of proverbs in a MS. Cod. Reg. of Edda), Konunga-tal (published in Flateyjar-bók ii. 520 sqq.), Placidus-drápa, Harm-sól, Leiðar-vísan, Líknar-braut (religious poems, edited by Dr. Egilsson, published 1833 and 1844), Geisli (published in P'b. i. beginning), Guðmuodar-drápa (published in Bs. ii. 187 sqq.), Lilja or the Lily (published in H.E. ii. 398 sqq.), both poems of the I4th century. 3. Ôlafa-ríma (published in Fb. i. 8 sqq.), Skáld-Helga-rímur (published in Grönl. Hist. Mind, ii), ^prymlur, Völsungs-rímur (edited by Möbius), Skíða- ríma (a satirical poem of the I4th or 15th century), etc.

IV. POETS CITED :—Bragi (pth century) ; Hornklofi, Jyóðólfr Hvinverski (gth or loth century);

Egill, Kormakr, Eyvindr Skálda-spillir (all of the loth century); Hallfreðr (born 968, died 1008); Sighvatr, Arnórr (both of the nth century) ; Einarr Skúlason (i2th century), etc.

B. LAWS

.—The Icelanders and Norsemen first began to write their laws at the end of the nth and the beginning of the I2th century; before that time all laws were oral.

I. LAWS OF THE ICELANDIC COMMONWEALTH :—Grágás (vide that word), a collection

of the laws of the Commonwealth, published in two volumes by the Arna-Magnaean Legate, Copenhagen 1829. Parts or sections of the law are, Kristinna-laga-báttr, frnigskapa-þáttr, Víg-slóði, Bauga-tal, Tíundar-lög, Landbrigða-báttr, Arfa-þáttr, Ómaga-bálkr, Festa-þáttr, Lögréttu-báttr, Lögsögumanns-báttr, etc. These laws are chiefly contained in two private collections or MSS. of the izth century, called Konungs-bók (marked Grág. Kb.) and Staðarhóls-bók (marked Grág. Sb.) ; the new edition (Copenhagen 1853) is a copy of the Konungs-bók ; but the Arna-Magn. edition, which is cited in this Dictionary, is a compilation from both MSS., having however Staðarhóls-bók as its groundwork. The Kristin-réttr jborlaks ok Ketils (K. p. K.) is cited from a separate edition

(Copenhagen 1775).

II. LAWS OF NORWAY contained in a collection in three volumes, called Norges Gamle Love

(published by Munch and Keyser, Christiania 1846, 1847). The 1st vol. is most frequently cited, and contains the laws of Norway previous to A. D. 1263; the 3rd vol. contains .Réttar-bætr or Royal Writs, cited by the number. The Gulabings-lög or Lands-log, = the Code of King Magnus (died 1281), is contained in the 2nd vol. of this collection, but is cited from a separate edition

(Copenhagen 1817).

III. ICELANDIC LAWS, given after the union with Norway:—Kristin-réttr Arna biskups

(published at Copenhagen in 1777); Járn-síða (Copenhagen 1847), the Law of Iceland from A.D. 1272-1280; Jóns-bók (Hólum 1709) is the Icelandic Code of Laws of A.D. 1280 (still in use in Iceland).

C. HISTORIES OR TALES OF A MYTHICAL CHARACTER.

I. EDDA OR SNORRA EDDA:—In this Dictionary only the prose work of Snorri Sturluson (born

1178, died 1241) is cited under this name; the poems of the so-called Sxmimdar Edda are all cited separately by their names (vide A). The Edda consists of three parts, the Gylfa-ginning or Mythical Tales (pp. 1-44), Skáldskapar-mál or the Poetical Arts and Diction (pp. 45-110), Hátta-tal (marked Edda Ht.) = a poem on the metres, and lastly, ;þulur or Rhymed Glossary of Synonymes (marked Edda Gl.) The edition cited is that of Dr. Egilsson, Reykjavik (1848) in one vol.; the Arna-Magn.

(1848 sqq.) in two vols. (the third is still in the press) is now and then referred to. The Edda is chiefly preserved in three vellum MSS., the Konungs-bók (Kb.), the Orms-bók (Ob.), and the Uppsala-bók (Ub.), which is published in the Arna-Magn. Ed. ii. 250-396. 2. The prose parts of the Sæmundar Edda (here marked Sæm.)

II. MYTHICAL SAGAS OR HISTORIES :—Fornaldar Sogtir, a collection published in three

volumes by Rafn, Copenhagen 1829,1830 : the 1st vol. contains Hrólfs Saga Kraka (pp. 1-109), Völsunga Saga (pp. 115-234, again published by Bugge, Christiania 1865), Bagnars Saga (pp. 235-299 and 345-360), Sögu-brot or Skjoldunga Saga (a fragment, pp. 363-368), Hervarar Saga (pp. 411-533), JKTorna-Gests Saga (pp. 319-342): the 2nd vol. contains Halfs Saga (pp. 25-60), Friðþjófs Saga (PP- 63-100 and 488-503), Örvar-Odds Saga (almost wholly fabulous) : the 3rd vol., Gautreks Saga (pp. 1-53) : the rest are mere fables, and belong to G below. Hemings-battr, from the Flateyjar-bók, 3rd vol., partly cited from MSS.; this tale contains a myth parallel to that of William Tell. 2. Ynglinga Saga by Snorri Sturluson, containing lives of the mythical kings of Sweden from Odin down to tire historical time, cited from Heimskringla, 1st vol.

D. ÍSLENDINGA SÖGUR OR HISTORIES

referring to the ICELANDIC COMMONWEALTH and the time following the union with Norway.

I. SAGAS OR HISTORIES OF THE GENERAL HISTORY OF ICELAND :—Landnáma or

Landnáma-bók, a History of the Discovery and Settlement of Iceland, originally written by Ari Fróði (born 1067, died 1148), but worked out into its present form by Sturla J*órðarjon (born 1214, died 1284); this important work is cited from the Copenhagen Ed. of 1843, where the figures are x CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS separated with a (-); the first figure marks 'a part* (þáttr), the second a chapter. Landnáma (Hb.) denotes the text of the vellum MS. Hauks-bok. Landnama Mantissa means an appendix affixed to the book in the printed editions, íslendinga-bók by Ari Frófti, from the Ed. of 1843 (published along with Landnama). Kristni Saga (Introduction of Christianity), cited from Biskupa' Sögur, vide below. Sturlunga Saga or íslendinga Saga Mn mikla by Sturla þórðarson, relates the history of Iceland, especially of the i$th century up to the union with Norway, cited from the Ed. of 1817-1820, in four volumes; the last volume however,

containing the Arna biskups Saga, is quoted from the Biskupa Sögur below. The chief MS. ofi this work is.in the British Museum, 11,127 ; the letter C after the figures denotes the vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 122, fasc. A.

