4_Chemistry FORM 5

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

(919810-T)

Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park

68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia.

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© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012

Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.

No. 35, Jalan 5/10B

Spring Crest Industrial Park

68100 Batu Caves

Selangor Darul Ehsan

CONTENTS

Kandungan

Practice for Common Chemical Equations in SPM Chemistry Syllabus

Latihan untuk Persamaan Kimia Biasa dalam Sukatan Pelajaran Kimia SPM

1 – 7

1

Rate of Reaction

_{Kadar Tindak Balas}

8 – 39

2

Carbon Compounds

_{Sebatian Karbon}

40 – 94

3

Redox Reactions

_{Tindak Balas Redoks}

95 – 134

4

Thermochemistry

_Termokimia

135 – 164

PRACTICE FOR COMMON CHEMICAL

EQUA

TIONS IN SPM CHEMISTR

Y

SYLLABUS

LA

TIHAN UNTUK PERSAMAAN KIMIA

BIASA

DALAM SUKA

TAN PELAJARAN KIMIA

SPM

1.0

CHEMICAL

PROPER

TIES OF

ACID /

SIF AT KIMIA ASID

1.1

Metal +

Acid

→

Salt + Hydrogen /

Logam + Asid → Garam + Hidrogen

:

Application in /

Digunakan dalam

:

I.

Acid and base /

Asid dan bes

II.

Preparation of salt /

Penyediaan garam

III.

Rate of reaction /

Kadar tindak balas

W

ooden splinter

Kayu uji _{Acid /}

Asid Metal / Logam Acid Asid Metal Logam Acid / Asid Metal Logam Acid Asid Metal Logam Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

HNO 3 Mg Al Zn Pb H 2 SO 4 Mg Al Zn HCl Mg Al Zn CH 3 COOH Mg Al Zn Pb

am Publicat_io

1.2

Metal

Carbonate +

Acid

→

Salt +

W

ater + Carbon dioxide /

Logam karbonat +

Asid

→

Garam + Karbon dioksida

I.

Chemical properties of acid

Sifat kimia asid

II.

Preparation and qualitative analysis of salt

Penyediaan dan analisis kualitatif garam

III.

Rate of reaction

Kadar tindak balas

Metal carbo

nate + acid

Logam karb

onat + asid Lime water

Air kapur

Acid /

Asid

Metal carbonate Logam karbonat

Acid /

Asid

Metal Logam

Acid Asid Metal carbonate Logam karbonat Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

HNO 3 K 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ZnCO 3 FeCO 3 PbCO 3 CuCO 3 H 2 SO 4 K 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ZnCO 3 FeCO 3 CuCO 3

Acid Asid Metal carbonate Logam karbonat Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

HCl K2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Al2 (CO 3 )3 ZnCO 3 FeCO 3 CuCO 3 CuCO 3

13.

Acid + Base

→

Salt +

W

ater /

Asid + Bes → Garam + Air

I.

Chemical properties of acid

Sifat kimia asid

Ii.

Preparation of salt

Penyediaan garam

Iii.

Thermochemistry

Termokimia Alkali Asid Alkali Acid Acid

Metal oxide Logam oksida Asid

Polysterine cup _{Cawan polisterina} Acid + alkali Asid + alkali

Acid Asid Base Bes Balanced Chemical Equation Persamaan Kimia Seimbang Ionic Equation Persamaan Ion

HNO

3

KOH _NaOH CaO MgO Al 2 O 3

am Publicat_io Acid Asid Metal carbonate Logam karbonat Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

HNO

3

FeO PbO CuO

H 2

SO

4

KOH _NaOH CaO MgO Al2 O3

ZnO FeO CuO

HCl

KOH _NaOH CaO MgO Al2 O3

2.0

DISPLACEMENT

REACTIONS /

TINDAK BALAS PENYESARAN

I.

Electrochemistry /

Elektrokimia

&

II. Redox /

Redoks

III.

Thermochemistry /

Termokimia

More electropositive metal Logam lebih elektropositif _{Salt solution of less electropositive metal Larutan garam bagi logam kurang elektropositif}

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

More electropositive metal Logam lebih elektropositif

Salt solut

ion of

less electropositive

metal

Larutan garam bagi logam

kurang elektropositif

Salt solution _{Larutan garam} Metal Logam Balanced Chemical Equation Persamaan Kimia Seimbang Ionic Equation Persamaan Ion

AgNO 3 Mg Al Zn Fe Pb Cu CuSO 4 / CuCl 2 / Cu(NO 3 )2

*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan

Mg Al Zn Fe Pb

Pb(NO

3

) 2 Mg Al Zn Fe

am Publicat_io Salt solution _{Larutan garam} Metal Logam Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

Zn(NO 3 )2 / ZnCl 2 / ZnSO 4

*Choose one solution Pilih satu larutan

Mg Al

3.0

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION

TINDAK BALAS PENGURAIAN GANDA

DUA

I.

Preparation of insoluble of salt

Penyediaan garam tak terlarut

II.

Qualitative analysis of salt

Analisis kualitatif garam

III.

Thermochemistry

Termokimia

Salt solution contains cation of insoluble salt Larutan garam mengandungi garam tak terlarut

Insoluble salt Garam tak terlarut

Salt solution

contains anion _{of insoluble salt} Larutan garam mengandungi _{garam tak terlarut}

NaCl(aq)/Na

2

SO

4

/KI(aq)

Salt solution contains

A1

3+ / Pb

2+

Larutan garam mengandungi

A1

3+/

Pb

2+

Mixture of salt solution contains cation and zand anion of insoluble salt Campuran larutan garam yang mengandungi kation dan anion garam tak terlarut

Salt solution i _{Larutan garam i} Salt solution ii _{Larutan garam ii} Balanced chemical equation Persamaan kimia seimbang Ionic equation Persamaan ion

Pb(NO 3 ) 2 NaCl _NaSO 2 4 Na 2 CO 3 KI Ba(NO 3 )2 Na 2 SO 4 Na 2 CO 3 AgNO 3 KCl Na 2 CO 3

4.0

COMBUSTION OF

CARBON COMPOUND /

PEMBAKARAN SEBA TIAN KARBON

Carbon

compound + Oxygen

→

Carbon dioxide +W

ater /

Sebatian karbon + Oksigen → Karbon diosida + Air I.

Carbon Compound

/

Sebatian Karbon II.

