2885.2-2007 fixed

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AS 2885.2—2007

Australian Standard

®

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

A S 2885 .2— 2007

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This Australian Standard®was prepared by Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 27 November 2006.

This Standard was published on 27 March 2007.

The following are represented on Committee ME-038:

• Australian Corrosion Association

• Australian Gas Association

• Australian Institute of Petroleum

• Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association

• Australian Pipeline Industry Association

• Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia

• Cooperative Research Centre for Welded Structures

• Department of Labour New Zealand Check

• Department of Minerals and Energy WA

• Department of Mines and Energy (Qld.)

• Department of Mines and Energy (N.T.)

• Department of Natural Resources and Environment (Vic.)

• Gas Association of New Zealand

• Ministry of Energy and Utilities N.S.W.

• Primary Industries and Resources S.A.

• Welding Technology Institute of Australia (WTIA)

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05463.

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through public comment period.

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Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published.

Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can

be found by visiting www.standards.org.auwww.standards.org.auwww.standards.org.au www.standards.org.au

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at [email protected]

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AS 2885.2—2007

Australian Standard

®

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher.

Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 8141 1

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PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines, to supersede AS 2885.2—2002.

The objective of this Standard is to provide requirements for the welding of pipeline designed and constructed in accordance with AS 2885.1.

The objective of this revision is to include editorial changes, and technical changes, which became necessary as a result of experience in the use of the Standard in the four years since the previous edition was issued. The most important changes that have been made are the following:

(a) Material has been included defining the information that needs to be submitted in order that other welding processes that may be submitted for inclusion in the Standard may be considered.

(b) Changes have been made to the application clause to clarify where the Standard is intended to be applied.

(c) The methods and the requirements for qualifying welding procedures have been clarified.

(d) A requirement for fracture toughness testing has been reintroduced for welds made to the requirements of Tier 1 where the welds are not made entirely with E4110 electrodes. (This requirement was inadvertently omitted from the 2002 edition.)

(e) Important changes, corrections, and clarifications have been made to the essential variables.

(f) The notched tensile test used in the previous Standard to determine whether overmatching is achieved has been deleted pending the performance of further research.

(g) The acceptance criteria for the macro test have been clarified.

(h) Changes have been made to the permissible limit and method of qualifying the limit of high-low.

(i) Changes have been made to the methods used for non-destructive examination and to the method of interpreting and sentencing the depth of gas pores.

(j) The previously accepted convention that root slag intrusions be sentenced as undercut has been reintroduced after being inadvertently lost.

The above list of changes is not intended to be complete. Users of the Standard should not rely upon the list in order to ascertain whether there have been changes made to the previous version of the Standard.

Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be requirements of this Standard.

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE

This Standard specifies the minimum requirements for materials, welding consumables, welding processes, weld preparations, qualifications of welding procedures and personnel, and fabrication and inspection requirements for the construction and maintenance welding of carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipelines down to 3.2 mm wall thickness designed and constructed in accordance with AS 2885.1. The welding of corrosion-resistant alloy steel pipelines, or pipelines with wall thickness less than 3.2 mm, is not precluded but is not expressly covered by this Standard. The welding of such pipelines has to be given special consideration.

The welding may be done by a manual metal arc, submerged arc, gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, flux cored arc, oxyacetylene, or by a combination of these using a manual, semi-automatic, or automatic welding technique or a combination of these techniques. The welds may be produced by position or roll welding or by a combination of position and roll welding.

Other processes may be submitted for inclusion in the Standard upon provision of the following information:

(a) A description of the welding process. (b) A proposal on the essential variables.

(c) A typical welding procedure qualification record and a welding procedure specification.

(d) Weld inspection methods.

(e) Types of weld discontinuities and their proposed acceptance limits. (f) Repair procedures.

This Standard is applicable to the welding of joints in or on pipelines, and the field welding of pipeline assemblies. This Standard may be applied to the factory fabrication of pipeline assemblies manufactured from pipes and fittings. See Figure 1.1 for examples.

NOTE: The welding of fittings may present special difficulties when using typical pipeline welding procedures (see Appendix E).

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( b) I n s u l a t i n g j o i n t a s s e m b l y

(a ) M a i n l i n e v a l ve a s s e m b l y

(c) S c r a p e r t r a p a s s e m b l y

(d ) P i g g i n g b a r te e a s s e m b l y (e) A n c h o r f l a n g e

FIGURE 1.1 EXAMPLE OF ASSEMBLIES THAT MAY BE WELDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS STANDARD

1.2 QUALIFICATION AND APPROVAL

Welding shall be performed by qualified personnel, in accordance with documented qualified and approved welding procedures.

Items requiring approval in accordance with this Standard are listed in Appendix A. Activities undertaken within the scope of this Standard shall be directed by a pipeline licensee appointed for the purpose of giving approvals as defined in this Standard. The process for any delegation of the pipeline licensee’s power shall be in accordance with Figure 1.2.