II. SAGAS OR LIVES OF MEN OR FAMILIES referring to the Icelandic 'Saga time,' i.e. the

loth century down to about A. D. 1030 or 1050, properly called íslendinga Sögur. 1. The Larger Sagas :—Njála or Njáls Saga, published at Copenhagen in 1772 ; the Latin translation by Johnsonius, Copenhagen 1809 with Icelandic various readings, is cited now and then; cp. Burnt Njal by Mr. Dasent. Laxdæla Saga, Copenhagen 1826; the later part of Laxdæla also exists in a better form in a vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 309, but is not as yet published. Egils Saga or Egla, Copenhagen 1809. Eyrbyggja Saga or Eyrbyggja, Ed. 1787, and Leipzig 1864, where the pages of the old Ed. are marked in the margin. 2. The Smaller Sagas:— LjÓBvetninga Saga, VaJla-Ljots Saga, Svarfdœla Saga, Reykdsela Saga, Víga-Glúms Saga, all five cited from the octavo volume called íslendinga Sögur, 2nd vol. .Copenhagen 1830: Harðar Saga(pp.i-nS), Hænsa-;þóris Saga (pp. 121-186), Gunnlaugs Saga (pp. 189-276), Heiðarviga Saga (pp. 320-392), all four cited from the collection called íslendinga Sögur, 2nd vol., Copenhagen 1847: Gisla Saga Surssonar, Bjarnar Saga

Hitdæla-kappa, Hrafnkels Saga, Droplaugar- Sona Saga, Vápnfirðinga Saga, fjorsteins Saga hvíta, jborsteins-báttr Stangar-hoggs, all seven cited from the small editions, 1847,1848; the chapters in Gisla Saga, when quoted, refer to the old edition, Hólum 1756: Kormaks Saga, edited separately, Copenhagen 1832: Vatnsdæla Saga (pp. 1-80), Floaznanna Saga (pp. 117-161), Hallfreðar Saga (pp. 83-115), ill these three Sagas are published and cited from a collection called Forn-sögur, Leipzig 1860: Bandamanna Saga, Hávarðar Saga, Grettis Saga (an A after the figures denotes the vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 556 A), Ölkofra-báttr, all these four Sagas are cited from the quarto volume Margfróðir Sögu-þættir, Hólum 1756 (of Grettis Saga a new edition appeared iu 1853, and of Hávarðar Saga in 1860; of Bandamanna Saga an earlier and better text is preserved in a vellum MS: 2845 Royal Libr. Copenhagen, cited Band. (MS.), but is not published) : J*orfLnns Saga Karls-efnis, cited from Greenland's Historiike Mindesmaerker i. 352-442, a part is also published in Antiquitates Americanae : ^orsteins Saga Bíðu-Hallssonar, cited from Analecta, by Möbius, Leipzig 1860, pp. 169-186: Gull-fx5ris Saga by Maurer, Leipzig 1857, cited by the pages of the MS. which are marked in the margin of the Ed.: Fóstbræðra Saga, Ed. 1822, new Ed. 1852 : Njarðvíkinga Saga or Gunnars-báttr fúðranda-bana, published at the end of Laxdæla, pp. 363-384: ;þorvaldg Saga Víðförla, published in Biskupa Sögur i. 33-50. Many of these Sagas were undoubtedly written in the I2th century, although preserved in later MSS.; some, although old, have been worked out into their present shape by historians of the I3th century (e.g. Eyrbyggja, Laxdæla, and Njála); some few of them have only reached us in the more modern and artificial style of the I3th or I4th century.

III. SAGAS OR LIVES OF THE ICELANDIC BISHOPS from A. D. 1056-1330, collected and

edited under the title of Biskupa Sögur:— Vol. i, Copenhagen 1858, contains Kristni Saga, pp. 1-32, vide above; Hungr-vaka or Lives of the First Five Bishops of Skalholt, pp. 59-86; forláks Saga, pp. 89-124, 263-332; Jóns Saga, pp. 151-260; Pals Saga, pp. 127-148; Guð- mundar Saga, pp.

407-618 ; Árna Saga, pp. 679-786 (bishop Arne died 1298); Laurentius Saga by Einar Hafliðason, the last Icelandic historian of the olden time, born 1307, died 1393, pp. 789-914 (bishop Laurentius died 1330); Bafns Saga and Arons Saga are printed as an appendix, vol. i, pp. 639-676, 619-638. Vol. ii, pp. 1-230, contains another recension of Guðmundar Saga, written by Abbot Arngrim, who died 1361 : the following pages (ii. 230 sqq.) are lives of the bishops of the Reformation period.

IV. ANNALS:—íslenzkir Annálar or Annals of Iceland, containing Kontmgs-annall or Ann. Regii,

an important vellum in Gamle Kongel. Saml., 2087,4to, published in Langebek's Script, rerr. Dan. vol. iii; cp. also the Hauks-annáll, Hóla-annäll, Flateyjar- anná.11, Lögmanns-annáll, etc. A collection of Annals embracing the time from the settlement of Iceland up to A. D. 1430 was published at Copenhagen in 1847, and is cited by years.

V. SKKÖK-SÖGUR OR FABULOUS SAGAS:—Bárðar Saga, from Ed. Hólum 1756, new Ed.

1860; Viglundar Saga, Ed. 1756, new Ed. ï86o; fiórðar Saga hreðu, Ed. 1756, new Ed. 1848, and 1860 (partly) ; Kjalnesinga Saga, cited from íslendinga Sögur, Ed. 1847 ; Króka-Refs Saga, Ed. 1756; Finnboga Saga, Ed. 1812, along with the old Ed. of Vatnsdæla: forsteins-þáttr uxafóts, Orms-þáttr Stórólfssonar, Jborleifs-Orms-þáttr Jarlaskálds, all three in Fb. i. and in Fms. iii: Brandkrossa-battr, Ed. 1847 : Bolla-báttr, published along with the Laxdæla : Stjörnu-Odda Draumr, Ed. 1780, new Ed. 1860.

E. KONUNGA SÖGUR OR LIVES OF KINGS, PRINCES, AND EARLS OF

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

, etc.

I, SAGAS OR LIVES OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY AND DENMARK, contained in a great