Thermochemistry

/

Termokimia

Alkane / alkene / alcohol

Soot

/ Jelaga

Alkana / alkena / alkohol

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Thermometer / Termometer Copper can / T in kuprum W ater / Air Alcohol / Alkohol --- --- ---

---Carbon Compound Sebatian Karbon Balanced Chemical Equation Persamaan Kimia Seimbang

CH 4 C 2 H 6 C3 H8 C 4 H 10 C5 H12 C 2 H 4 C3 H6 C 4 H 8 C5 H10 C 6 H 12 CH 3 OH C 2 H 5 OH C3 H7 OH C 4 H 9 OH C5 H11 OH

1

RATE OF REACTION

Kadar Tindak Balas

Meaning of Rate of Reaction /

Definisi Kadar Tindak Balas

• State the meaning of rate of reaction. / Menyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.

• Identify observable changes to reactants and products./ Mengenal pasti perubahan kepada bahan dan hasil tindak balas

yang boleh dilihat.

• Specify the method of measurement involved. / Menentukan kaedah pengukuran yang terlibat.



Measuring the Rate of Reaction /

Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas

• Plot a graph of quantity of product/reactant against time. / Melukis graf kuantiti hasil/bahan tindak balas melawan masa.

• Calculate the average rate of reaction. / Mengira kadar tindak balas purata.

• Calculate the rate of reaction at any given time from the graph. / Mengira kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi

menggunakan maklumat daripada graf.

• Solve numerical problems involving: / Menyelesaikan masalah kuantitatif melibatkan:

- the average rate of reaction. / kadar tindak balas purata.

- the rate of reaction at any given time. / kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi.



Factors That Affect the Rate of Reaction /

Faktor yang Memberi Kesan terhadap Kadar Tindak Balas

Experiment on the effect of: Eksperimen mengkaji kesan: i. Size of the reactant Saiz bahan ii. Concentration Kepekatan iii. Temperature Suhu iv. A catalyst Mangkin - Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set-up for each experiment. Melukis gambar rajah berlabel bagi susunan alat radas bagi setiap eksperimen.

- Describe the experiments (i) - (iv) to investigate factors affecting the rate of

reaction. / Menghuraikan eksperimen (i) - (iv) bagi menyiasat faktor yang memberi kesan

terhadap kadar tindak balas.

- Draw the graph for each of the experiment based on the data obtained.

Melukis graf bagi setiap eksperimen berdasarkan data yang diperoleh.

- Determine the average rate of reaction and the rate of reaction at any given time

from the graph. / Menentukan kadar tindak balas purata dan kadar tindak balas bagi masa

tertentu daripada graf.

- Interpret the various types of graphs. / Mentafsir pelbagai bentuk graf.

- Solve problems involving factors affecting rate of reaction. / Menyelesaikan masalah

yang melibatkan faktor yang memberi kesan ke atas kadar tindak balas



Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction /

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas

• Understand collision theory / Memahami teori perlanggaran

- Activation energy, Ea and energy profile diagram / Tenaga pengaktifan, Ea dan gambar rajah profil tenaga

- Effective collision / Perlanggaran berkesan

- Frequency of effective collisions and rate of reaction / Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan dan kadar tindak balas

• Relate collision theory with factors affecting the rate of reaction / Menghubungkan teori perlanggaran dengan

faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas

- Size of reactant / Saiz bahan

- Concentration of the reactant

Kepekatan bahan tindak balas

- Temperature of reaction / Suhu tindak balas

- Use of catalyst / Penggunaan mangkin



Application of the Knowledge on Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction in Everyday Activities

and Industrial Processes /

Aplikasi Pengetahuan mengenai Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas

dalam Aktiviti Harian dan dalam Proses Industri

Explain how each factor increases the rate of reaction by increasing the number of effective collisions.

Menerangkan bagaimana setiap faktor boleh meningkatkan kadar tindak balas dengan meningkatkan bilangan perlanggaran berkesan.

Meaning of Rate of Reaction /

Maksud Kadar Tindak Balas

1 The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product against time:

Kadar tindak balas ialah pengukuran perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas terhadap masa:

Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant/product_{Time taken for the change to occur /} Kadar tindak balas = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––Perubahan kuantiti bahan/hasil

Masa yang diambil

2 The change in amount of reactant or product in any reaction which is chosen for the purpose of measuring rate of

reaction must be observable and measurable. The possible observable and measurable changes are:

Perubahan jumlah bahan atau hasil dalam tindak balas yang dipilih untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas mestilah boleh dilihat dan

diukur. Perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur adalah:

a. Decrease in the mass of reactant. Pengurangan dalam jisim bahan tindak balas

b. Increase in the mass of product. / Peningkatan dalam jisim hasil tindak balas

c. Increase in volume of gas released. / Peningkatan dalam isi padu gas yang dibebaskan.

d. Formation of precipitate as a product. / Pembentukan mendakan sebagai hasil.

e. Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity. / Perubahan dalam pH, suhu atau kekonduksian elektrik.

Example/

Contoh

:

Chemical reaction

Tindak balas kimia

Observable changes

Perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan

Method of measuring the observable changes

Kaedah pengukuran perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan

Reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid:

Tindak balas di antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g) Decrease in mass of magnesium Pengurangan jisim magnesium Hydrochloric acid Asid hidroklorik Magnesium Magnesium

Reading from the balance is recorded in every 30 seconds.

Bacaan daripada penimbang direkodkan setiap 30 saat.

Increase in volume of hydrogen

Peningkatan isi padu hidrogen Water Air Hydrochloric acid Asid hidroklorik Magnesium Magnesium

Hydrogen gas is collected by water displacement in

a burette. The volume of hydrogen gas collected is recorded every 30 seconds.

* This apparatus set-up can also be used to measure the increase in volume of other gases that are insoluble for example oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Gas hidrogen diperoleh dengan cara penyesaran air di

dalam buret. Isi padu gas hidrogen yang diperoleh direkod setiap 30 saat.

* Susunan alat radas ini juga boleh digunakan untuk mengukur peningkatan isi padu gas lain yang tak larut seperti oksigen, hidrogen dan karbon dioksida.

am Publicat_io

Reaction between sodium thiousulphate and hydrochloric acid:

Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat dan asid hidroklorik:

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq)

+ H2O(l)+ SO2(g) + S(s)

Formation sulphur as a precipitate

* Volume of sulphur

dioxide gas, SO₂ cannot

be measured by water displacement because sulphur dioxide is soluble in water Pembentukan sulfur sebagai mendakan

* Isi padu gas sulfur

dioksida, SO₂ tidak

boleh diukur dengan cara penyesaran air kerana sulfur dioksida larut dalam air.

