Cad 2d Class Presentation

Level -

1 - Two Dimensional

Drafting

Introduction to CAD Applications. CAD Versions.

Hardware Requirements.

Opening AutoCAD Application The AutoCAD Screen

Opening a Drawing File. Page Navigation.

Zoom, Pan

Closing a Drawing File. Creating a New File

Creating a Drawing. Saving a Drawing file.

CAD as a digital tool for Engineering

Engineering needs many Planning and Implementation Tools. Drafting and Designing are important tools for Engineering.

Usually Drafting is done using the Drawing sheets, Boards, Drafters and other Drawing Instruments. With advent of computers the scene has changed.

Now Computer Software Applications are used for Drawing and Designing the Engineering Plans.

The CAD or CADD

The Computer Aided Designing (CAD) or Computer Aided Drafting (CADD) are the terms used for using computers for drawing and designing applications under various platforms.

The Mainframe and Super computers use CAD/CADD workstations for creation of Engineering drawings and Designs.

The CAD Applications.

CAD applications softwares prevalent today are AutoCAD, ZWCAD, IntelliCAD, Pro-E etc.

These applications are manufactured by various companies and are specialised for various areas of drawing and designing.

Introduction to CAD

Applications

AutoCAD is the CAD Application Software manufactured by AutoDesk Inc.

Version 1.0 (Release 1) - December 1982

Version 1.2 (Release 2) - April 1983

Version 1.3 (Release 3) - August 1983

Version 1.4 (Release 4) - October 1983

Version 2.0 (Release 5) - October 1984

Version 2.1 (Release 6) - May 1985

Version 2.5 (Release 7) - June 1986

Version 2.6 (Release)    - April 1987

Release 9 - September 1987

Release 10 - October 1988

Release 11 - October 1990

Release 12 - June 1992 (last release for Apple Macintosh) Release 13 - November 1994 

(last release for Unix, MS-DOS and Windows 3.11) Release 14 - February 1997

AutoCAD 2000 (R15.0) - March 1999

AutoCAD 2000i (R15.1) - July 2000

AutoCAD 2002 (R15.6) - June 2001 AutoCAD 2004 (R16.0) - March 2003 AutoCAD 2005 (R16.1) - March 2004 AutoCAD 2006 (R16.2) - March 2005 AutoCAD 2007 (R17.0) - March 2006 AutoCAD 2008 (R17.1) - March 2007 AutoCAD 2009 - March 2008 AutoCAD 2010 - March 2009 AutoCAD 2011 - March 2010

AutoCAD History

Quickly create designs

Needs less storage Space

Improved quality over hand drafting

Can be customized to suit the individual’s needs

Drawing modification is very easy

Can Draw to the actual scale and can be scaled during printing

Helps in preparation of Plan as well as 3 Dimensional Models and helps in product walkthroughs.

Version 1.0 (Release 1) - 8085/8088 Version 1.2 (Release 2) - 8085/8088 Version 1.3 (Release 3) - 8085/8088 Version 1.4 (Release 4) - 8085/8088 Version 2.0 (Release 5) - 8085/8088 Version 2.1 (Release 6) - 8088 Version 2.5 (Release 7) - 8088 Version 2.6 (Release 8)  - 8088 Release 9 - 8088, 8087 Release 10 - 80286, 80287 Release 11 - 80386, 80387 Release 12 - 80486, 80487 Release 13 - 80486, 80487 Release 14 - Pentium I AutoCAD 2000 (R15.0) - Pentium I AutoCAD 2000i (R15.1) - Pentium I AutoCAD 2002 (R15.6) - Pentium I AutoCAD 2004 (R16.0) - Pentium I AutoCAD 2005 (R16.1) - Pentium II AutoCAD 2006 (R16.2) - Pentium III AutoCAD 2007 (R17.0) - Pentium IV

AutoCAD 2008 (R17.1) - Pentium IV and above, 1 GB RAM, 3 GB free HD Space, 1280 X 1024 display adapter capable of 24 bit color.

AutoCAD 2009 (R17.2) - Pentium IV and above

AutoCAD 2010 - Pentium IV and above

AutoCAD 2011- Pentium IV and above

Use

Start -> All Programs -> Autodesk

-> AutoCAD 2009 -> AutoCAD

2009.

Or Click the Icon on the

Desktop.

The AutoCAD interface will

open.

AutoCAD 2009 Screen

(2D Drafting & Annotation

Type)

AutoCAD 2009

AutoCAD Classic Screen

Mode

Title Bar Menu Bar

Various Tool Bars with Tool Buttons

Drawing Area Cross Hair Mouse Pointer WCS (World Co-ordinate System) Icon

Model and Layout Page Tabs

Command Area and Command Prompt Modification Tool Bar Drawing Tool Bar Menu Browser Status Bar Settings Buttons AutoCAD Classic Screen Mode

Opening a Drawing File.

Use file -> Open through Menu Bar or

File open command from quick menu on the top left corner.