collection published in twelve volumes, Copenhagen 1835-1837, under the title of Fornmanna Sögur:—Vols. i-v contain the lives of the kings of Norway from the end of the 9th century to A. D. 1030 : vol. vi contains Magnus Saga Góða and Haraldar Saga Harðráða (died 1066) : vol. vii goes down to A. D. 1176; the best text of both vols. vi and vii are contained in a great Icelandic MS. called Hulda (cited now and then): vol. viii contains the Sverris Saga by Karl Ábóti (Abbot Carle), who died 1213; the king Sverrir died 1202-: vol. ix, pp. 229-535, and vol. x, pp. 1-154, contain Hákonar Saga by Sturla bórðarson, king Hacon died 1263: vol. xi contains the lives of the kings of Denmark, viz. Jómsvíkinga Saga (pp. 1-162, a shorter recension of the Saga is preserved in an Icelandic MS. at Stockholm, and cited from the Ed. 1824) ; Knytlinga Saga (pp. 179-402) = lives of the Danish kings from king Canute down to the end of the I2th century: in the loth vol. there are besides, Ágrip (pp. 377-421), a com- pendium of the lives of the kings of Norway; Olafs Saga Tryggvasonar by Oddr Munkr, who lived in the 12th century (pp. 216-376), another recension of the same work is edited by Munch, Christiania 1853 (and here marked 0. T.) : vol. xii contains registers, etc. Heims-kringla, vols. i-iii, cited from the folio edition, Copenhagen 1777-1783, contains the lives of the kings of Norway in a text mostly identical with Fornmanna Sögur vols. i-vii, and is therefore sparingly cited; but the Heimskringla alone gives the Ynglinga Saga, vide C. II: a new edition by Unger has been published, Christiania 1868. Codex Frisianus, a vellum MS. of the Heimskringla, fasc. I, Christiania 1869. Ólafs Saga Helga by Snorri Sturluson, who died 1241, cited 0. H., Christiania 1853, is identical with Fornmanna Sögur vols.'iv. v, and Heimskringla vol. ii, but contains the best text of this Saga. Fagrskinna, Christiania 1847, contains a short history of the kings of Norway down to the end of the I2th century. Morkinskinna, an old vellum containing the lives of king Harald Harðráði and the following kings, by C. R. Unger, Christiania 1867. Ingvars Saga by Brocman, Stockholm 1762. Eymundar Saga, cited from Fb. ii. and Fms. v; the Saga is given in Antiquités Russes. Olafs Saga Helga (O. H. L.), a legendary life of St. Olave, Christiania 1849. Flateyjar-bók, edited in three volumes, Christiania 1860-1868, contains the text of

Fornmanna Sögur, besides many other things, and is often cited (Fb.) Here may also be mentioned Skálda-tal or Catalogue of Ancient Poets and Kings, published by Möbius in his Catalogus, Leipzig 1856; but again edited by Jón Sigurdsson in Edda iii. pp. 251-286 (still in the press).

II. SAGAS referring to other countries:—Orkneyinga Saga, also called Jarla Saga, the Lives of the

Earls of Orkney from the earliest time down to the end of the i-zth century, cited from the new edition of Mr. Dasent, not yet issued, the old Ed. A. D. 1780; the whole Saga is given in the Flateyjar-bók. Magnus Saga Eyja-jarls, the Life of St. Magnus, Ed. 1780. Fœreyinga Saga, the History of the Faro Islands, Copenhagen 1832, from the Flateyjar-bók. Grænlendinga-báttr or Einars-báttr Sokka-Bonar, cited from Flateyjar-bók iii. 445-454. Játvarðar Saga, the Life of Edward the Confessor, Ed. 1852, also contained in Flateyjar-bók iii. 463-472. Ósvalds Saga, the Life of King Oswald, Ed. 1854. Thomas Saga Erkibiskups, the Life of Thomas â Becket, cited from a MS. 5311 in the British Museum, a transcript of an Icelandic vellum MS. called Thomas-skinna; another recension of this Saga is in an Icelandic MS. at Stockholm: it is now in the press under the care of linger, Christiania, whose edition is now and then cited (Thorn. Ed.), vide e. g. gjafmildi. Bómverja Sögur, edited in Prover, pp. 108-386, is a paraphrase of Sallust's Bellum Jugurt. and Lucan's

Pharsalia. Veraldar Saga, a short Universal History,' Sex Aetates Mundi,' cited from Prover, pp. 64-103. We may also here record the forfinns Saga (vide above, D. II. 2) and Vínlands-J)áttr, from Flateyjar-bók vol. i, wrongly inserted in the editions of the Heimskringla vol. i, published by Raft) in Antiquitates Americanae, Copenhagen, pp. 7-78 : these two Sagas refer to the discovery of America at the end of the loth and the beginning of the nth centuries.

F. SACRED OR LEGENDARY LORE

.

I. STJÓRN OR A BIBLICAL PARAPHRASE of the Historical Books of the Old Testament by

bishop Brand (died 1264), edited by Unger, Christiania 1862 ; also sometimes called Gyðinga Sögur. The first part, pp. 1-319, is a scholastic compilation from Genesis, Exodus, Petrus Comestor, and the Speculum Historiale, and was composed about A. D. 1300, but the whole work is now called by the name of Stjórn.

II. HOMILIES, etc.—The Homilies and Sermons of St. Gregory* marked Greg. Homiliu-bók or

Book of Homilies, by Unger, Christiania 1864, marked Horn.; the figures refer to the pages of the MS. Arna-Magn. 619, which are marked in the edition: another old vellum MS. of Homilies at Stockholm (marked Horn. St.) is not published. Elucidarius, Ed. in Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1858 ; the figures mark the pages of the MS. noted in the edition.

III. HELGRA-MANNA SÖGUR OR LIVES OF SAINTS, etc.:—Barlaams Saga (by Joh.

Damasc.), Unger's Ed., Christiania 1851: Clemens1 _{Saga (Clement Alexandr.): Martinus Saga (St.}

Martin of Tours), from vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 645 : Blasius Saga (St. Blaise), from vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 623: Mariu Saga (Virgin Mary), from MS. Arna-Magn. 656 A. and other MSS., is now edited by C. R. Unger, Christiania, and often cited both in the Grammar and Dictionary:

Niðrstigningar Saga or History of the Descent to Hell, a rendering of the later part of the

Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, from MSS. Arna-Magn. 645, pp. 102-110, and 623, pp. i-io : Andreas Saga, MS. Arna-Magn. 625 : Johannes Saga baptistae, MS. Arna-Magn. 623 : Postula Sögur, from various MSS., Arna-Magn. 645, 656 C, etc.; a printed copy (Viðey 1836) is now and then used: Theophilus, edited by Mr. Dasent, 1842, now again published as part of the Mar. Saga. Antonius Saga, Augustinus Saga, Pals Saga Postula, cited from Arna-Magn. 234 fol. Many other small legendary stories are besides cited (without name) from the Arna-Magn. MSS. nos. 656, 655 (the Roman numerals denote parts or fasciculi), 623, 645, 677. Many ol these tales and homilies are preserved in very old MSS., and belong to the earliest stage of Icelandic literature.

G. ROMANCES OR FABLES

, rendered mostly from French and Latin.

I. HISTORICAL ROMANCES :—Alexanders Saga (from the Alexandreis of Philip Gautier), by

Unger, Christiania 1848 : Karla-Magnus Saga (Charlemagne), by Unger, Christiania 1860: jbiðreks Saga af Bern (Dieterich), by Unger, Christiania 1853: Breta- Sögur, the first part also called

Trojumanna Sögur, chiefly founded upon Geoffrey of Monmouth's Hist. Brit, and Dares Phrygius, edited in Ann. for Nord. Oldk., Copenhagen 1848, 1849.