X

Sodium thiosulphate solution + sulphuric acid

Larutan natrium tiosulfat + asid sulfurik

Amount of solid sulphur formed is measured by the time taken for the mark ‘X’ placed under the conical flask no longer to be seen.

Jumlah pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk diukur dengan masa yang diambil untuk tanda ‘X’ yang diletak di bawah kelalang kon tidak kelihatan.

3 The rate of reaction is _________ if the reaction occurs high _________ within a short period of time.fast

Kadar tindak balas _________tinggi jika tindak balas yang berlaku _________cepat dalam jangka masa yang pendek.

4 The rate of reaction is _________ if the reaction occurs low _________ within a long period of time.slowly

Kadar tindak balas _________rendah jika tindak balas berlaku dengan __________perlahan dalam jangka masa yang panjang.

5 The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time:

Kadar tindak balas berkadar songsang dengan masa:

Rate of reaction ∝ ––––––––––––_{Time taken}1 _/ Kadar tindak balas ∝–––––––––––––––––1

Masa yang diambil

Measuring the Rate of Reaction /

Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas

1 The rate of reaction can be measured from the graph of decrease of amount reactant against time or increase in amount of product against time.

Kadar tindak balas juga boleh diukur daripada graf pengurangan jumlah bahan tindak balas melawan masa atau peningkatan

hasil tindak balas melawan masa.

Amount of reactant / Jumlah bahan tindak balas

Time / Masa

Amount of product / Jumlah hasil tindak balas

Time / Masa

2 Two ways to measure the rate of reaction / Dua cara untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas

a. Average rate of reaction within a period of time. / Kadar tindak balas purata dalam suatu jangka masa.

b. Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time). / Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak

balas pada masa yang diberi).

3 Average rate of reaction /Kadar tindak balas purata

a. Average rate of reaction = Increase in amount of product/decrease in amount of reactant_{–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––}

Time taken for the change to occur

Kadar tindak balas purata = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Peningkatan dalam jumlah hasil/penurunan dalam jumlah bahan tindak balas

b. For a reaction that involves releasing of gas in certain time interval, the average rate of reaction can be determined from the graph as follows:

Bagi tindak balas yang melibatkan pembebasan gas dalam jangka masa yang tertentu, kadar tindak balas purata boleh ditentukan daripada graf seperti berikut:

1 V₁ V₂ V₃ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Volume of gas/cm3

Isi padu gas/cm3

Time/minute

Masa/minit

The average rate of reaction in the first 5 minutes

Kadar tindak balas purata dalam 5 minit pertama = (V3 – 0) cm

3

––––––––––––––_{(5 – 0) min}

The average rate of reaction for the second minute

Kadar tindak balas purata bagi minit kedua = (V2 – V1) cm

3

––––––––––––––_{(2 – 1) min}

4 Instantaneous rate of reaction (rate of reaction at any given time):

Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu (kadar tindak balas pada masa yang diberi):

a. Rate of reaction at any given time is obtained from the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant/product against time.

Kadar tindak balas pada masa yang tertentu boleh diperoleh daripada kecerunan lengkung graf bahan/hasil tindak balas melawan masa.

The rate of reaction at t₁ second / Kadar tindak balas pada saat t₁

= The gradient of tangent to the curve at t1 / Kecerunan tangen graf pada t1

= ∆_{∆x s}y cm3

Volume of gas/cm3

Isi padu gas/cm3

Time/s Masa/s ∆x t₁ ∆y

EXERCISE /

LATIHAN

1 An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction of 20 cm3 _{of 0.5 mol dm}-3 _{hydrochloric acid with excess calcium}

carbonate. The results are shown below.

Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas 20 cm3 _{asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm}-3 _{dengan kalsium karbonat}

berlebihan. Keputusannya ditunjukkan di bawah.

Time/s

Masa/s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165

Volume of CO₂/cm3

am Publicat_io 30 10 20 30 40 50 0 60 90 120 150 180 Time/s Volume/cm3

a. i. Write a chemical equation for the above reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas.

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

ii. State the observable and measurable changes in the experiment.

Nyatakan perubahan yang boleh dilihat dan diukur dalam eksperimen ini.

Increase in volume of carbon dioxide//decrease in mass of calcium carbonate

iii. State the meaning of the rate of reaction for the above reaction.

Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas di atas.

Change in volume of carbon dioxide gas in one second/change in mass of calcium carbonate in one second.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

iv.

Draw an apparatus set-up to measure rate of reaction in the reaction.

Lukiskan susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas dalam tindak balas tersebut.

Calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid

Water

b. Draw the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected against time.

Lukiskan graf gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul melawan masa.

c. From the graph, determine: / Daripada graf, tentukan:

i.

the average rate of reaction in the first minute

/

kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit pertama.

=

The total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in the first minute

Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Time taken for the change to occur

Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku

=

27₆₀

= 0.45 cm

3

_s

-1

ii.

the average rate of reaction in the second minute /kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua

=

Total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected between first minute and the second minute

Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam minit pertama dan minit kedua

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Time taken for the change to occur

Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku

=

42 – 27₆₀

= 0.25 cm

3

_s

-1

iii. t

he time when the reaction has completed /masa apabila tindak balas selesai

135 s

iv.

the average rate of reaction for overall reaction_{kadar tindak balas purata bagi tindak balas keseluruhannya}

=

Total volume of carbon dioxide collected

Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Time taken for the change to occur

Masa yang diambil bagi perubahan untuk berlaku

= 44

₁₃₅

= 0.326 cm3 _s-1

v.

the rate of reaction at 30 seconds = the gradient of the graph at 30 seconds

Kadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat Kecerunan graf pada masa 30 saat

am Publicat_io

vi. the rate of reaction at 105 seconds = the gradient of the graph at 105 seconds

kadar tindak balas pada masa 105 saat Kecerunan graf pada masa 105 saat

=

0.217 ± 0.1 cm

3

_s

-1

d. Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada masa 30 saat dan 105 saat. Terangkan jawapan anda.

Rate of reaction at 30 seconds is higher than at 105 seconds because the concentration of hydrochloric acid____________________________________________________________________________________________________

decreases as time increases._{____________________________________________________________________________________________________}

2 Excess of zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 _{of 1 mol dm}–3 _{hydrochloric acid. The volume of hydrogen gas collected and time}

taken are recorded. Complete the following table.

Serbuk zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 50 cm3 _{asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm}–3_{. Isi padu gas yang dikumpul dan masa yang diambil}

direkodkan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut.