Understanding the difference between a Drawing and a Template.

Using Zoom Options. Using Pan Options.

Saving a Drawing File

Use File -> Save Option or

The Save Button on the Quick Selection Menu

Page Navigation

Zooming and Panning in the

Drawing

Use File -> New Option or

Click the New File Button from the Quick Selection Menu.

Select the acad.dwt (the autocad default

drawing template) file when creating a new drawing file.

Opening a New Drawing

Page

Line Command: Used to create straight line by joining two points.

Select the Line Command option from Drawing Tool bar or

Drawing Menu Bar or

Give Line Command at Command Prompt, the

shortcut command l can also given.

The command area will respond by asking to select the first point of the line: select any

point

on the drawing screen or provide a

co-ordinate point say

0,0

.

Then the command area would ask for

the next point : select another point or

provide a co-ordinate point say 5,0.

Again it would ask for next point, provide

a point again….

This process continues till we press a

blank return or use C (for close)

In order to make a square of unit length

10 the following steps can be followed:

1.

Select the line command button

from drawing tool bar.

2.

Provide 0,0 as the first point.

3.

Provide 5,0 as the second point.

4.

Provide 5,5 as the third point.

5.

Provide 0,5 as the fourth point.

6.

Provide C to close the line by joining

the point 0,5 with the starting point

i.e. 0,0.

Absolute Co-ordinate point selection method. Point is selected by providing the absolute co-ordinate point : x,y

Relative Co-ordinate point selection method. A point is selected as displacement from the

previously selected point : @∆ξ, ∆ψ

Πολαρ Χο−ορδινατε ποιντ σελεχτιον µετηοδ. Α ποιντ ισ σελεχτεδ βψ προϖιδινγ τηε διστανχε ανδ ανγλε φροµ τηε πρεϖιουσ ποιντ : ≅διστανχε<ανγλε. Α νεω ποιντ χαν αλσο βε σελεχτεδ βψ σηοωινγ τηε διρεχτιον υσινγ τηε µουσε ανδ κεψινγ ιν τηε διστανχε φροµ τηε κεψβοαρδ.

Exercise 1 : Making a Square of 10 Square Units.

Drawing Exercises

10 10

Exercise 2: Drawing a rectangle with the following dimensions.

Drawing Exercises

10 15

Exercise 3: Create the following Drawing using the dimensions mentioned.

Drawing Exercise

20 10 10 20 10

Exercise 4 : Creating a Drawing with the following Dimensions.

Drawing Exercise

10 10 10 17 27 10 45°

Exercise 5: Creating a drawing with the following Dimensions.

Drawing Exercise

10 30°

Drawing lines using Pointing to a direction and distance method Pre-defined Polar Angle Setting

The Function Keys

The First Modification Command – Erase.

Object Selection methods.

Object Handles and using them to Stretch an Object Object Snapping.

OSNP and OSNAP tracking.

The Regen Command Drawing Excercises.

The direction can be pointed using : The movement of mouse in a specific Direction.

Ortho Mode can be set to ON to point to 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees directions using the F8 key or by pressing Ortho on button on the

status bar.

Pre-defined angles can be set using polar angle settings / polar tracking settings.

Angles over rides can be set by providing the angle using <angle, e.g. <96 will set the

angle override to 96 degrees.

Distance can be provided by keying in the data through the keyboard.

Drawing Lines using

pointing to a direction and

providing distance

The Function Keys

FUNCTION KEYS IN AUTOCAD

FUNCTION KEY FUNCTION

F1 HELP

F2 TEXT / DRAWING MODE

F3 OSNAP ON/OFF

F4 TABLET ON/OFF

F5 ISOPLANE TOP/LEFT/RIGHT

F6 DYNAMIC UCS ON/OFF

F7 GRID MODE ON/OFF

F8 ORTHO MODE ON/OFF

F9 SNAP MODE ON/OFF

F10 POLAR TRACKING ON/OFF

F11 OSNAP TRACKING

First Modification Command : Erase

Command Can be selected from:

Modification Tool bar. Modify Menu Bar.

Write the command Erase at the command prompt or use the short cut E.

On giving the erase command we will be prompted to select the object.

Objects can be selected using any of the following methods:

Selection by clicking. Windows Selection. Crossing Selection. Fence Selection.

Crossing Polygon Selection. Windows Polygon Selection.

After the completion of selection a blank enter will completely erase the selected drawing objects.

The Erase Command &

Handling the Object Handles and

using them to stretch/move an

We can use object snaps to specify precise locations on objects.

For example, we can use an object snap to draw a line to the center of a circle or to the midpoint of a polyline segment or to mid point of a line.

We can specify an object snap whenever we are prompted for a point.

By default, a marker and a tooltip are displayed when we move the cursor over an object snap location on an object. This feature, called AutoSnap™, provides a visual clue that indicates which object snaps are in effect.

Osnap Tracking

We can draw objects at specific angles or in specific relationship to other objects along specified directions called alignment paths.