II. MYTHICAL:—Artus-kappa Sogur, containing Parcevals Saga, Ivents Saga, Valvents Saga,

Mottuls Saga, Erreks Saga, cited from MS. 4859 in the British Museum : Elis Saga, Bærings Saga, Flovent Saga, Magus Saga, all four cited from vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 580; the last is also at times quoted from an edition: Tristams Saga, in MS. Arna-Magn. 443, but only cited from Fritzner's Dictionary: Mirmants Saga, cited from MS. 4859 in the British Museum : Bevus Saga; Claras Saga. p. Strengleikar or Lays of the Britons, edited by Unger, Christiania 1850.

III. LYGA-SÖGUR OR STORIES fabricated in Iceland :—The greater part of Fornaldar Sögur,

H. WORKS OF A LEARNED OR SCHOLASTIC CHARACTER.

I. PHILOLOGICAL:—Skálda, a collection of three or four Icelandic philological treatises of the

I2th to the I4th century, preserved in one of the MSS. of the Edda (Orms-bók), and therefore usually published as an appendix to that book, and in many modern works quoted under the name of Edda ; it is here cited under the name of Skálda. Skálda is a traditionary name in Iceland, although it is sometimes applied to the Skáldskapar-niál, vide C ; the earliest and by far the most interesting— perhaps the earliest philological treatise in any Teutonic language—is that by Thorodd; it is contained in p. 160, 1. 27 to p. 169, 1. 18 in the edition of Dr. Égilsson, Reykjavik 1849 (where these treatises are published under the name of Ritgjörðir Tilheyrandi Snorra Edda), but in the Ed. Arna-Magn. (Copenhagen 1852) ii. 10-43; the second treatise, probably from the later part of the 12th century, pp. 169-173, Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 44-60; the third treatise, an imitation of Donatus and Priscian, pp. 173-200, is written by Ólafr Hvíta-skáld (died 1259), cp. Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 62-189; the fourth treatise, pp. 200-212, is simply a continuation of the third. 2. The Skaldskapar-miU of Snorri, the rhymed glossaries, and the metrical poem Hatta-tal with the commentary in prose (vide C), may be reckoned in this class.

II. Skugg-sjá or Konungs Skugg-sjá, i. e. Speculum Regale, a didactic scholastic work ; the

Copenhagen Kd. of 1768 is cited here ; a new edition appeared at Christiania in 1848. Anecdoton, a polemical treatise on ecclesiastical matters, published by Werlauff, Copenhagen 1815, and again in 1848, along with the Skugg-sjá.

III. ARITHMETICAL :—Rim-begla, a large collection of arithmetical treatises, etc., published at

Copenhagen in I 780 ; the name Rimbegla, however, refers properly only to the first part, vi/. pp. 1-114 in this edition: this treatise is preserved in an Icelandic MS. ot the I 2th century (no. 1812 Royal Libr. Copenhagen), and is so called by the author, whose name is unknown. Algorismus, a treatise on Arithmetic by Hauk Erlendsson (died 1334), contained in the vellum MS. Hauks-bók, and edited by Munch in Ann. for Nord. Oldk., Copenhagen 1848, pp. 353-375.

IV. GEOGRAPHICAL:—A small collection is published under the title of Symbolae ad

Geographiam Medii aevi, edited by Werlauff in 1821, especially containing a geographical sketch by the Icelandic abbot Nicholas (died 1161), called Lciðarvísir og Borga-.skipan : some things are also published in Antiquités Russes and Orientals, 1852 ; various fragments of this kitid are contained in the Hauks-bók. Some parts of the rhymed glossary in the Edda (C. I), e.g. names of rivers, islands, etc., belong to this class.

V. MEDICAL:—Lœkninga-bók, a MS. in the Arna-Magn. collection 434, 121110; a small part

published in Prover, pp. 471-474. The chief source for medical citations, however, is a list of Icelandic names of diseases contained in the 9th and loth volumes of Felags-rit, 1789 and 1790, written by Svein Pálsson (died 1840), and drawn from various old treatises on medical matters.

J. MÁLDAGAR, SKJÖL

, etc., i.e. DEEDS AND DIPLOMAS.

I. ICELANDIC :—Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiae by bishop Finn Jonsson. Finnus Johannacus,

published in lour volumes, Copenhagen I772_~I_{77^' contains a great number of writs and dx-eds}

referring to Icelandic church-history, which are cited in this Dictionary a,s far as down to A. D. 1400: Diplomatarium Islandicum by Jón Sigurdsson, Copenhagen 1857 sqq., contains deeds and Libri Datici of the churches down to the union with Norway (about A. D. 1263), but is not finished :

deeds of the 141)1 century arc therefore cited from MSS. in the Arna-Magn. collection marked Dipl., the Roman numerals denoting fasciculi: there are also cited collections of Libri Datici of the I4th century, viz. Pétrs-máldagi, Auðunnar-máldagi, Jóns-máldagi, and Vilkins-máldagi, all bearing the name of the bishops of the I4th century who made the collection, and cited from MSS. in the Arna-Magn.

II. NORSE:—Diplomatarium Tiorvagicum, in many volumes, by Unger and Lange, Christiania

1849 sqq.; but as the language of Norway was no longer in a pure state in the I4th and I5th centuries, this large collection is sparingly cited: Björgynjar Kalfakinn, Boldts Jordebog, and Munkalif are all registers of properties of the Norse cloister, rarely cited.

K. RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS

.

I. GOTHIC RUNES, called by some Old Scandinavian Bunes; they are identical with the

Anglo-Saxon Runes, but older, and are found only on the very oldest monuments:—The Golden Horn, dug up in Schleswig A.D. 1734, contains an inscription probably of the 3rd or 4th century, explained by Munch and finally by Bugge; The Runic Stone at Tune in Norway, edited and explained by Munch, Christiania 1857, specially cited now and then in the introductions to the letters.

II. COMMON SCANDINAVIAN RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS :—The SWEDISH Stones, collected

in Bautil, vide s. v. bautasteinn; the figures mark the number: Brocman's treatise upon the Runes at the end of Ingvars Saga, Stockholm 1762. 2. The DANISH Runic Stones, edited by Thorsen, De Danske Kune-Mindes-mærker, Copenhagen 1864; Rafn's collection, Copenhagen 1856. The

MANX Stones are edited by Munch along with his edition of the Chronicon Manniae. ^ff* As to the authorship of these works, we can only briefly note that most of them are Icelandic, but parts

Norwegian or Norse. Parts of A, the whole of B. II, and part of B. Ill are Norse; F and G are partly Norse and partly Icelandic; H. II and J. II are Norse; K Scandi- navian ; the rest Icelandic. Some few MSS. under the other letters are Norse, e. g. Fagrskinna ; but the works are undoubtedly of Icelandic origin. Again, many of the Norse laws are preserved in Icelandic MSS., and only one of the many MSS. of the Skugg-sjá is Norse.

