• No results found

Cap8.pdf

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Cap8.pdf"

Copied!
56
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 11

Distribuidor ALCASA -

Distribuidor ALCASA - Ciudad Guayana - Ciudad Guayana - VenezuelaVenezuela

TABLERO CELULAR DE CONCRETO

TABLERO CELULAR DE CONCRETO

8

8

INDICE

(2)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(3)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.  P  PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 22

1 - INTRODUCCION

1 - INTRODUCCION

Los tableros de

Los tableros de vigas cajón de concreto armadovigas cajón de concreto armado  (box girder) también llamados  (box girder) también llamados celulares

celulares  por constituir un marco cerrado con particiones ó celdas internas, son aquellos  por constituir un marco cerrado con particiones ó celdas internas, son aquellos constituidos por un cajón de concreto armado, conformado por una tapa superior y otra inferior de constituidos por un cajón de concreto armado, conformado por una tapa superior y otra inferior de losa de concreto y lateralmente losas verticales ó inclinadas también de losa de concreto.

losa de concreto y lateralmente losas verticales ó inclinadas también de losa de concreto.

VIGA CAJON CON ALMAS EXTERIORES INCLINADAS VIGA CAJON CON ALMAS EXTERIORES INCLINADAS

(4)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(5)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 33

Los primeros puentes con tableros de viga cajón de concreto fueron fabricados en Europa, Los primeros puentes con tableros de viga cajón de concreto fueron fabricados en Europa, consistiendo originalmente en luces sencillas isostáticas con voladizos laterales en cada extremo consistiendo originalmente en luces sencillas isostáticas con voladizos laterales en cada extremo de la luz. El objeto de tales voladizos era el de actuar como contrapeso, produciendo momentos de la luz. El objeto de tales voladizos era el de actuar como contrapeso, produciendo momentos negativos en los apoyos para reducir el

negativos en los apoyos para reducir el momento positivo central.momento positivo central.

Otra utilización importante de los tableros con vigas cajones es en el caso de puentes tipo Otra utilización importante de los tableros con vigas cajones es en el caso de puentes tipo Gerber, que consisten en

Gerber, que consisten en luces simples isostáticas con dos volados laterales luces simples isostáticas con dos volados laterales donde se donde se apoyaapoyann tableros simples actuando similarmente como si fuera un contrapeso, pudiendo lograrse en esta tableros simples actuando similarmente como si fuera un contrapeso, pudiendo lograrse en esta forma luces considerablemente mayores.

forma luces considerablemente mayores. En los

En los Estados Unidos se Estados Unidos se construyconstruyó el ó el primer puente primer puente con con viviga ga cajón de cajón de conconcrcretoeto armado el año de 1.937, y en Venezuela el autor diseñó el primer cajón continuo de concreto armado el año de 1.937, y en Venezuela el autor diseñó el primer cajón continuo de concreto armado, de sección variable recta, para el Distribuidor El Pulpo en el año de 1,956. A partir de esa armado, de sección variable recta, para el Distribuidor El Pulpo en el año de 1,956. A partir de esa época comenzaron a proyectarse muchos puentes con este tipo de solución, tan

época comenzaron a proyectarse muchos puentes con este tipo de solución, tan to de to de conconcrcretoeto armado como postensados, ubicados en general en pasos a dos niveles y en distribuidores de armado como postensados, ubicados en general en pasos a dos niveles y en distribuidores de tránsito como en el Distribuidor Baralt.

(6)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(7)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 44

En los Estados Unidos se construyó el primer puente con viga cajón de concreto armado En los Estados Unidos se construyó el primer puente con viga cajón de concreto armado el año de 1.937, y en

el año de 1.937, y en Venezuela el autor diseñó el primer cajón continuo de Venezuela el autor diseñó el primer cajón continuo de concreto armado, deconcreto armado, de sección variable recta, para el Distribuidor El Pulpo en el año de 1,956. A partir de esa época sección variable recta, para el Distribuidor El Pulpo en el año de 1,956. A partir de esa época comenzaron a proyectarse muchos puentes con este tipo de solución, tanto de concreto armado comenzaron a proyectarse muchos puentes con este tipo de solución, tanto de concreto armado como postensados, ubicados en general en pasos a dos niveles y en distribuidores de tránsito como postensados, ubicados en general en pasos a dos niveles y en distribuidores de tránsito como en el Dis

(8)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(9)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 55

La incorporación del concreto postensado en los tableros de puentes permitió el La incorporación del concreto postensado en los tableros de puentes permitió el incremento

incremento de las luces de las luces de las vigas de las vigas cajón, permitiendo también la utilización de estructuras máscajón, permitiendo también la utilización de estructuras más delgadas y por lo tanto más livianas. Basada en esta tecnología, hoy en día se ha desarrollado a delgadas y por lo tanto más livianas. Basada en esta tecnología, hoy en día se ha desarrollado a partir de 1.950 en Alemania, la construcción de puentes por

partir de 1.950 en Alemania, la construcción de puentes por voladizos sucesivos, cuya secciónvoladizos sucesivos, cuya sección generalmente tiene la forma de cajón unicelular, habiéndose logrado luces mayores de 240

generalmente tiene la forma de cajón unicelular, habiéndose logrado luces mayores de 240 mts.mts. La popularidad de esta

La popularidad de esta solución se fundamentó en las solución se fundamentó en las siguientes características:siguientes características:

• Relativa Relativa poca poca altura altura del del tablero tablero para para casos casos de de gálibos gálibos limitadoslimitados

• Gran Gran versatilidad versatilidad en en las las dimensiones dimensiones de de las las seccionessecciones

• Apariencia Apariencia muy muy agradable agradable y y limpieza limpieza de de lineaslineas

• Capacidad de alojCapacidad de alojar ar y ocultar ly ocultar los os servicios públicosservicios públicos

• Gran Gran rigidez rigidez torsional torsional de de la la sección sección para para puentes puentes en en curvacurva

(10)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(11)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

(12)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(13)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 7 7 

La gran rigidez transversal en combinación con la rigidez torsional en estos puentes, La gran rigidez transversal en combinación con la rigidez torsional en estos puentes, elimina también la necesidad de diafragmas intermedios, tan importantes en puentes de vigas T. elimina también la necesidad de diafragmas intermedios, tan importantes en puentes de vigas T.

Prácticamente todos los puentes de este tipo diseñados en Venezuela, lo han sido Prácticamente todos los puentes de este tipo diseñados en Venezuela, lo han sido siguiendo las Normas y Especificaciones de la AASHTO, las cuales desde 1.949 se encuentran en siguiendo las Normas y Especificaciones de la AASHTO, las cuales desde 1.949 se encuentran en vigencia y eran ya utilizadas por el

(14)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(15)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 88

La construcción de tableros vaciados en sitio en concreto postensado pueden llegar a tener La construcción de tableros vaciados en sitio en concreto postensado pueden llegar a tener luces considerable

luces considerables en el s en el orden de hasta 140 mts. y orden de hasta 140 mts. y si se trata de si se trata de puentes postensados constrpuentes postensados construidosuidos por medio de la técnica de voladizos sucesivos, se puede llegar a luces en el orden de los 250 mts. por medio de la técnica de voladizos sucesivos, se puede llegar a luces en el orden de los 250 mts. y mas.

y mas.

Es imposible establecer cánones económicos para puentes construidos con el sistema Es imposible establecer cánones económicos para puentes construidos con el sistema convencional de concreto armado ó con sistemas postensados actuales por estar muy cercanos sus convencional de concreto armado ó con sistemas postensados actuales por estar muy cercanos sus límites. Incide en tal consideración el hecho que en nuestro país las tecnologías de postensado límites. Incide en tal consideración el hecho que en nuestro país las tecnologías de postensado

(16)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(17)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 99

Esta relación según la mayoría de los

Esta relación según la mayoría de los libros de texto que libros de texto que tratan este tema, debe ser paratratan este tema, debe ser para secciones de altura constante igual a

secciones de altura constante igual a DD /  / LL == 0 . 0 6 00 . 0 6 0 para luces simples ypara luces simples y DD /  / LL == 0 . 0 5 50 . 0 5 5 para luces para luces continuas. En tableros postensados esta relación puede disminuir a relaciones

continuas. En tableros postensados esta relación puede disminuir a relaciones DD /  / LL = 0 . 0 4 5= 0 . 0 4 5 yy DD /  / LL

= 0 . 0 4 0

= 0 . 0 4 0 respectivamente. respectivamente.

En el caso de tableros hiperestáticos de sección variable en concreto armado ó postensado, En el caso de tableros hiperestáticos de sección variable en concreto armado ó postensado,

(18)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(19)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 1100

3 - PARTICULARES DEL TABLERO

3 - PARTICULARES DEL TABLERO

3.1 Losa de Calzada

3.1 Losa de Calzada

La función de la losa superior de calzada consiste en: a) soportar la carga viva que transita La función de la losa superior de calzada consiste en: a) soportar la carga viva que transita por

(20)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(21)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

 P

 PUUEENNTTEES S IInngg. . HHeennrry y PPaarriis s CCIIV V 1188333 3 CCaappiittuullo o 8 8 - - 1111

Las armaduras principales de las vigas longitudinales del puente, van colocadas en la losa Las armaduras principales de las vigas longitudinales del puente, van colocadas en la losa de calzada por debajo de la armadura superior de la losa de calzada (para momento negativo) ó en de calzada por debajo de la armadura superior de la losa de calzada (para momento negativo) ó en la losa del intradós (para momentos positivo) por encima de la armadura transversal inferior de la losa del intradós (para momentos positivo) por encima de la armadura transversal inferior de dicha losa.

dicha losa. Algunos proyectisAlgunos proyectistas y tas y según las según las circunstancias circunstancias concentran concentran parte parte de de la la armaarmadurasduras principales en las almas de las

principales en las almas de las vigas.vigas.

Las armaduras transversales de la losa de calzada, aunque pueden llevar dobleces a 45° Las armaduras transversales de la losa de calzada, aunque pueden llevar dobleces a 45° para disminuir su área, sin embargo, usualmente resulta mas económico desde el punto de vista de para disminuir su área, sin embargo, usualmente resulta mas económico desde el punto de vista de

(22)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(23)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(24)
(25)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(26)
(27)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(28)
(29)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(30)
(31)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(32)
(33)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(34)
(35)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(36)
(37)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(38)
(39)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(40)
(41)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(42)
(43)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(44)
(45)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(46)
(47)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(48)
(49)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(50)
(51)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(52)
(53)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(54)
(55)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial

(56)

References

Related documents