AutoTrack™ helps us draw objects at specific angles or in specific relationships to other objects.

When we turn on AutoTrack, temporary alignment paths help us create objects at precise positions and angles. AutoTrack includes two tracking options: polar tracking and object snap tracking.

We can toggle AutoTrack on and off with the Polar and Otrack buttons on the status bar.

Object snap tracking works in conjunction with object snaps.

We must set an object snap before we can track from an object's snap point.

We can use object snap tracking to track along alignment paths that are based on object snap points.

Acquired points display a small plus sign (+), and we can acquire up to seven tracking points at a time. After we acquire a point, horizontal, vertical, or polar

alignment paths relative to the point are displayed as we move the cursor over their drawing paths.

For example, we can select a point along a path based on an object endpoint or midpoint or an intersection between objects.

Regen

Regenerates the drawing and refreshes current viewport

Control the Display of Polylines, Hatches, Gradient Fills, Lineweights, and Text

Regen All

Regenerates the drawing and refreshes all viewports

Redraw

We can remove the plus-shaped markers

called blips and stray pixels that may be left over from some editing operations from the display area.

To remove blips, use REDRAW.

To remove stray pixels, use REGEN.

The Regen, Regen All,

Redraw Commands.

(0,0) (75,0) (75,10) (35,10) (20,25) (35,40) (75,40) (75,50) (0, ??)

Exercise 2 : Drawing an Object using Polar Co-ordinate Method 75 10 30 90 °

40 10 45_° 30 10 90°

60 2 0. 0 6 20.06 10 10 10 135°

25 3 0 34_° 17.98 20 15 2 0

49.28 60°

2 0

10

30

40 10.0 4 3 0 54.14 45°

20 30.24 10 10 10 60° 20 19.97 131°

Start Point 7.5 120° 15 7.5 45 ° 7.5 105° 14.9 4 7.5 7.5 19.7 5

65 .3 3 20 10 40° 60° 11 0° 155_° 20.03 90 ° 25_° 29.94 30 ° 9.95 40_°

1 0 40 20 10 2 0 10 70

Setting Object’s Non-Geometric Properties

Colour, Line Weight, Line Type

Enquiry / Inspection of Drawing Parameters

Dist, Area, Id

Drawing Commands Continued:

Line Category

● Construction Line, Ray, Multiline

Curve Category

● Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Poly Line

Modification Commands Continued:

Copy, Move, Offset, Mirror, Trim, Stretch, Rotate

Lines that extend to infinity in one direction is known as ray

Line that extend to infinity in both directions of a point is known as construction line

These lines are used as references for creating other objects.

For example, you can use construction lines to find the center of a triangle, prepare multiple views of the same item, or create temporary intersections to use for object snaps.

Construction Lines and

Rays

Using Construction Line –

xline command

Creates a line to infinite distance on both sides of the selected point. Used as reference line for creation of drawing objects.

Using Rays – Ray Command

Creates a line to infinite distance on One side of the selected point.

Multi-line

Mline Command

Creates a Parallel lines.

A polyline is a connected sequence of

segments created as a single object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of the two.

Polylines are ideal for applications including the following:

Contour lines for topographic, isobaric, and other scientific applications

Wiring diagrams and printed circuit board layouts

Process and piping diagrams

Extrusion profiles and extrusion paths for 3D solid modeling

Polylines can be created with PLINE command. After we create a polyline, you can edit it

using grips/handles or PEDIT.

We can use EXPLODE to convert polylines to individual line and arc segments.

Poly line – the pline

command

Polyline Excercise

10

Circles can be made using following methods: Centre Point, Radius method.

Centre Point, Diameter Method. 2 Point Method.

3 Point Method.

Tangent, Tangent, Radius Method. Tangent, Tangent, Tangent Method.

Drawing a Circle :

Methods of Drawing a

Circle.

Centre Point Radius

Two Point

3rd Point

2nd Point 1st Point

Tangent Tangent Radius

Tangent Tangent Tangent

Centre Point, Radius 2 Point 3 Point TTR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius) TTT (Tangent, Tangent, Tangent)

Circle Exercise 1

60_° 4.5 3 .8 97 Ø1. 6 Ø16 Ø8

You can move objects at a specified distance and direction from the originals.

Use coordinates, grid snap, object snaps, and other tools to move objects with precision.

An object can be Moved by using the distance and direction specified by a base point

followed by a second point.

In this example, you move the block representing a window.

Click  Modify -> Move or Enter move at the command prompt.

Then select the object to be moved (1). Specify the base point for the move (2) followed by a second point (3).

The object is moved the distance and direction of point 2 to point 3.

Moving Objects

Move Command

Moving an Object

1

2 3

You can create duplicates of objects at a specified distance and direction from the originals.

Use coordinates, grid snap, object snaps, and other tools to copy objects with precision.

Copy an object using the distance and

direction specified by a base point followed by a second point.