L. BY MODERN WORKS

are understood the works from the Reformation to the present time, as opposed to the old literature, which may be said to end about A.D. 1400; the following 100 or 150 years are almost blank, at least as far as prose is concerned. The first specimen of modern Icelandic literature is the translation of the New Testament, A.D. 1540, then the rendering of hymns and psalms into Icelandic, and the version of the whole Bible: the middle and latter part of the loth century was entirely taken up with these subjects. A fresh historical literature, annals and the like, first dawns at the end of that century. The 17th century is especially rich in religious poetry; the Sermons of Jón Vídalín belong to the beginning of the i8th; essays of an economical or political character begin at the middle or end of that century, and periodicals from A. D. 1780. As for this Dictionary, it may be briefly stated that, as to the old literature, every passage is as far as possible given with references; while words and phrases from the living Icelandic tongue, popular sayings, etc. are freely given, but generally without references. No Icelandic Dictionary can be said to be complete that does not pay attention to the present language: the old literature, however rich, does not give the whole language, but must be supplemented and illustrated by the living tongue. The

differences in grammar are slight, and the transition of forms regular and gradual, so the change is mostly visible in the vocabulary. But it should be noted that when a word or phrase is given without reference, this means that no ancient reference was at hand: but it does not follow that it is modern; this can only be seen from the bearing of the word, e. g. whether it conveys a notion known to the ancients or not. Of modern works cited the following may be noted:

I. IN POETRY, first, the flower of Icelandic poetry, old as well as modern, the Passíu-Sálmar or

Fifty Passion Hymns by Hallgrim Petrsson (born 1614, died 1674), finished 1660, published 1666, and since that time reprinted in thirty editions; the former figure marks the hymn, the latter the verse. The Hymns and Psalms of the Reformation are now and then cited from the Hymn-book of 1619 (called Hóla-bók, cited by its leaves), or the collection of 1742. 2. Of secular poems, Búnaðar-bálkr (marked Bb.), composed 1764, by Eggert olafsson (born 1726, died 1768) ; this poem has always been a great favourite with the people in Iceland: the first figure marks the divisions of the poem. A small collection, A.D. 1852, called Snot, containing small but choice poems of different poets. p. Of rimur or modern rhapsodies, the Ulfars-rimur are cited as the choicest specimen,

composed by þorlak Gudbrandsson, who died in 1707; Tíma-ríma, a satirical poem of the beginning of the i8th century; Wúma-rímur by Sigurd Breidfjörd. Y- Njóla, a philosophical poem by Björn Gunnlaugsson, published 1844; Hústafla, a pedagogical poem by Jón Magnusson (born 1601), cited from the Ed. of 1774- 8. The Ballads or Fornkvæði, 1854 sq., vide s. v. danz. *. Ditties and Songs, never published, but all the better recollected,—the choicest among them are those attributed to Pál Vídalín (born 1666, died 1727), etc. etc. 3. The chief Poets are:—Hallgrímr Pútrsson; Stefán olafsson (died 1688); Eggert olafsson; Jón jþorláksson (born 1744, died 1819), his poems are collected in two volumes, 1842 ; Benedikt Grondal (born 1762, died 1825), his poems in a small collection, 1833; Sigurdr Petrsson (died 1827), his poems collected in 1844; Bjarni Thorarinsson (born 1787, died 1841), his poems published 1847 ; Jónas Hallgrimsson (born 1807, died 1846), his poems published 1847; Sigurðr Breiðfjörð (died 1846).

II. IN PROSE we must first mention, 1. Nýja Testamenti, the New Testament, cited from the text

of 1644, in Edd. of 1807* and 1813 (in no case is the new version, London 1866, cited, it being merely a paraphrase, and inaccurate) ; the text of 1644 here cited is mainly founded on the original version of 1540, which has been duly reckoned among the noblest specimens of Icelandic prose, especially in the Gospels; it is therefore frequently cited. Gamla Testamenti, the Old Testament, is cited more sparingly. The earliest edition of the Bible (Holuni 1584) is called Guðbrands-Biblia, i. e. the Bible of bishop Gudbrand; the next edition (Hólum 1644) is called fsorlaks-Biblia, i.e. the Bible of bishop Thorlak, and is a slightly emended text of that of bishop Gudbrand. The fjorlaks-Biblia may be called the Icelandic textus receptus; the edition of 1746, called Waisenhús- fjorlaks-Biblia, is a reprint of it; as is also the edition of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1813. Whenever the Old Testament is cited (and when Stjórn is not meant), the reference is to one of these three editions of the same version. p. Next we have to notice the Sermons of bishop Jem Vidalin (born 1666, died 1720), called Jóns-bók (not the Jóns-bók above mentioned, B. Ill) or Vídalíns Postilla, a highly esteemed work; the first edition is of 1718, and ten or eleven editions have since been published : perhaps no Icelandic book is so stocked with popular sayings and phrases of every kind. 2. Of secular literature we have first to mention íslenzkar Jxjóðsögur or Icelandic Stories and Legends by Jón Aniason, Leipzig 1862, 1864, in two volumes; some of them rendered into English by Messrs. Powell and Magnusson; the Icelandic text, however, is always cited. P. Kvöldvökur, a popular book for children, in two vols. 1794 and 1796, by Hannes Finnsson. -y. The publications of the Icelandic Literary Society, Bókmenta-félag, founded A.D. 1816: Árbækr or Annals of Iceland by Jón Espolin (died 1836), published 1821 sqq.: Safn or Contributions towards the History of Iceland, etc. etc. 8. Piltr og Stúlka, a novel, 1850. t. The beautiful translation of the Odyssey by Sveinbjorn Egilsson,

published under the name of Odysseifs-kvœði, in small parts, to serve as school books during the years 1829-1844. f. Periodicals :—Félags-rit, a periodical in fifteen volumes, 1780-1795, contains much that is valuable in Icelandic philology; cp. also Ný Félags-rit, a periodical of 1841 sqq.

Ápmann á Albingi, a periodical of 1829-1832. Jsjóðólfr, a newspaper, Reykjavik 1848-1869. Ample thanks are due to the excellent reader at the Clarendon Press, Mr. Pembrey, for his watchful

attention to consistency in spelling and accuracy hi punctuation, especially in the Icelandic part of this Dictionary. G. V.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS AND AUTHORS.

N. B.—The letters betiveen () refer to the Classification of Works and Authors,

A. A. = Antiquitates Americanae. (E. II.) Ad. = Arinbjarnar-drapa. (A. III.) Akv. = Atla-kviða. (A. II.) Al. = Alexanders Saga. (G.I.) Alg. = Algorismus. (H. III.) Alm.= Alvís-mál. (A. I.) Am. = Atla-mál. (A. II.) Anal. = Analecta. (D. II.) Andr. = Andreas Saga. (F. III.) Anecd. = Anecdoton. (H. II.) Aim. = íslenzkir Annular. (D. IV.) Ant. S. = Antonius Saga. (F. III.) Magn. or A. M. = Arna-Mag- nacanus. Arons S. = Arons Saga. (D. III.) Art. = Artus-kappa Sögur. (G. II.) Aug. =

Augustinus Saga. (F. III.) A. p. = Arfa-þáttr. (B.I.) Ágr. = Âgrip. (E.I.) Am. = Auðunnar-máldagi. (J. I.) Árna S. = Árna Saga. (D. III.)

