CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics aims to uncover the mental representations and processes through which people produce and understand language, and it uses a wide range of techniques to do this. The preferred psycholinguistic method is to carry out a controlled experiment. This means that the researcher manipulates an independent linguistic variable to control some aspect of language processing and then measures the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable of interest. This paper is compiled to implement one of the research methodologies for this discipline. In this turning we intend to choose an approach that can be utilized in both qualitative and quantitative methods. However, we focus on psycholinguistical phenomenon especially on a film titled “And Your Name is Jonah”. Obviously we do not go further to a real result of research but we solely elaborate how to do a research on psycholinguistical phenomenon. Before coming to the discussion, we let you understand what psycholinguistics is in order to have more deep understanding.
Psycholinguistics is a relatively new subject of linguistics due to the fact that it involves not only language study but psychological aspects as well. Psycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior as well as the psychological mechanism responsible form them. Now compare this definition with the one given by Hartmann and stork, saying:” psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about
language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e.g.: transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of: perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (1973:189)
In this regard, Dan Isaac Slobin in his book, psycholinguistics (1979:2) comments that psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. We say “underlying knowledge and abilities” because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior.”
For this reason, language can be divided into two facets; competence and performance, the first term refers to everything the native speakers must have to understand the grammatical sentences, including those which have never been heard before. This is the so called innate ability parallel to underlying knowledge and abilities. The latter refers to the demonstration of the ability in actual communication.
Meanwhile Evelyn Marcussen Hatch in her book, Psycholinguistics (1983:1) expresses her concept as follows: Psycholinguistics is defined traditionally as the study of human language, language, language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition.
Descriptive
Descriptive research does not fit neatly into the definition of either quantitative or qualitative research methodologies, but instead it can utilize elements of both, often within the same study. The term descriptive research refers to the type of
research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect.
Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative. It can involve collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a continuum in numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of times a person chooses to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can describe categories of information such as gender or patterns of interaction when using technology in a group situation. Descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass & Hopkins, 1984). It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader in understanding the data distribution. Because the human mind cannot extract the full import of a large mass of raw data, descriptive statistics are very important in reducing the data to manageable form. When in-depth, narrative descriptions of small numbers of cases are involved, the research uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. Those patterns aid the mind in comprehending a qualitative study and its implications.
Three main purposes of research are to describe, explain, and validate findings. Description emerges following creative exploration, and serves to organize the findings in order to fit them with explanations, and then test or validate those explanations (Krathwohl, 1993). Many research studies call for the description of natural or man-made phenomena such as their form, structure, activity, change over time, relation to other phenomena, and so on. The description often illuminates knowledge that we might not otherwise notice or even encounter. Several important scientific discoveries as well as
anthropological information about events outside of our common experiences have resulted from making such descriptions. For example, astronomers use their telescopes to develop descriptions of different parts of the universe, anthropologists describe life events of socially atypical situations or cultures uniquely different from our own, and educational researchers describe activities within classrooms concerning the implementation of technology. This process sometimes results in the discovery of stars and stellar events, new knowledge about value systems or practices of other cultures, or even the reality of classroom life as new technologies are implemented within schools.
Qualitative
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that:
• Seeks answers to a question
• Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question
• Collects evidence
• Produces findings that were not determined in advance • Produces findings that are applicable beyond the
immediate boundaries of the study
Qualitative research shares these characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations.
CHAPTER II Discussion Chapter I: Introduction
Background of the study
It is a way to remain us that there are still so many people who need to communicate but they cannot do it using oral language like us.
Statement of the problems
1. What are the kinds of sign language used by Jonah in And Your Name is Jonah movie?
2. How is sign language acquired by Jonah in And Your Name is Jonah movie?
Objectives of the study
1. The kinds of sign language used by Jonah in And Your Name is Jonah movie
2. The sign language processes which occur in And Your Name is Jonah and do analyze the way Jonah as deaf child in the movie acquired his language
Significance of the study
Giving theoretical contribution and practical contribution. • Theoretical : This study is expected to be a beneficial
reference for those who are going to study the similar field since this study analyzed about sign language acquisition in details using an appropriate movie which can represent a real condition of deaf children in acquiring sign language. • Practical : The students who study in university were
expected to be able to use sign language or at least understand how to use it so if one day they find someone who has laxity they still can communicate with them.
Scope and limitation
This study focuses on the process of sign language acquisition in And your name is jonah movie by using chomsky’s
language acquisition theory. Written sign language which is part of sign language does not involved in this study since the written sign language is rarely used by deaf children.
Operational definition of the key terms
Some key term that important to be understood:
Sign language: Sign language is a language, which uses manual communication combining hand shapes, orientation, and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expression to express gracefully a speaker’s thought.
Jonah: Jonah (Jeffrey bravin) is a lonely deaf child who has been misdiagnosed as retarded. He tries hardly to communicate with other by using sign language.
And Your Name is Jonah: is one of the best movie about deaf child which got some awards such as academy award in 1987, Golden Globe in 1987, etc.
Chapter II: Review of the related literature Language acquisition theory
Nativist theory Non nativist theory Sign language
List of sign language
The acquisition of American sign language ASL Typical acquisition of sign language in deaf children Types of sign language
Sign language development Independent sign language
Deafness and hearing impirements Deafness impirements
Language in exceptional circumstances Deaf in language
Previous study
From the International journal and some students research before.
Chapter III: Research method Research design
Descriptive qualitative approach: Describtive because this study describes sign language used in the data which are taken from the movie of “and your name is Jonah”. Descriptive research is design to obtain information concerning the current status phenomena of sign language acquisition by jonah (as a def child) in And your name is Jonah movie. Qualitative because it tries to look for the kind of sign language used by jonah a deaf character in “and your name is jonah movie and to look at how jonah acquires his sign languge.
Subject of the study
The movie about the deaf child Data sources
The sign language description of the script in the movie and your name is Jonah.
Research instrument
In qualitative study, the human investigation is the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing the data. It will be more effective and efficient for the researcher to get the data. So, in this study, the researcher herself is as the research instrument. Data collection
The researcher uses a document that is one of techniques in data collection types.
1. Watching movie for many times in order to understand what kind of sign language used.
2. Transcribing the sign language used in the movie to get the collect data.
3. Arranging the collect data to be analyzed. Data analysis
Technical analysis used by researcher is descriptive qualitative:
1. Watching the movie
2. Reading the sign language description on the script
3. Identifiying the collect data to get the type of sign language used
4. Classifiying the sign language which is included as American sign Language.
5. All kinds of sign language used are described and explained
6. The data is presented descriptively to draw conclusion. Triangulation
This study uses triangulation to support the validity of the data. There are four category of triangulation, there are:
1. Data source triangulation 2. Investigator triangulation 3. Theoretical triangulation 4. Methodological triangulation.
This study uses two types of it, data source triangulation and investigator triangulation, comparing the subtitle of the movie with the dialogue in that movie.
Chapter IV: Finding and discussion Research finding
This part explain the finding of the data which are analyzed. In the research finding, the researcher describes and identifies the sign languages which are taken from jonah’s sign language description in the film. The dat are devided into some cases according to the scene of the movie.
Analysis Discussion
Answering the research problem Types of sign language used by Jonah The ways Jonah acquires his language Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion Conclusion
The difficulties in research. Some good theory that found
Relating the research with Al-quran Research’s contributions.
Suggestion
Some suggestions for the next researcher who conducted same research.
Bibliography
Daftar pustaka. It can be from internet and some references such as grand theory sources.
Appendix
The Script of the film Curriculum vitae
Information about the researcher: 1. Educational background
2. Achievements 3. Experiences
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