In this example, you copy the block

representing an electronic component. Click  Modify menu ->  Copy or at the

command prompt, enter copy or shortcut co. Then select the original object to be copied. Specify the base point for the move (1)

followed by a second point (2).

The object is copied the distance and direction of point 1 to point 2.

Creating Duplicates /

Copies:

Copying an Object

1 2

Offset an object to create a new object whose shape parallels the shape of the original

object.

OFFSET creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape of a selected object.

Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which side you specify for the offset.

A highly effective drawing technique is to offset objects and then trim or extend their ends.

You can offset

Lines, Arcs, Circles, Ellipses and elliptical arcs (resulting in an oval-shaped spline), 2D

polylines, Construction lines (xlines) and rays, Splines

Creating Parallel Objects:

Offset Command.

Offset to Create parallel

objects

Circle Exercise 2

R10 Ø40 30 1 0 25 10 10 1 0 R5

Circle Exercise 3

4. 8 S q Ø 10 Ø 10 Ø4 Ø4

Circle Exercise 4

50 3 0 R5 Ø2₀

Circle Exercise 5

30 15 26 22 R4 Ø15 Ø8 15 23 38

We can flip objects about a specified axis to create a symmetrical mirror image.

Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects because we can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object.

We flip objects about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image.

To specify this temporary mirror line, we enter two points.

We can choose whether to erase or retain the original objects.

Creating Mirror Images:

Mirror Command.

Mirroring Exercise 1

5 20 6 R8 Mirror Line

Mirroring Exercise 2

40 42 R10 R 5 R₁₀ Ø28 R10 10

Mirroring Exercise 3

120° 50 R5 R10 CENTER

Session Plan - 4

The Curves : Arc, Ellipse, Spline

Rectangles: The Rectangle Command Polygons : The Polygon Command

Rotating Objects: The Rotate Command Corner finishing : Fillet & Chamfer

To create an arc, we can specify various

combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction

values.

We can create arcs in several ways.

Following methods are used for drawing an Arc:

3P, SCE, SCA, SCL, SEA, SER, SED, CSE, CSA, CSL

With the exception of the first method (i.e. the Three point Arc), arcs are drawn

counterclockwise from the start point to the endpoint.

Drawing an Arc:

Arc Command.

3 Point, SCE, SCA, SCL

Arcs

3rd Point 2nd Point 1st Point Centre Point Start Point End Point 90° Start Point Centre Point Included Angle Centre Point Start Point Chord Length 3 Point Arc

Start, Centre, End Point

Start, Centre, Included Angle

SEA, SED, SER Arcs

200° Start Point Included Angle Start Point End Point Direction Start Point End Point Radius

Start, End, Included Angle

Start, End, Direction

CSE, CSA, CSL

200°

Start Point Included Angle

Centre, Start, Included Angle

Centre, Start, End

Centre, Start, Length of Chord

Centre Point Start Point End Point Centre Point Start Point Chord Length

Arc Exercise

R 18 R16 60 3 0 R 5

Arc Exercise

R18 Ø7 28 3 5 7

Arc Exercise

13° 90 14 5 R0 .48 13_° 18 39 20 8 R8

Drawing an Ellipse:

Ellipse Command

The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width.

The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis.

End points of First Axis

Mid Point of First Axis Distance to Other Axis

Minor Axis M a jo r A x is

Drawing an Ellipse:

Ellipse Command.

The illustrations above showed two different ellipses created by specifying axis and

distance.

The third point specifies only a distance and does not necessarily designate the axis

Ellipse Drawing Options

Axis, End point Option Centre Point Option

Ellipse Drawing Options

End points of First Axis

Mid Point of First Axis Distance to Other Axis

Minor Axis M a jo r A x is

Centre Point of Ellipse.

End Point of Axis Distance to other Axis

45° 270°

Axis End Points

Distance to other Axis End point

Starting Angle of Elliptical Arc Ending Angle of Elliptical Arc

Axis Endpoint Option

Ellipse Exercise 1

36 40 10 36 10 20 60 34°

Corner Finishing: Fillet

A fillet connects two objects with an arc that is tangent to the objects and has a specified radius.

We can fillet:

Arcs, Circles , Ellipses and elliptical arcs , Lines , Polylines , Rays , Splines , Xlines , 3D solids

Set the Fillet Radius

The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Changing the fillet radius affects subsequent fillets. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created.

You can hold down SHIFT while selecting the objects to override the current fillet radius with a value of 0.

If you set a nonzero fillet radius, FILLET inserts fillet arcs at the vertex of each polyline segment that is long enough to accommodate the fillet radius.

If two polyline line segments converge as they approach an arc segment that separates them, FILLET removes the arc segment and replaces it with a fillet arc.

If we set the fillet radius to 0, no fillet arcs are inserted.

If two polyline line segments are separated by one arc segment, FILLET removes that arc and extends the lines until they intersect.

Filleted Rectangles

10 5 10 5 R1

Corner Finishing: Chamfer

A chamfer connects two objects to meet in a flattened or beveled corner.