Baud. = Banda-mannaSaga.(D. II.) Earl. = Barlaams Saga. (F. III.) Baut. = Bautil. (K. II.) Bárð. = BárðarSaga. (D. V.) Bb. = Búnaðar-bíílkr. Bev. — Bevus Saga. (G. II.) Bjarn. = Bjarnar Saga. (D. II.) Bjarni = Bjarni Thorarinson. Björn = Biörn HalldOrsson. B. K. = Björgynjar Kálfskinn. (J. II.) Bkv. = Brynhildar-kviða. (A. II.) Bias..--.---Bhsius Saga. (F. III.) Brn. — Bjarka-múl. (A. II.) Boldt = Bo1dt. (J.II.) Boll. = Boila-þáttr. (D. V.) Brandkr. — Brandkrossa-þáttr. (D. V.) Bret. = Brcta Sögur. (G. I.) Brocm. — Brocman. (K. II.) Bs.-=Biskupa Sögur. (D. III.) Bt. = Bauga-tal. \B. I.) Bær. = Bærings Saga. (G. II.)

Clar. = Clarus Saga. (G. II.) Clem. = Clements Saga. (F. III.)

Darr. = Darraðar-Ijóð. (A. III.) D. I. = Diplomatarium Islandicum. (J. I.1_{) Dipl. = Diplomatarium.}

(J.I.) D. N.= Diplomatarium Norvagi- cum. (J.II.) Dropl. = Droplaugar-sona Saga. (D. II.) Eb.-= Eyrbyggja Saga. (D. II.) Edda^Edda. (C.I.) Eg. = EgiUSaga. (D. II.) El.=Elis Saga. (G. II.) Eluc. -== Elucidarium. (F. II.) Em. = Eiriks-nml. (A. III.) Esp. = Espólin Arbsekr islands.

Fagrsk.--Fagrskinna. (K. I.) Fas.--= Fonialdar Sogur. (C. II.) Fb. = Flateyjar-bOk!~ (E.I.) Fbr.-=Fóst'bræðra Saga. (D. II.) Fél. = Félags-rit. Finnb. =- Finnboga Saga. (D.V.) Fkv. — Forn-kvæði. Flóam.S. = Flóamanna Saga. (E. I.) Flóv.--= Flóvcnts Saga. (G. II.) Fm.=--Fafhis-mal. (A. II.) Fins. —- Fornmanna Sögur. (E. I.) Fr. — Frit/,ner's Dictionary, 1867. Frump. -- Frumpartar. Fs.-Forn-sögur. (D. II.) Fsm. — Fjo'lsviims-nu'il. (A. II.) Fspl. = Forspjalls-ljýð. (A.I.) F.þ. = Festa-þáttr. (B.I.) Fær. = Færeyinga Saga. (E. II.)

Gautr. = Gautreks Saga. (C. II.) Gg. = Grugaldr. (A. II.) Gh. = Guðrúnar-hefna. (A. II.) Gísl. = GíslaSaga. (D. II.) Gkv. = Guðrúnar-kviða. (A. II.) Glum. = Víga-Glúms Saga. (D. II.) Gm.

=Grimnis-mal. (A.I.) Gnig. = Gragas. (B.I.) Greg. = Gregory. (F. II.) Grett. = Grettis' Saga. (D. II.) Gro'nd. = Bencdikt Gröndal. Grönl. Hist. Mind. = Grönlands Historiske Mindes-mserker. Gs. =

Grótta-söngr. (A. II.) Gsp. = Getspeki Heiðreks. (A. II.) Guðm. S. = GuðmundarSaga. (D. III.) Gullþ. = Gull-þóris Saga. (D. II.) Gylfag. = Gylfa-giiming. (C. I.) Gþ!. = Gulaþings-lög. (B. II.) Hallfr. S. = Halltreðar Saga. (D. II.) Hallgr. = Hallgrímr Pótrsson. H. Ann. = Hauks-annáll. (D. IV.) Harð. S. = Harðar Saga. (D. II.) Har.S. Harð. = Haralds Saga Harð- ráða. (E.I.) Haustl. = Haustlöng. (A. I.) Hiik. S. = Hákonar Saga. (E. I.) Hálfs S. = HiUfs Saga. (C. II.) HÍ'IV. = Hávarðar Saga. (D. II.) Hb. = Hauks-bók. (H. IV.) Hbl. = Harbarðs-IjOð. (A.I.) Hd. = Hús-drápa. (A.I.) Hdl. = Hyndlu-ijOð. (A. II.) Hðm. = Hamðis-mál. (A. II.) H. E. = Historia Ecclesiastica Is- landiae. (J. I.) Hciðarv. S. or Heið. S. = Heiðar- víga Saga. (D. II.) Helr!"= Heíreið Brynhildar. (A. II.) Hem. = Hemings-þáttr. (C. H.) Hervar.S. = Hcrvarar Saga. (C. II.) Hjalt."=HjaItalin,Icelandic Botany. Hkm. = Húkonar-mál. (A. III.)' Hkr. = Heimskringla. (E. I.) Hkv. =- Helga-kviða Hundings- bana. (A. II.) Hkv. Hjörv. — Helga-kviða Hjiir- varðssonar. (A. II.) Hlt. = Háleygja-tal. (A. II.) Hni. = Hává-mál. (A. I.) Hom.--Homiliu-bók. (F. II.) Hrafn. ^ Hrafnkels Saga. (D. II.) Hrólfs Kr. S. = Hrólfs Saga Kraka. (C. II.) Hs. = Harm-sol. (A. III.) Hsm. = Hugsvinns-mal. (A. III.) Ht = Hátta-tal. (C. I.) Hung, or Hv. = Hungr-vaka. (D. Ill) Hiist. .= Hus-tafla. Hým. — Hýmis-kviða. (A.I.) Hæusaþ. = Hænsa-Jjóris Saga. (D. II.) HöfuðI. = Hiifuðlausn. (A. III.)

Itin. = Itinerarium or Travels of Eggcrt Olafsson, 1772. Ivar Aasen --= Ivar Aascn's Dic- tionary, 1850. íb.^íslcudiuga-bók. (D.I.) Id. -- Islendinga-drupa. (A. III.) ingv. — íngvars Saga. (E. I.) ísl. fjióðs. -:- Islenzkar þjóðsögur.

Játv. -- Játvarðar Saga. (E. II.) Jb.=-JOns-bOk. (B.'lII.) Jd. — Jómsvíkinga-drápa. (A. III.) Jm. = Jóns-máldagi. (J.I.) Job. = Johannes Saga. (F. III.) Jómsv. S. or Jv. = Jómsvíkinga Saga. (E.I.) Jónas = JOnas Hallgrímsson. JOns S. = JOns Saga. (D. III.) JOn fjorl. = JOn Jjorláksson. Js. = Járnsíða. (B. III.)