Sketch of a curve for volume of hydrogen gas collected against time for the reaction

between excess of zinc powder with 50 cm3

of 1 mol dm-3 _{hydrochloric acid. The tangents}

on the curve at t₁, t₂ and t₃ are shown.

Lakaran graf bagi isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul melawan masa untuk tindak balas di

antara serbuk zink berlebihan dengan 50 cm3

asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3_{. Tangen bagi graf}

pada t₁, t₂ dan t₃ ditunjukkan.

V

Isi padu hidrogen/cm3

Volume of hydrogen/cm3

Time/minute

Masa/minit

Tangent on the curve at t₁, t₂ and t₃ respectively

Tangen bagi graf pada t₁, t₂ dan t₃

t₁ t₂ t₃

0 Write the balanced equation for the

reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan seimbang bagi tindak balas. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas collected in the experiment at room conditions.

Hitung isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen pada suhu bilik.

From the equation, 2 mol of HCl : 1 mol H₂

0.05 mol of HCl : 0.025 mol H₂

Volume of H₂ = 0.025 mol × 24 dm3 _mol-1 _{= 0.6 dm}3 _{= 600 cm}3

Compare the gradient of the curve at t₁ and

t₂. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan kecerunan graf pada t₁ dan t₂.

Terangkan jawapan anda.

The gradient of tangent on the curve at t₂ is lower than t₁. The

rate of reaction at t₂ is lower than at t₁.The rate of reaction

decreases _{as the time increases because} mass _{of zinc}

and concentration of hydrochloric acid decrease .

Kecerunan tangen pada graf di t₂ lebih _{–––––––––––––}rendah berbanding di t₁.

Kadar tindak balas di t₂ lebih _{–––––––––––––}rendah berbanding di t₁. Kadar tindak

balas _{–––––––––––––}berkurang apabila masa meningkat kerana _{–––––––––––––}jisim zink

What is the gradient at t₃? Explain your answer.

Apakah kecerunan di t₃? Terangkan jawapan

anda.

The gradient of tangent on the curve at t₃ is zero , the rate of

reaction at t₃ is zero . The reaction is complete at t₃.

All hydrochloric acid has reacted because zinc powder used is

in excess . At t₃, maximum volume hydrogen gas is collected.

The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected is 600 cm3 .

Kecerunan tangen bagi graf di t₃ adalah _{–––––––––––––}sifar , kadar tindak balas

di t₃ adalah _{–––––––––––––}sifar . Tindak balas ini _{–––––––––––––}lengkap di t₃. Semua

asid hidroklorik telah _{––––––––––––––––––––––––}bertindak balas kerana sebuk zink yang

digunakan adalah _{–––––––––––––}berlebihan . Pada masa t₃, isi padu gas hidrogen

yang maksimum dikumpulkan. Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang

dikumpulkan adalah 600 cm3

–––––––––––––.

Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction /

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas

1 The rate of reaction is affected by:

Kadar tindak balas dipengaruhi oleh:

a. size of solid reactant

saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal

b. concentration of solution (for the reactant used in the form of solution)

kepekatan larutan (bagi bahan tidak balas yang digunakan dalam bentuk larutan) c. temperature of solution at which the reaction occurs

suhu larutan ketika tindak balas berlaku

d. presence of catalyst (for a particular reaction)

kehadiran mangkin (untuk tindak balas tertentu)

e. pressure of gas reactant

am Publicat_io 2 Experiments to investigate factors that af fect the rate of reaction. /

Eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor

-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

Factor: Size of r

eactant

Faktor: Saiz bahan tindak balas

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Conclusion Kesimpulan Experiment I / Eksperimen I : 20 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid + excess of smal

l

calcium carbonate chips /

20 cm 3 a si d hi dr ok lo ri k 0. 5 m ol dm –3

+ ketulan kecil kalsium karbonat berlebihan Experiment II /

Eksperimen II

:

20 cm

3 of 0.5 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid + excess of lar

ge

calcium carbonate chips /

20 cm 3 a si d hi dr ok lo ri k 0. 5 m ol dm –3

+ ketulan besar kalsium karbonat berlebihan Balanced equation /

Persamaan seimbang : CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak

balas: Volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in every 30 seconds _{––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––} by water displacement in the burette _{––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––} # The size of CaCO

3

is changed in both experiments.

The

volume and concentration of HCl ar

e kept constant.

#

Saiz

CaCO

3

diubah dalam kedua-dua eksperimen. Isi padu dan

kepekatan HCl ditetapkan. T ime/s Masa/s Vo lume of CO 2 /cm 3 Isi padu CO 2 /c m 3 V Experiment I / Eksperimen I (Small CaCO 3 chips)

(Ketulan kecil CaCO

3 ) Experiment II Eksperimen II (Lar ger CaCO 3 chips)

(Ketulan besar CaCO

3 )  The gradient of the curve for experiment I is greater _________ th an th e c ur ve fo r e xp er im en t I I. Th e r ate o f r ea cti on in experiment I is higher _________ than experiment II .

Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

_________

berbanding kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II . Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih

tinggi _________ berbanding eksperimen II.  Th e r ate of re ac tio n o f t he sm all ca lci um ca rb on ate chips is higher _________

. /

Kadar tindak balas ketulan kecil kalsium

karbonat lebih

tinggi

_________

.



Since calcium carbonate used is in excess, all hydrochloric acid has

reacted

____________

. /

Oleh kerana

kalsium karbonat yang digunakan adalah berlebihan, semua asid hidroklorik telah

bertindak balas

_________________

.



The number of mole of hydrochloric acid in both experiments /

Bilangan mol asid hidroklorik dalam

kedua-dua eksperimen 20 = × 0.5

1 000

= 0.01 mol 

By the end of experiment, the volume of hydrogen gas collected for both experiments are

equal

_________

because

number of mol of hydrochloric acid in experiments I and

II are equal _________ . /

Pada akhir eksperimen, isi

padu gas hidrogen yang dikumpulkan dalam kedua-dua eksperimen adalah

sama

_________

kerana bilangan mol asid

hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I dan eksperimen II adalah

sama

_________

Factor: Concentration of solution

Faktor

:Kepekatan larutan

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Conclusion Kesimpulan Experiment / Eksperimen : 45 cm 3 of 0.2 mol dm -3 sodium thiosulphate solution +

5 cm

3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid.