A chamfer connects two objects with an

angled line. It is usually used to represent a beveled edge on a corner.

You can chamfer Lines

Polylines Rays

Xlines 3D solids

CHAMFER can be used to bevel all corners of a polyline using a single command.

Chamfered Rectangles

10 5 1 2 10 5 1 1

Drawing a Rectangle : Rectangle

Command

1 1 10 5 10 5 10 5 1 2 R1 10 5

With Two Corners Specifying Dimensions Chamfered Rectangle (Unequal Lengths)

Rectangle with width Filleted Rectangle Chamfered Rectangle (Equal Length)

Rectangle Exercise 1

70 R1_{0 R5} 30 30 R5

Creating Polygons:

Polygon Command

Polygons: Objects with

more than 2 sides with

equal lengths on each

side. E.g. Triangle,

square, pentagon,

hexagon, heptagon,

octagon, nonagon etc.

Can be created using

two methods:

Centre point radius method or

Edge method.

In centre point, radius

method following steps

are followed:

Give polygon command (from

drawing tool bar/menu or

polygon command through

command prompt).

Specify Number of sides for the

polygon.

Specify the centre point of

polygon.

Specify whether to create an

Inscribed polygon /

Circumscribed polygon.

Provide Radius.

In the edge method

following steps are

followed:

Give polygon command (from

drawing tool bar/menu or

polygon command through

command prompt).

Specify the Number of sides for

the polygon.

Select Edge option.

Polygons

5 Center Point Radius Center Point Radius Length of Edge

Polygon Exercise - 1

Ø9 R4 Ø9 Ø9 13 22 27

Polygon Exercise - 2

15 7 13 26 Ø 34 30 15 Ø9

Splines: Spline Command

A spline is a smooth curve that passes through or near a given set of points.

We can control how closely the curve fits the points.

The SPLINE command creates a particular

type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve.

A NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points.

We create splines by specifying points.

We can close the spline so that the start and endpoints are coincident and tangent.

Tolerance describes how closely the spline fits the set of fit points we specify.

The lower the tolerance, the more closely the spline fits the points.

At zero tolerance, the spline passes through the points.

We can change the spline-fitting tolerance while drawing the spline to see the effect.

Rotating Objects:

Rotate Command

45° 45°

Session Plan - 6

Arraying : The Array Command. Scaling : Scale Command.

Stretching: Stretch Command. Changing Length: Lengthen. Hatching: Hatch Command.

Color Filling: Gradient Command. Breaking Lines: Break Command. Joining Lines: Join Command.

Converting a line to a polyline: Pedit, Join

Arrays

We can create copies of objects in a

rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an array.

For rectangular arrays, we control the number of rows and columns and the distance

between each.

For polar arrays, we control the number of copies of the object and whether the copies are rotated.

To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.

Steps for arraying:

Give array command (from Modify Toolbar/Menu /Command)

Select the Array Type.

Select the object to be arrayed. In case of Rectangular array:

● Specify No. of Rows and Columns

● Specify the distance between the rows and

columns(row/column offsets)

● Preview and finalise.

In case of Polar Array:

● Select the Centre point of polar array.

● Specify No. of items to be created.

Rectangular Array -

Example

Array Exercise – 1

(Polar Array)

Ø2.4 Ø3.6 Ø4. 8 Ø 4

Array Exercise – 2

(Polar Array)

Array Exercise - 3

Array Exercise - 4

(Polar Array)

Polar Array Exercise

45° 120_° Center (6,5) Ø41

Changing the Size of an

Object :

Scale Command.

We can resize objects to make them bigger or smaller using Scale Command.

Steps for scaling an object:

Give scale command from Modification tool Bar/Modification Menu or write scale at the command prompt.

Select the object(s) to be scaled. Specify the Base Point.

Specify Scale factor. (eg. 1.5 scale factor to increase the size by 50% or 0.7 to reduce the size by 30%)

Other options working with Scale are: Reference

Scaling Example

Original After Scaling up 50% After Scaling Down 30%

Stretching an Object:

Stretch Command

We can change the size of an object in one direction or both direction using stretch command.

Steps for Stretching an object:

Give stretch command from Modification tool Bar/Modification Menu or write stretch at the command prompt.

Select the object(s) to be

Stretched(Important: The object to be

stretched should be selected using

crossing-window or crossing-polygon).

Specify the Base Point.

Specify the Second Point. (The second point can be given by clicking at a point or by

Stretching Example

Original

Before

Stretching

After

Stretching

Horizontaly

After

Stretching

Horizontaly

Changing the length:

Lengthen Command.

We can resize objects to make them longer or shorter in only one direction or to make them proportionally larger or smaller.

Lengths can be changed using following parameters: DElta Percentage Total DYnamic Before Lengthening After Lengthening

Hatching

We can hatch an area (Closed area) using a predefined hatch pattern. Mainly used to fill cross-sections with a pattern.