Karl. = Karla-magnus Saga. (G. I.) K. A. = Kristinn-rcttr Árna bis- kups. (B. III.) Kb. = Konungs-bók. (B.I, C.I, etc.) Kjaln. S. = Kjalnesinga Saga. (D. v.) Km. = Kráku-mál. (A. III.) Knytl. =

Knytlinga Saga. (E. I.) Konr. = Konráðs Saga. (G. III.) Korm. = Kormaks Saga. (D. II.) Kristni S. or Kr. S. = Kristni Saga. (D. I. III.) Krók. = Króka Refs Saga. (D. V.) K. f*. K. = Kristinn-réttr Jjorláks ok Ketils = Kristinna-laga-þáttr. (B. I.)

Landn. = Landnama. (D.I.) Laur. S. = Laurentius Saga. (D. III.) Ld. = Laxdæla Saga. (D. II.) Lex. Mythol. = Lexicon Mytholo- gicum. Lex. Poet. = Lexicon Poëticum by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1860. Lex. Run. = Lexicon Runicum. Lil. = Lilja. (A. III.) Ls. = Loka-senna. (A.I.) Lv. = Ljósvetninga Saga. (D. II.) Lækn. = Lækninga-bók. (H. V.)

Mag. = Magus Saga. (G. II.) Magn.=Magnus Sagajarls. (E. II.) Magn. S. Góða = Magnus Saga Góða. (E. I.) Mar. = Mariu Saga. (F. III.) Mart. = Martinus Saga. (F. III.) Merl. = Merlinus Spa. (A. III.) Mirm. = Mirmants Saga. (G. II.) M.K. = Munkalif. (J.II.) Mkv. = Málshátta-kvæði. (A. III.) Mork. = Morkinskinna. (E. I.) Mött. = Möttuls Saga. (G.I.)

N. (J. L. = Norges Gamle Love. (B. II.) Niðrst. — Niðrstigningar Saga. (F. III.) Nj.-=Njala. (D. II.) Njarð. = Njarðvíkinga Saga. (D. II.) Njóla = Njóla, the poem. Norge's Beskriv. — Beskrivclse Norge. Norna G. S. = Norna-Gests Saga. (C. II.) N. T. = New Testament. Ny Fi'-l. — Ny Fólags-rit. Ob.--=Orms-bok. (C. I.) Od.=Odysseifs-kvæði,prose,l829. Odd. or' S. Odd. =--= Stjörnu-Odda draumr. (D. V.) Og. = Oddninar-2;riUr. (A. II.) O^H.L. = Oiafs 'Saga Ik-lga Lc- gcudaria. (E. I.) Or--=Ólafs-ríiMa. (A. Ilh) Orkn. =--Orkneyinga Saga. (E. II.) Ob. ^Ömaga-bálkr. (B. I.) O.H.-Óla'tV Saga Helga. (E. I.) Ósv.=Ósvalds Saga. (K. II.) 0. T.-^Olafs S.i:p Trygs.'vasonar. (E.I.)

Pass. — Passiu-S.'Umar. PálsS.^Púls Saga. (D. III.) Pd. = Placidus-drápa. (A. III.) Pm. = Pétrs-máldagi. (J.I.) Post. = Postula Sögur. (F. III.)

Rafns. S. = Rafns Saga. (D. III.) Ragn. S. = Ragnars Saga. (C. II.) Rb. = Rimbegla. (H. III.) Rd. = Reykdaela Saga. (D. II.) Rétt. = Réttarbætr. (B. II.) Rm. = Rígsmál. (A. II.) Róm. = Rómverja Saga. (E. II.)

Safn = Safn til Sögu Islands. Sb. = Staðarhóls-bók. (B. I.) Sd. = Svarfdæla Saga. (D. II.) Sdm. = Sigrdrífu-máI. (A. II.) Sig. Breiðf. = Sigurðr Breiðfjórð. Sig. Pét. = Sigurðr Pétrsson. Skálda = Skálda. (H.I.) Skáld H. = Skúld Helga-rímur. (A. III.) Skjöld. = Skjöldunga Saga. (C. II.) Skm. = Skírnis-mál. (A. I.) Sks. = Konungs Skugg-sjá. (H. II.) Sksm. = Skáldskapar-mál. (C. I.) Skv. = Sigurðar-kviða. (A. II.) SI. or Sóî. = Sólarljóð. (A. III.) Snot = Snot, poems. Stef. 01. = Stef;in Olafsson. Stell. = Stellu-rimur. Stj. = Stjorn. (F.I.) Stor. = Sona-torrek. (A. III.) Sir. = Strengleikar. (G. II.) Sturl. = Sturlunga Saga. (D. I.) Sverr. S. = Sverris Saga. (E. I.) Symb. = Symbolae. (H. IV.) Sæm. = SæmnndarEdda. (A,C.I.)

Th. = Theophilus. (F. III.) Thorn. = Thomas Saga. (E. II.) Tl. = Tíundar-lög. (B.I.) Tristr. =Tristrams Saga. (G. II.)

Ub. = Uppsala-bOk. (C.I.) tjlf. = tílfars-ríniur.

Valla L. = Valla LjOtsSaga. (D.II.) Vápn. = VápnfirðingaSaga. (D. II.) Vd. ^Vatnsdæla Saga. (D. II.) Ver. = Vcraldar Saga. (E. II.) Verel. -- Vcrclius, Index. Vh. = Vatnsliyrna MS. Vidal. = Vídaííns-Postilla. Vídal. Sky'r. — Vídalín Skyringar. Vígl. = V'íglundar Saga. (D. V.) Vínl. þ. = Vínlands-þáttr. (E. II.) ^r_{kv. --- Völundar-kviða. (A. II.) Vm. = Vilkins-máldagi. (J. I.) Vsl.=Vígsl(')ði. (B.I.)}

Vsp. = Völuspú. (A. I.) Vtkv. = Vegtams-kvii5a. (A. I.) Vþm. -- Vafþníðiiis-mál. (A. I.) Vuls. S. = Volsunga Saga. (C. II.)

Yngl. S. = Ynglinga Saga. (C. II.) Yt = Ynglinga-tal. (A. II.)

þd. -- þOrs-drápa. (A.I.) jþiðr. -- þiðreks Saga. (G. I.) þial. = þjalar-Jóns" Saga. (G. III.) þkv. — þryms-kviða. (A.I.) þorf. Karl. — þoríinns Saga Karls- efnis. (D. II.) Jjorl. S. - þorláks Saga. (D. III.) þorst. hv. — Jiorsteins-þáttr hvíta. (D. II.) þorst. Síðu H. = þorstcins Saga Síðu Hallssouar. (D.II.) jþorst. S. St. = ^orsteins-þáttr Stangarhoggs. (D. II.) jborst. ux. --- Jjorstcins-battr uxa- fOts. (D.V.) fiOrð. - þOrðar Saga hrc5u. (D.V.) þ. þ. - þingskapa-þáttr. (B. I.) Oik. -= Ölkofra-þáttr. (D. II.)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. SIGNS, ETC. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

.

absol. = absolute, abso- lutely. ace. = accusative. act. = active. A. D. = Anno Domini. adj. =

adjective. adv. = adverb. adverb. = adverbially. aliit. = alliteration, al- literative. anatom. = anatomi- cally. a7T.Xt7. =&va^ \e-y6- fitVOV. A. S. = Anglo-Saxon. astron. = astronomy, astronomically. begin. = beginning. Bodl. = Bodleian. Bohem. = Bohemian. botan. — botanically. Brit. Mus. = British Museum.

ch. = chapter. class. = classical. Cod. or Cd. = Codex. cognom. = cognomen. collect. = collective. coinpar.=comparative. corapd,compds = com- pound, compounds. conj. = conjunction. contr. = contracted. corrcsp. — correspond- ing. cp. = compare.