Experiment is repeated four more times using 0.2 mol dm

-3

sodium thiosulphate solution diluted with dif

ferent volume of distilled water . / 45 cm 3 la ru ta n na tr iu m ti os ul fa t 0 .2 m ol dm –3 + 5 cm

3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm

–3. Eksperimen diulangi empat

kali menggunakan 0.2 mol dm

–3 larutan natrium tiosulfat yang

dilarutkan dengan isi padu air suling yang berbeza. Balanced equation /

Persamaan seimbang : Na2 S2 O3 (aq) + H 2 SO4 (aq) → Na 2 SO4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– SO2 (g) + S(s) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur e rate of r eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak

balas: Time taken for the

̔X’

sign placed under the conical flask

to disappear ______________ from vie w . Fixed quantity of solid

sulphur is formed in every experiment. Masa yang diambil untuk tanda

̔X’

di bawah kelalang kon untuk

hilang

____________

dari pandangan.

Kuantiti pepejal

sulfur yang

terbentuk dalam setiap eksperimen adalah tetap. The concentration of Na

2 S2 O3 (a q) is ch an ge d in a ll ex pe rim en ts. T he

volume and temperatur

e of sulphuric acid ar e kept constant. Kepekatan Na 2 S2 O3

(ak) ditukar dalam semua eksperimen. Isi padu dan suhu asid

sulfurik dikekalkan. Concentration of / Kepekatan Na 2 S2 O3 /mol dm -3 T ime/s Masa/s 1 T ime /s -1 1 Masa /s -1 Concentration of / Kepekatan Na 2 S2 O3 /mol dm -3 

As the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution decreases, the

longer

____________

time is needed for the

marked ̔ X’ to disappear . /

Apabila kepekatan larutan

natrium tiosulfat berkurang, masa yang

lebih lama

_____________

diperlukan untuk tanda

̔X’

hilang.



Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is inversely____________

proportional

to time taken for

the marked ̔ X’ to disappear . /

Kepekatan larutan natrium

tiosulfat berkadar

songsang_{__________}

dengan masa untuk tanda

̔X’

hilang.



The higher the concentration, the

shorter

____________

is the time taken for the

yellow ____________ sulphur precipitate ____________ to appear and

the faster for th

e ̔X’ sign to disappear . /

Semakin tinggi kepekatan,

semakin

pendek

__________

masa yang diambil untuk

mendakan kuning

___________________

sulfur untuk kelihatan dan lebih

cepat untuk tanda

̔X’

untuk hilang.



As the concentration of sodium thiosulphate increases, the value of

1 ______ time increases. 1 ______ time represents the rate of reaction _______________________

. /

Apabila kepekatan

larutan natrium tiosulfat meningkat, nilai

1 ______ masa turut meningkat. 1 ______ masa mewakili

kadar tindak balas

___________________

.



The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher is the

rate of reaction

. /

Semakin

tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat, semakin tinggi

kadar tindak balas

___________________

am Publicat_io Factor: Temperatur e of r eaction mixtur e

Faktor: Suhu campuran tindak balas

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Conclusion Kesimpulan Experiment / Eksperimen : 50 cm 3 of 0.2 mol dm -3 sodium thiosulphate solution +

5 cm

3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid.

Experiment is repeated using 50 cm

3 of 0.2 mol dm

-3

sodium thiosulphate solution at 35°C, 40°C, 45°C and 50°C respectively + 5 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 sulphuric

acid. 50 cm

3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm

–3 + 5 cm

3 asid

sulfurik 1.0 mol dm

–3.

Eksperimen diulangi menggunakan 50 cm

3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.2 mol dm –3 pada suhu 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C dan 50 °C + 5 cm

3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm

–3. Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang : Na2 S2 O3 (aq) + H 2 SO4 (aq) → Na 2 SO4 (aq) + H 2 O(c) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– SO2 (g) + S(s)

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak balas: Time taken for the ‘X’

sign placed under the conical

flask to disappear from view

. Fixed quantity of solid

sulphur is formed in every experiment. Masa yang diambil untuk tanda

̔X’

di bawah kelalang kon

untuk hilang dari pandangan. Kuantiti pepejal sulfur yang terbentuk dalam setiap eksperimen adalah tetap.

Temperature of / Suhu Na 2 S2 O3 /º C T ime/s Masa/s Temperature of / Suhu Na 2 S2 O3 / ºC 1 T ime /s -1 1 Masa /s -1 

As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution decreases, a longer time is needed for the marked ‘X’

to

disappear

.

Apabila suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat berkurang, masa yang lebih panjang diperlukan untuk tanda

̔X’

hilang dari pandangan.



Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution is

inversely_{_________} proportional to time taken for the ‘X’ sign to disappear .

Suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat berkadar

songsang________

dengan masa

yang diambil untuk tanda

̔X’

hilang.

The higher the temperature, the

shorter

____________

is the time

taken for the

yellow

____________

s

ulphur precipitate to appear

and the faster for the ‘X’ sign to disappear .

Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin

pendek_{________}

masa yang diperlukan

untuk mendakan

kuning_{________}

sulfur untuk kelihatan dan semakin

cepat tanda ‘X’

hilang dari pandangan.

 As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution increases, the value of

1 ______ time increases ____________ . 1 ______ time represents the rate of reaction _______________________

.

Apabila suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat meningkat, nilai

1 ______ masa turut meningkat_{___________} . 1 ______ masa mewakili

kadar tindak balas

____________________

.



The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solu

tion,

the higher is the

rate of reaction

_______________________

.

Semakin tinggi suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, semakin tinggi

kadar tindak balas

____________________

Factor: Catalyst Faktor: Mangkin

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Conclusion Kesimpulan Experiment I / Eksperimen I : 20 cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm -3 hydrochloric acid + 5 g of granulated zinc + 5 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm -3 copper(II) sulphate solution 20 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm

–3 + 5 g butiran zink +

5 cm

3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm

–3 Experiment II / Eksperimen II : 20 cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm -3 hydrochloric acid + 5 g of granulated zinc + 5 cm 3 of distilled water 20 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm

–3 + 5 g butiran zink + 5 cm 3 air suling Balanced equation / Persamaan seimbang : Experiment I / Eksperimen I : Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuSO 4 ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Experiment II / Eksperimen II : Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak balas: Volume of hydrogen gas collected in every 30 seconds ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– by water displacement in the burette. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

T ime/s Masa/s Vo lume of H2 /c m 3 Isi padu H2 /cm 3 V

Experiment I (with catalyst)

Experiment II (without catalyst

)

Eksperimen II (tanpa mangkin)

Eksperimen I (dengan mangkin)

 The gradient of the curve for experiment I is greater ____________ than curve for experiment II. The rate of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment I is higher ____________ than experiment II.

Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

___________

berbanding

kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II . Kadar tindak balas di antara zink dan asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

___________

berbanding dalam eksperimen II.

 Copper(II) sulphate _______________________ acts as a catalyst to increase ____________ the rate of rea ction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in experiment I. Kuprum(II) sulfat ____________________ bertind

ak sebagai mangkin untu

k

meningkatkan_{______________}

kadar tindak b

alas di antara zink

dan asid

hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I.

 The total volume of hydrogen gas released in reactions I and II are the same, v cm 3 ____________ . This is because the volume ____________ and concentration ____________________ of hydrochloric acid and mass ____________ of zinc u sed in both reactions are the same ____________

.

Jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas I dan II adalah

sama, v cm 3 ____________________ . Ini kerana isi padu ___________ dan kepekatan_{___________}

asid hidroklorik dan

jisim

___________

zink

digunakan dalam kedua-dua tindak balas adalah

sama ___________ .  Copper(II) sulphate acts as a catalyst __________ to increase_{_________} the rate of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. The

total amount of hydrogen gas released is the

same _________ , the catalyst __________

used does not af

fect the total

volume of ga

s

produced. Kuprum(II) sulfat bertindak sebagai

mangkin

___________

untuk

meningkatkan_{______________}

kadar tindak balas di antara zink dan

asid hidroklorik. Jumlah gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan adalah

sama

___________

,

mangkin

___________

yang digunakan tidak

am Publicat_io

Factor: Quantity / amount of catalyst Faktor: Kuantiti / jumlah mangkin

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Conclusion Kesimpulan Experiment I / Eksperimen I : 100 cm 3 of ‘0.5 volume’

hydrogen peroxide solution +

0.5 g of manganese(IV) oxide powder 100 cm

3 larutan hidrogen peroksida ‘0.5 isi padu’

+ 0.5 g

serbuk mangan(IV) oksida Experiment II /

Experiment II

:

100 cm

3 of ‘0.5 volume’

hydrogen peroxide solution +

1 g manganese(IV) oxide powder 100 cm

3 larutan hidrogen peroksida ‘0.5 isi padu’

+ 1 g

serbuk mangan(IV) oksida Balanced equation: Experiment I and II Persamaan seimbang: Eksperimen I dan II 2H

2 O 2 MnO 2 H 2 O + O 2

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar tindak balas: T ime/s Masa/s Vo lume of O2 /c m 3 Isi padu O2 /cm 3 V Experiment II (1.0 g of Mn O2 ) Eksperimen II (1.0 g Mn O2 ) Experiment I (0.5 g of Mn O2 ) Eksperimen I (0.5 g Mn O2 )  The gradient of the curve for experiment II is greater __________ than the gradient of the curve for experiment I. The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in experiment II is higher __________ than experimen t I.

Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II lebih

tinggi

__________

berbanding

kecerunan graf eksperimen I. Kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida dalam eksperimen II lebih

tinggi

__________

berbanding

eksperimen I.



The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is higher__________

in experiment II , which using 1 g of manganese(IV) oxide powder .

Kadar penguraian hidrogen peroksida lebih

tinggi

__________

dalam

eksperimen II, yang menggunakan 1 g serbuk mangan(IV) oksida.



An

increase

__________

in the q

uantity of catalyst use

d will increase __________ the rate of react ion. Peningkatan_{____________}

dalam kuantiti mangkin yang digunakan akan

meningkatkan_{_____________}

kadar tindak balas.

 The total volume of oxygen gas released in reactions I and II are the same, v cm 3 _______________ . This is because the volume __________ and concentration_{_____________}

of hydrogen peroxide used in

both

reactions

are

the

same.

Jumlah isi padu gas oksigen yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas I dan II adalah

sama, v cm 3 _____________ . Ini kerana isi padu _____________ dan kepekatan ____________

hidrogen peroksida yang digunakan dalam

kedua-dua tindak balas adalah sama.



The

quantity

__________

of cata

lyst does not af

fect the total v olume of gas produced. Kuantiti ____________

mangkin tidak mempengaruhi jumlah isi padu gas

yang terhasil.

V

3 The curve for graph of amount of product formed against time in a chemical reaction consists of two parts: Graf bagi kuantiti hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk melawan masa bagi suatu tindak balas kimia terbahagi kepada dua bahagian:

(a)

The maximum

quantity of produc

t

Kuantiti hasil maksimu

m

Quantity of product (g/mol/cm

3)

Kuantiti hasil (g/mol/cm

3) V (b) The gradient of the curve Kecerunan lengkung T ime (minute/second) Masa (minit/saat) a.

The maximum quantity of product: It depends on the number mol of reactants react in the chemical reaction. /

Kuantiti maksimum hasil: ia ber

gantung pada bilangan mol bahan tindak balas yang bertindak balas dalam

tindak balas kimia tersebut.

b.

The gradient of the curve: It depends on the factors that af

fect the rate of reaction.

Kecerunan graf: Ia ber

gantung pada faktor

-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

Factor Faktor

Effect on the gradient of the curve

Kesan ke atas kecerunan graf

The size of solid reactant Saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal

 The smaller the size of a solid reactant, the higher __________ the rate of re action, the greater __________ is the gradient o f the curve.

Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal, semakin

tinggi

____________

kadar tindak balas,

semakin

tinggi

____________

kecerunan graf.

The concentration of solution Kepekatan larutan



The higher the concentration of a solution, the higher th

e rate of reaction, the greater

is the gradient of the curve. Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas, semakin tinggi kecerunan graf.

The temperature of reaction mixture Suhu campuran

tindak

balas



The higher the temperature of a solution, the

higher __________ the rate of reaction, the greater __________ is the gradient o f the curve.

Semakin tinggi suhu larutan, semakin

tinggi

____________

kadar tindak balas, semakin

tinggi

____________

kecerunan graf.

The presence of catalyst Kehadiran mangkin



The presence of catalyst in certain chemical reaction in

creases the rate of reaction, the

gradient of the curve becomes

greater

__________

.

Kehadiran mangkin dalam suatu tindak balas kimia meningkatkan kadar tindak balas, kecerunan graf menjadi lebih

tinggi

____________

.



An increase in the quantity of catalyst chemical reactio

n increases the rate of reaction,

the gradient of the curve becomes

greater

__________

.