One type of pattern is called solid, which fills an area with a solid color.

For hatching the steps are as follows:

Give the hatch command.

Select the pattern (from Pattern/Swatch).

Pick a point in the closed area to be hatched (Using Add: Pick points).

Set the angle and Scale. Preview and Finalise.

Hatching Example

Un hatched Object Hatched Object, using Earth

Pattern, 45 Deg. Angle and scale 1.

Hatched Object, using Earth Pattern, 45 Deg. Angle and

Hatching Exercise - 1

A R12 R5 B D C 55

Gradient

We can Fill an area (Closed area) using Shaded Colour.

Can use Gradients of

Single Colour (with one colour and Dark/Light Colour)

Two Colour (With two Different Colours) For applying Gradients the steps are as follows:

Give the Hatch/Gradient command. Select the color combination.

Pick a point in the closed area to be hatched (Using Add: Pick points).

Gradient Example

Object without Gradient

Object after applying a Single Colour and Tint

Object after applying Two Colours

Breaking a line

A line (Straight or Curved) can be broken using break command.

We can use single point break or two point break.

Steps to be used for applying a break command:

Give break command.

Select the first point on the object.

Breaking an Object -

Example

Original Objects -Before breaking. Objects -After Breaking.

Session Plan - 7

Working with Reusable Contents:

Using Design Centre for ready made Blocks.

Using Tool Pallets for Readymade Objects. Creating Blocks to group objects: The Block

Command.

Inserting a Block: Insert Block Command Assigning attributes to Blocks: ATTDEF

Command

Point Revisited: Divide & Measure

Commands.

Annotations :

Dimensioning.

Writing Text: Single line & Multiline. Creating Tables.

Using Design Centre

Steps to use Design Centre:

Tools -> Pallets -> Design Centre.

The designs can be selected from the Blocks available in the tree structure of the Design Centre Window.

Using Tool Pallets

Steps to use Tool Pallets:

Block Creation: The Block

Command.

Creates a block definition from selected objects.

We create blocks by associating objects and giving them a name.

Creating a block to be used in the current drawing only.

Creating a block to be used in other drawings. We can also attach information (attributes) to a block.

Block Exercise

R5

R6

Inserting a Block - Exercise

18 Ø2 Ø2 6 6 9 R3 18 1

Assigning Attributes to a

Block: ATTDEF

Attributes are defined so that the set of

important data associated with a block can also be inserted into the drawing.

Steps for Defining an Attribute:

Draw -> Block -> Define Attribute.

After defining the attribute a block should be made and the attributes associated with the drawing object should be included as a part of the block.

When a block is inserted the data for the drawing can be provided.

The data associated with the drawing can be extracted into tabular forms like excel sheets using the command : DATAEXTRACTION.

Attribute Definition -

Exercise

DIMENSION COLOR COST

Block Exercise – Creating a

Block of Pieces of a Map

Point Command Revisited:

Divide Command

Divide Command Divides a line segment in equal number of segments.

Dividing a Line / Curve : Use Divide Command.

Point Command Revisited :

Divide Command

Instead of a Point Display Marker a Block can be inserted at the division points using the

Point Command Revisited:

Measure Command

Measure command divides a line segment equally based on measurement.

For dividing a Line / Curve based on

measurement : Use Measure Command.

Block Option can also be used with measure

Point Command Revisited :

Measure Command

Instead of a Point Display Marker a Block can be inserted at the Measured points using the

Block option in the Measure command.

Single Line Text

We can use single-line text to create one or more lines of text, where each text line is an independent object that you can relocate,

reformat, or otherwise modify.

Use single-line text (TEXT) to create one or

more lines of text, ending each line when you press ENTER.

Each text line is an independent object that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise

modify.

When we create single-line text, we assign a text style and set alignment.

The text style sets the default characteristics of the text object.

The alignment determines what part of the text character aligns with the insertion point.

Multiline Text

We can create one or more paragraphs of multiline text (mtext) .

You can also use command prompts.

Before entering you specify opposite corners of a text bounding box that defines the width of the paragraphs in the multiline text object. The length of the multiline text object

depends on the amount of text, not the length of the bounding box.

You can use grips to move or rotate a multiline text object.

Dimensioning

Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing.

You can create dimensions for a variety of object types in many orientations. The basic types of dimensioning are

Linear

Radial (radius, diameter and jogged) Angular

Ordinate Arc Length

Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, baseline, or continued

(chained).

Note : To simplify drawing organization and dimension scaling, it is recommended That we create dimensions on

Dimensioning Exercise 1

10 21 31 36 12 Ø6

Dimensioning Exercise 2

38 27 Ø31 Ø10 Ø14 Ø2 R5 Ø5 8

Dimensioning Exercise 3

6 9 11 9 6 33 26 5 12 5 .438 11 30 45° 7 7

Dimensioning Exercise 4

8 13 18 17 20 24 32 36 9 2 11 5 1217 3 147° 4 Ø0.44 2PL. Ø2 R6 R4 R4 48° Ø4

Session Plan - 8

Working with Reusable Contents:

Using Design Centre for ready made Blocks. Using Tool Pallets for Readymade Objects. Creating Blocks to group objects: The Block Command.