Dan, — Danish. dat. = dative, decl. = declined, def. = definite, defect. = defective, dep. = deponent. DeProfesser = DeHerr Professer by August Corrodi, in the Zu- rich idiom. deriv. = derived, diet. = dictionary, dimin. = diminutive, dissvl. = dissyllabic. D. R. A. = Deutsche Rechts-alterthiimer by Grimm, dub. = dubious,

eccl. = ecclesiastical. Ed., Edd. = edition, editions, edited. E. Engl. Spec. — Early English Specimens. ! e. g. = exempli gratia. I cllipt. = elliptical, ellip- j tically. ; Engl. = English. j esp. = especially. | etc. = et cetera. j etym.— etymology. I

f. or fern.--feminine. Fin. = Finnish, for. = foreign. ; Fr. --- French in ety- ! mologies. | Frank. — Prankish, freq. = frequent, fre- quently. Fris. = Frisian.

Gael. = Gaelic. gen. = genitive. gener. = generally. Germ. = German. gl. or gloss. = glossary. Goth.-Gothic. Gr. = Greek. gramm. = grammar.

Havn. — Havniensis. Hel. = Heliand.

Icel. == Iceland, Ice- lander, Icelanders, Icelandic. id. = idem, referring to the passage quoted. id. = idem, referring to the translation. i. e. = id est. imperat. = imperative. impers. = impersonal. indecl. -— indeclinable. indef. = indefinite. indie. = indicative. infin. = infinitive. inflex. = inrlexive. intens. = intensive. intrans. —- intransitive. irreg. -- irregular. Ital. = Italian. 1. = line.

L. = Linnæus. Lat. = Latin. 1. c. = loco citato. lit. = literally. Lith. = Lithuanian. Litt. — Littonian. loc. = local, locally.

m. or masc. = mascu- line. medic. = medicine, me- dically. metaph. = metaphori- cal,

metaphorically. metath. = metathesis. melon. = metonomy, metonomically. metric. = metrically. mid. H. G. = middle High German. mid. Lat. = middle Latin. milit. = military. M. Lat. — Mediæval Latin. mod. = modern. monosvl. = monosylla- bic. ' MS., MSS. = manu- script, manuscripts. mythol. = mythology, mythologically.

n. or neut. = neuter. naut. — nautical. navig. = navigation. nes;.— negative. NJH.G. = New High German. no. = number. nom. = nominative. North. E. = Northern English. Norweg. — Norwegian. obsol. = obsolete. O. H. G. = Old High German. opp. = opposed. Ormul. or Orm. = Or- mulum. part. = participle. partic. = particularly. pass. = passive. perh. = perhaps. pers. = person. pi. or plur. == plural. poet. = poetically. Pol. = Polish. posit. = positive. pr. or prop. = proper, properly. pref. = preface. prep., prcpp. --preposi- tion, prepositions. pres. = present. pret. = preterite. priv. — privative. pr. n. --proper name. prob. = probably. pron. = pronoun. proncd. --- pronounced. pro verb.=proverbially. provinc. = provincial.

qs. --quasi. q. v. — quod vide.

S. = Saga. s. a.=sub anno. Sansk. = Sanskrit. Scandin. = Scandina- via, Scandinavian. Scot. — Scottish. signif. = signification. sing. = singular. Slav. = Slavonic. Span. = Spanish. spec. = specially. sq., sqq. = following. subj. = subjunctive. subst. = substantive. sufF. = suffix. sup. = supine. superl. — superlative. s. v. =sub voce. Swed. — Swedish.

temp.— temporal. termin. = termination. Teut. = Teutonic. thcol. = theological, theologically. trans. — transitive. trans!. = translation. trisyl. = trisvllabic.

Ulf. = Ulfilas. uncert. = uncertain. unclass. — unclassical. Ups. De la Gard. = De la Garde's collection of Icel. MSS. in Up- sala.

v. = vide. viz. — namely. v. 1. = varia lectio. Wolf. = Wolfenb*uttel

þ.=þáttr.

SIGNS, ETC. — , equal or equivalent to, the same as. [ J, between these brackets stand

etymological remarks and comparisons with cognate languages. Words in capital letters are root words or important words. The word Norse is generally used in a peculiar sense, namely, to mark the old Norwegian idiom (or MS.) as opposed to Icelandic proper. Historical references referring to religion, customs, life, etc. are given in chapters, and under the special name of the Saga or work cited, vide e. g. sub voce draumr and dnipa ; the condition of the editions has, however, made it impossible to follow this rule throughout. Philological references arc given in pages. In nouns the genitive termination is placed between the noun and gender, e. g. alda, u, = alda, gen. öldu ; búra, u, — bara, gen. barn, etc.; bati, a, —bati, gen. bata ; bogi. a,---bogi, gen. boga, etc. So also s, ar, jar. c. g. bekkr, s, = bekkr, gen. bekks ; bekkr, jar, = bekkr, gen. bekkjar; belgr, jar, --= belgr, gen. bclgjar; borg, ar, —-borg, gen. borgar, etc. Compounds of nouns formed from the genitive of the noun are regarded as double words, and printed at the end of the head noun in the same paragraph, vide e. g. bekkr, bók, etc. As to the marking of verbs the following is to be noticed:—að, or d, ð, t, tt, following immediately after a verb, are the preterite inflexions which characterise the verb; að indicates a trisyllabic preterite with að as its characteristic, e. g. baka, að, that is to say, infin. baka, pret. bakaöi, sup. bakað, pres. baka : whereas d, ð, t. dd, tt, indicate a dissyllabic preterite, having the dental as charac- teristic, c. g. brcnna, d, that is to say, infin. brenna, pret. brenndi, sup. brennt, pres. brenni; fæða, dd, that is to say, iniin. fæða, pret. fæddi, etc.; bæta, tt, — bætta, pret. bxtti, etc.; bsegja, ð, --bæ^ja, pret. bægði, etc. Where the verb is somewhat irregular, the form is given in full, e. g. bcrjn, pret. barði. All verbs in this Dictionary not marked as above stated are strong, and the tenses are given in cxtcnso. The notation as above stated is adopted from Unger's Glossaries to his editions of Sagas, and has been lately used in Fritzner's Dictionary. The simple and accented vowels are separated; thus a a;id 11, i and i, o and o, u and li, y and ý stand each by themselves; an

exception, however, is made with o, because it is rare and peculiar in pronunciation. Ang, ing, ung, yng are given with the simple unaccented vowels, though they are frequently in the editions spelt with an acute (').