Peningkatan dalam kuantiti mangkin yang digunakan akan meningkatkan kadar tindak balas, kecerunan graf menjadi lebih

tinggi

____________

am Publicat_io Experiment Eksperimen Number of mol of r eactant / Quantity of pr oduct / Factor

Bilangan mol bahan tindak balas / Kuantiti hasil / Faktor

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf

Experiment I /

Eksperimen I

:

Excess of zinc powder + 100 cm

3

of 1.0 mol dm

-3 sulphuric acid at

40ºC Serbuk zink berlebihan + 100 cm

3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm –3 pada 40 °C Experiment II / Eksperimen II :

Excess of zinc powder + 50 cm

3 o

f

1.0 mol dm

-3 sulphuric acid at 30ºC

Serbuk zink berlebihan + 50 cm

3

asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm

–3 pada

30

°C

Balanced equation: Persamaan seimbang: Zn(s) + H

2 SO4 (aq) → ZnSO 4 (aq) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– + H 2 (g)

––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang dapat dilihat untuk mengukur

kadar tindak balas: Vol um e of h yd ro ge n ga s collected ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– in every 3 0 se co nd s by w at er ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– disp la ce m en t in the burette. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––  Zinc

is in excess in experiment I and II, the volume of h

ydrogen gas collected is not

af

fected by the quantity of zinc.

Zink adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I dan II, isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti zink.



V

olume of H

2

collected depends on number of mol of H

2

SO

4

Isi padu H

2

yang terkumpul ber

gantung pada bilangan mol H

2 SO 4 a. Number of mol of H 2 SO 4 in experiment I = 100 × 1 ________ 1 000 = 0.1 mol –––––––––––––––––––––––– Bilangan mol H 2 SO 4 dalam eksperimen I b. Number of mol of H 2 SO 4 in experiment II = 50 × 1 ________ 1 000 = 0.05 mol –––––––––––––––––––––––– Bilangan mol H 2 SO 4 dalam eksperimen II ⇒

The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in

experiment I ______________ is double of experiment II ______________

.

Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam

eksperimen I

______________

adalah dua kali ganda

dari

eksperimen II

______________

.



Compare rate of reaction: Bandingkan kadar tindak balas: Experiment Eksperimen

Type of Zinc Jenis zink

Concentration of H 2 SO 4 Kepekatan H 2 SO 4 Temperatur e Suhu I Powder 1.0 mol dm –3 40ºC II Powder 1.0 mol dm –3 30ºC ⇒

The rate of reaction in experiment I and II is not af

fected by size _________ of zinc and concentration ______________ of sulphuric acid.

Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I dan II tidak dipengaruhi oleh

saiz _______ zink dan kepekatan ______________ asid sulfurik. ⇒

Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is

higher

________

than experiment II because the

temperature _______________ of reactio n mixture in experim ent I higher ________

than experiment II,

the gradient _________ of the curve for experiment I is greater _________

than experiment II.

Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen I lebih

tinggi _________ berbanding eksperimen II kerana suhu _________

campuran tindak balas dalam eksperimen I l

ebih tinggi _________ berbanding eksperimen II, kecerunan_{_________}

graf bagi eksperimen I adalah lebih

tinggi _________ berbanding eksperimen II. T ime/s _Masa/s Vo lume of hydrogen/cm 3

Isi padu hidrogen/cm

3

Experiment

I

Experiment I /

Eksperimen I

:

Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm

-3

hydrochloric acid Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm –3 Experiment II / Eksperimen II :

Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm

-3

hydrochloric acid Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm –3 Experiment III / Eksperimen III : E xc es s ca lc iu m c ar bo na te c hi ps and 100 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm -3

hydrochloric acid Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 100 cm

3 asid

hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm

–3

Balanced Equation: Persamaan seimbang: CaCO

3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl 2 (aq) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– _{+ H} 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)

––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak

balas: Volume of carbon dioxide collected ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– in e

ve

ry

30 seconds by water

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– displacement in the burette. _{––––––––––––––––––––––––––––}



Calc

ium carbonate is in excess in experiment I, II and I

II, the volume of carbon dioxide

gas collected is not af

fected by the quantity of calcium carbonate.

Kalsium karbonat adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I, II dan III, isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terkumpul tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti kalsium karbonat.



V

olume of CO

2

collected depends on the number of mo

l of HCl

Isi padu CO

2

yang terkumpul ber

gantung pada bilangan mol

HCl

a.

Number of mol of HCl in experiment I =

25

× 1

________ 1 000

= 0.025 mol

––––––––––––––––––––––––

Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen I

b.

Number of mol of HCl in experiment II =

25 × 0.5 ________ 1 000 = 0.0125 mol ––––––––––––––––––––––––

Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen II

c.

Number of mol of HCl in experiment III =

100 × 0.5 ________ 1 000 = 0.05 mol ––––––––––––––––––––––––

Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen III

⇒

The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in experiment III is double of

experiment I_{___________}

.

Isi padu maksimum karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen III adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen I______________

.

⇒ The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in experiment I is double of experiment II _____________ .

Isi padu maksimum karbon dioksida yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen I adalah dua kali ganda eksperimen II_____________

.



Compare rate of reaction: /

Bandingkan kadar tindak balas:

Experiment Eksperimen Type of CaCO 3 Jenis CaCO 3 Concentration of HCl Kepekatan HCl I Chips 1.0 mol dm –3 II Chips 0.5 mol dm –3 III Chips 0.5 mol dm –3 ⇒

The rate of reaction in experiment I, II and III is not af

fected by size ________ of calcium carbonate. /

Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I, II and II tidak dipengaruhi oleh

saiz _______ kalsium karbonat. ⇒ Initial rat e of reaction in experiment I is higher ________ than experiment II because the concentration ______________ of HCl in experiment I is higher ________ than experiment II, the gradient __________ of the curve for experiment I is greater ________ than experiment II.

Kadar tindak balas asal bagi eksperimen I lebih

tinggi _______ berbanding eksperimen II kerana kepekatan ____________

HCl dalam eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

_______

berbanding eksperimen II,

kecerunan

____________

graf bagi eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

_______

berbanding eksperimen II.

⇒

Initial rate of reaction in experiment II is

equal

________

to experiment III because

the concentration ______________ of HCl in experiment II and III is similar _________ , the gradient __________ of the curve in experiment II and III is similar _________ .

Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen II adalah

sama

_______

dengan eksperimen III kerana

kepekatan

____________

HCl dalam eksperimen II dan III adalah

sama _______ , kecerunan ____________ graf dalam

eksperimen II dan III adalah

sama _______ . T ime/s Masa/s Vo

lume of carbon dioxide/cm

3

Isi padu karbon dioksida/cm

3

Experiment

I

am Publicat_io Experiment Eksperimen Number of mol r eactant / Quantity of pr oduct / Factor

Bilangan mol bahan tindak balas / Kuantiti hasil / Faktor

Sketch of the graph

Lakaran graf Experiment I / Eksperimen I : E xc es s of m ag ne si um p ow de r + 100 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm -3

hydrochloric acid Serbuk magnesium berlebihan + 100 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm

–3

Experiment II /

Eksperimen II

:

Excess of magnesium ribbon + 200 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm

-3

hydrochloric acid Pita magnesium berlebihan + 200 cm

3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm

–3

Balanced equation: Persamaan seimbang: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)

→ MgCl 2 (aq) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– _{+ H} 2 (g)

––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e

rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak

balas: Volume of hydrogen gas collected ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– in every 30 seconds by water ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– displacement in the burette –––––––––––––––––––––––––––

 Magnesium is in excess in experiment I and II, the volume of hydrogen gas collected is not af fected by the quantity of magnesium. Magnesium adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I dan II, isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul

tidak dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti magnesium.

 Volume of H 2 collected depends on the number mol of HCl. Isi padu H 2

yang terkumpul ber

gantung kepada bilangan mo

l HCl. a. N um be r o f m ol o f H C l i n ex pe ri m en t I =

Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen I

b. N um be r o f m ol o f H C l i n ex pe ri m en t I I =

Bilangan mol HCl dalam eksperimen II

⇒ The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in experiment II ––––––––––––––––– is double of experiment I ––––––––––––– . Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen II –––––––––––– adala h dua kali ganda eksperimen I –––––––––––– .  Compare rate of reaction:

Bandingkan kadar tindak balas:

Experiment Eksperimen Type of Mg Jenis Mg Concentration of HCl Kepekatan HCl I Powder 1.0 mol dm –3 II Ribbon 1.0 mol dm –3  Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is higher –––––––––– than experiment II because the total surface area of magnesium powder in experiment I is higher –––––––––– than magnesium ribbon in experiment II, the gradient of the curve for experiment I is greater –––––––––– than experiment II. Kadar tindak balas asal dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi ––––––––– daripada eksperimen II kerana jumlah luas permukaan serbuk magnesium dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi ––––––––– daripada pita magnesium

dalam eksperimen II, kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih

tinggi

–––––––––

daripada eksperimen II.

T

ime/s _Masa/s

Isi padu hidrogen/cm

3 Vo lume of hydrogen/cm 3 Experiment II _Experiment I 100 × 1 ________ 1 000 = 0.1 mol –––––––––––––––––– 200 × 1 ________ 1 000 = 0.2 mol ––––––––––––––––––

Experiment I /

Eksperimen I

:

Excess of zinc granules and 100 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm

-3

sulphuric acid + 5 cm

3 of

copper(II) sulphate solution Butiran zink berlebihan dan 100 cm

3

asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm

–3 + 5 cm

3

larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Experiment II /

Eksperimen II

:

Excess of zinc granules and 100 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm

-3

sulphuric acid + 5 cm

3 of

copper(II) sulphate solution Butiran zink berlebihan dan100 cm

3

asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm

–3 + 5 cm

3

larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Experiment III /

Eksperimen III

:

Excess of zinc granules and 100 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm

-3

sulphuric acid Butiran zink berlebihan dan 100 cm

3

asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm

–3

Balanced Equation: Persamaan seimbang: Experiment

I and II Eksperimen I dan II Zn + H 2 SO4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2

––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Experiment III Eksperimen III Zn + H

2 SO4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2

––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Observable changes to measur

e

rate of r

eaction:

Perubahan yang diperhatikan untuk mengukur

kadar

tindak

balas: Volume of hydrogen gas collected ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– in every 30 seconds by water ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– displacement in the burette. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––

 Zinc is in excess in experiment I, II and III, the volume of hydrogen gas collected is not af fected by the quantity of zinc. Zink adalah berlebihan dalam eksperimen I, II dan III, Isi padu gas hidrogen yang terkumpul tidak

dipengaruhi oleh kuantiti zink.



Volume of H

2

depends on the number mol of H

2 SO4 . Isi padu H 2 ber

gantung pada bilangan mol H

2 SO 4 . a. Number of mol of H2 SO4 in experiment I = 100 × 1 ________ 1 000 = 0.1 mol –––––––––––––––––– Bilangan mol H 2 SO 4 dalam eksperimen I b. Number of mol of H2 SO4 in experiment II = 100 × 0.5 ________ 1 000 = 0.05 mol –––––––––––––––––– Bilangan mol H 2 SO 4 dalam eksperimen II c. Number of mol of H2 SO4 in experiment III = 100 × 0.5 ________ 1 000 = 0.05 mol –––––––––––––––––– Bilangan mol H 2 SO 4

dalam eksperimen III

⇒

The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in

experiment I –––––––––––– is double of experiment II –––––––––––– . Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen I _{––––––––––––} adala h dua kali ganda eksperimen II _{––––––––––––} . ⇒ The maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in experiment II is equal _{–––––––} to experiment III. Isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen II adalah sama –––––––– dengan

yang terkumpul dalam eksperimen III.



Compare

rate

of

reaction:

Bandingkan kadar tindak balas: Experiment Eksperimen

Type of zinc Jenis Zink

Concentration of H 2 SO 4 Kepekatan H 2 SO 4 Pr esence of catalyst Kehadiran mangkin I Granules 1.0 mol dm –3 Copper(II) sulphate II Granules 0.5 mol dm –3 Copper(II) sulphate III Granules 0.5 mol dm –3 – ⇒ Initial rate of reaction in experiment I is higher _{–––––––} than experiment II because the concentration of H2 SO4 in experiment I higher than experiment II, the gradient of the curve for experiment I is greater ––––––––––––– than experiment II. Kadar tindak balas awal dala m eksperimen I adalah lebih tinggi –––––––– berbanding dalam eksperimen II kerana kepekatan H2 SO 4 dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi –––––––– berbanding dalam eksperimen II,

kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II.

⇒ Initial rate of reaction in experiment II is higher _{–––––––} than experiment III because the catalyst copper(II) sulphate is present in experiment II. The gradient of the curve in experiment II is greater –––––––––––– than experiment III. Kadar tindak balas awal dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi –––––––– daripada eksperimen III kerana kehadiran mangkin kuprum(II) sulfat dalam eksperimen II. Kecerunan graf bagi eksperimen II lebih tinggi ––––––––

daripada eksperimen III.

T

ime/s _Masa/s

Isi padu hidrogen/cm

3 Vo lume of hydrogen/cm 3 Experiment I