Inserting a Block: Insert Block Command Assigning attributes to Blocks: ATTDEF Command

Point Revisited: Divide & Measure Commands.

Annotations :

Dimensioning.

Writing Text: Single line & Multiline.

Creating Tables.

Assigning Attributes to a

Block: ATTDEF

Attributes are defined so that the set of

important data associated with a block can also be inserted into the drawing.

Steps for Defining an Attribute:

Draw -> Block -> Define Attribute.

After defining the attribute a block should be made and the attributes associated with the drawing object should be included as a part of the block.

When a block is inserted the data for the drawing can be provided.

The data associated with the drawing can be extracted into tabular forms like excel sheets using the command : DATAEXTRACTION.

Attribute Definition -

Exercise

DIMENSION COLOR COST

Point Command Revisited:

Divide Command

Divide Command Divides a line segment in equal number of segments.

Dividing a Line / Curve : Use Divide Command.

Point Command Revisited :

Divide Command

Instead of a Point Display Marker a Block can be inserted at the division points using the

Point Command Revisited:

Measure Command

Measure command divides a line segment equally based on measurement.

For dividing a Line / Curve based on

measurement : Use Measure Command.

Block Option can also be used with measure

Point Command Revisited :

Measure Command

Instead of a Point Display Marker a Block can be inserted at the Measured points using the

Block option in the Measure command.

Single Line Text

We can use single-line text to create one or more lines of text, where each text line is an independent object that you can relocate,

reformat, or otherwise modify.

Use single-line text (TEXT) to create one or

more lines of text, ending each line when you press ENTER.

Each text line is an independent object that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise

modify.

When we create single-line text, we assign a text style and set alignment.

The text style sets the default characteristics of the text object.

The alignment determines what part of the text character aligns with the insertion point.

Multiline Text

We can create one or more paragraphs of multiline text (mtext) .

You can also use command prompts.

Before entering you specify opposite corners of a text bounding box that defines the width of the paragraphs in the Multiline text object. The length of the Multiline text object

depends on the amount of text, not the length of the bounding box.

You can use grips to move or rotate a multiline text object.

Multiline Text Example

For long, compl

ex entries, create

multiline text us

ing MTEXT

command. The angle is

10°. Dia=

1_{2 " and L}ength=

Dimensioning

Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing.

You can create dimensions for a variety of object types in many orientations. The basic types of dimensioning are

Linear

Radial (radius, diameter and jogged) Angular

Ordinate Arc Length

Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, baseline, or continued

(chained).

Note : To simplify drawing organization and dimension scaling, it is recommended That we create dimensions on

Dimensioning Exercise 1

10 21 31 36 12 Ø6

Dimensioning Exercise 2

38 27 Ø31 Ø10 Ø14 Ø2 R5 Ø5 8

Dimensioning Exercise 3

6 9 11 9 6 33 26 5 12 5 .438 11 30 45° 7 7

Dimensioning Exercise 4

8 13 18 17 20 24 32 36 9 2 11 5 1217 3 147° 4 Ø0.44 2PL. Ø2 R6 R4 R4 48° Ø4

Table

A table is an object that contains data in rows and columns.

A table object can be created from an empty table or table style.

A table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

After the table has been created, we can click any gridline on the table to select it and then modify it by using the Properties palette or grips

Table - Example

A R12 R5 B D C 55

Viewing and Changing

Object Properties

we can display and change the current properties for any object in your drawing. we can display and change the current

properties for any object in your drawing in the following ways:

Open the Quick Properties panel to view and change the settings for selected properties of the object.

Open the Properties palette and view and change the settings for all properties of the object.

View and change the settings in the Layer control on the Layers toolbar and the Color, Linetype, Lineweight, and Plot Style controls on the Properties toolbar.

Use the LIST command to view information in the text window.

Use the ID command to display a coordinate location.

Match Properties

We can copy some or all properties of one object to other objects using Match Properties.

The types of properties that can be copied include, but are not limited to, color, layer, linetype, linetype scale, lineweight, plot style, viewport property overrides, and 3D thickness.

By default, all applicable properties are automatically copied from the first object we selected to the other objects.

If we don't want a specific property or properties to be copied, use the Settings option to suppress the copying of that property. We can choose the Settings option at any time during the

Session Plan - 9

Inserting Images & External Reference Files. Region, Boundary, Wipeout, Revision Cloud Defining Units.

Setting Layers.

Drawing an Architectural Plan

Inserting Images

Images can be inserted into a drawing to show Real views of objects

Maps.

Color Gradients / Patterns

Two methods are available for inserting an Image: Insert -> Raster Image Reference

Insert -> External References

The External References method can also be invoked from : Tools -> Palettes -> External References

Moving, Copying, Scaling an image in the drawing can be done similar to how we do for other drawing objects.

Image Insertion Exercise

(Inserting an Image)

Region

Regions are two-dimensional enclosed areas that have physical properties such as

centroids or centers of mass.

We can combine existing regions into a single, complex region to calculate area.

Regions are two-dimensional enclosed areas you create from objects that form closed

loops.

Loops can be combinations of lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, elliptical arcs, and

splines.

The objects that make up the loops must either be closed or form closed areas by sharing endpoints with other objects.

Regions can be used for

Applying hatching and shading

Analyzing properties, such as area, using

MASSPROP

Extracting design information, such as the centroid

Creating a region out of a

Loop & Analysing

19

7

10

R4

56°

33°

Boundary

Regions can also be created using Boundary Command.

Application of Boundary is same as that of the region.

Both are extensively used in 3 Dimension to create 3 Dimensional Extruded Solid Objects.

Wipeout

Wipeout objects cover existing objects with a blank area to make room for notes or to mask details.

A wipeout object is a polygonal area that masks underlying objects with the current

background color. This area is bounded by the wipeout frame, which you can turn on for

editing and turn off for plotting.

You can create a wipeout object by specifying a polygonal area with a series of points, or

you can convert a closed polyline into a wipeout object.

Revision Cloud

Revision clouds are polylines that consist of sequential arcs.

They are used to call attention to parts of a drawing during the review stage.

If you review or redline drawings, you can increase your productivity by using the

Revision Cloud feature to highlight your markups.

REVCLOUD creates a polyline of sequential arcs to form a cloud-shaped object. You can select a style for a revision cloud: Normal or Calligraphy.

If you select Calligraphy, the revision cloud

looks as if it was drawn with a calligraphy pen. You can create a revision cloud from scratch, or you can convert objects, such as a circle, ellipse, polyline, or spline, to a revision cloud. When you convert an object to a revision

cloud, the original object is deleted if DELOBJ

is set to 1 (the default).

You can set the minimum and maximum

default values for the arc lengths of a revision cloud.

When you draw a revision cloud, you can vary the size of the arcs by using pick points for

the smaller arc segments.

You can also edit the individual arc lengths and chord lengths of a revision cloud by

adjusting the pick points.

REVCLOUD stores the last used arc length as a multiple of the DIMSCALE system variable to provide consistency among drawings with

different scale factors.

Make sure that you can see the entire area to be outlined with REVCLOUD before you begin the command.

Defining Drawing Units :

UNITS command

Before we start to draw, we must decide what one drawing unit represents based on what we plan to draw.

We can convert a drawing between systems of measurement by scaling it. Every object we create is measured in drawing units.

Before we start to draw, we must decide what one drawing unit will represent based on what we plan to draw.

Then we create our drawing at actual size with that convention.

For example, a distance of one drawing unit typically represents one millimeter, one centimeter, one inch, or one foot in real-world units.

Convert Drawing Units

If we start a drawing in one system of measurement (imperial or metric) and then want to switch to the other system, use SCALE to scale the model geometry by the

appropriate conversion factor to obtain correct distances and dimensions.

For example, to convert a drawing created in inches to centimeters, you scale the model geometry by a factor of 2.54.

Layers

Layers are used to group information in a

drawing by function and to enforce linetype, color, and other standards.

Layers are the equivalent of the overlays used in paper-based drafting.

Layers are the primary organizational tool used in drawing.

We use layers to group information by

function and to enforce linetype, color, and other standards.

Layers

By creating layers, we can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to the same layer.

For example, we can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks on separate layers.

You can then control the following:

● Whether objects on a layer are visible or dimmed in

any viewports

● Whether and how objects are plotted

● What color is assigned to all objects on a layer

● What default linetype and lineweight are assigned to

all objects on a layer

● Whether objects on a layer can be modified

● Whether objects display with different layer

properties in individual layout viewports

Every drawing includes a layer named 0.

Layer 0 cannot be deleted or renamed. It has two purposes:

Ensure that every drawing includes at least one layer

Provide a special layer that relates to controlling colors in blocks

It is recommended that we create several new layers with which to organize our drawing

Exercise for Layer:

Put Object and Dimensions in

different Layers.

13 7 62° 26 6 8 2 11 6 19 25 48 R5 Ø4

Session Plan - 10

Working with surveyor’s units. Drawing a Building Plan.

Working with Surveyor’s

Angles.

If we use surveyor's angles when specifying polar coordinates, indicate whether the

surveyor's angles are in the north, south, east, or west direction.

For example, to enter a coordinate relative to the current coordinate for a property line that is 72 feet, 8 inches long with a bearing of 45 degrees north, 20 minutes, 6 seconds east, enter

Isometric Drawing

Procedure

Introduction to Isometric Drawing. Setting up Isometric Snap.

Setting up Isoplane (Top/Right/Left). Drawing Lines.

Drawing Circles and Arcs.

Dimensioning Isometric Drawings.

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