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New Project Pipeline licensee approval Authority to approve delegated Yes (See Note) No Contractor 3rd party Audit Pipeline licensee approved NOTES:

1 The use of AS/NZS ISO 3834.1 and AS/NZS ISO 3834.2 is recommended when the authority to approve is delegated.

2 The audit shall be conducted on behalf of the pipeline licensee. It may be conducted by a third party. The audit shall address the items listed in Appendix A.

FIGURE 1.2 APPROVAL PROCESS

It is not intended that this Standard be applied to the following: (a) Station pipework as defined in AS 2885.1.

(b) Longitudinal welds or spiral welds made during the manufacture of a pipe or a component.

(c) Underwater welding. (d) Hyperbaric welding. 1.3 RETROSPECTIVITY

It is not intended that this Standard be applied retrospectively to existing installations. Welding procedures complying with and welder qualifications in accordance with the appropriate previous editions of this Standard may continue to be used for the maintenance of existing installations.

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1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

A list of the documents referred to in this Standard is given in Appendix B. 1.5 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given below apply. 1.5.1 Accessory

A component of a pipeline other than a pipe, valve, or fitting, but including a relief device, a pressure-containing item, hanger, support, and all other items necessary to make a pipeline operative whether or not such items are specified by the Standard.

1.5.2 Approved and approval

Approved by the pipeline licensee and includes obtaining the approval of the relevant statutory authority where this is legally required.

NOTE: Approval requires a conscious act and is given in writing.

1.5.3 Burn-off rate

The ratio of length of electrode consumed to the length of weld pass deposited. Burn-off rate is proportional to the heat input, divided by the square of the electrode core wire diameter.

NOTE: WTIA Technical Note 1 provides information relating burn-off rate to heat input

1.5.4 Component

Any part of a pipeline other than a pipe. 1.5.5 Construction

All activities required to fabricate, construct and test a pipeline, and to restore the right of way.

1.5.6 Defect

A discontinuity or imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrant rejection on the basis of the requirements of this Standard.

1.5.7 Design temperatures

The range of the metal temperatures to be expected in construction, testing and normal operation.

1.5.8 Diameter

The outside diameter nominated in the material order, ignoring the manufacturing tolerance provided in the specification under which the pipe was manufactured.

1.5.9 Discontinuity

A generic term for material imperfections (see Clause 1.5.21), which includes defects (see Clause 1.5.6) and non-rejectable irregularities.

1.5.10 Engineering critical assessment (ECA)

A formal process for the assessment of structures containing discontinuities, in order to determine whether the structure is fit for purpose.

NOTE: The process involves the use of fracture mechanics and requires consideration of the discontinuity, the stress, and the material properties for the likelihood of failure arising from fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, buckling, creep, corrosion/erosion, and leakage.

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1.5.11 Engineering design

The detailed design of a pipeline system, developed from process and mechanical requirements, complying with the requirements of this Standard and including all necessary specifications, drawings, and supporting documents.

1.5.12 Environment

The complex of climatic, demographical, geotechnical, oceanographic, and biotic factors that acts on a pipeline influencing the design, construction, testing, inspection, operation, and maintenance.

1.5.13 Essential variable and non-essential variable 1.5.13.1 Essential variable

Variable in which a change outside specified limits requires requalification of welding procedure or welder or operator qualification.

1.5.13.2 Non-essential variable

Variable in which a change outside specified limits does not require requalification of the welding procedure.

NOTE: Non-essential variables are those Items in Table 5.4(A) that do not appear in the list of essential variables in Table 5.4(B).

1.5.14 Fitting

A component, including any associated flanges, bolts, and gaskets, used to join pipes, to change the direction or diameter of a pipeline to provide a branch, or to terminate a pipeline.

1.5.15 Fluid

Any vapour, liquid, gas, or mixture thereof. 1.5.16 Gas

Any hydrocarbon gas or mixture of gases, possibly in combination with liquid petroleum condensates or water.

1.5.17 Heat input (arc energy) 60 1000 EI Q V = × where

Q = welding energy input, in kilojoules per millimetre E = arc voltage, in volts (RMS value for a.c.)

I = welding current, in amperes (RMS value for a.c.) V = welding speed, in millimetres per minute

NOTE: Both the arc voltage and welding current have to be measured accurately with voltage measured between the electrode holder or contact tube and the work piece.

1.5.18 Hot repair

Repair welding on a pipeline containing hydrocarbon gas under controlled conditions with a burning gaseous atmosphere present due to escape of the pipeline contents.

1.5.19 Hot tap

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1.5.20 Hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC)

A form of brittle cracking that occurs at near-ambient temperature in the weld or heat-affected zone or ferritic steel weldments, due to the combined effects of hydrogen arising from welding, together with tensile stress and a susceptible microstructure.

NOTE: The time delay after welding at which HACC occurs depends upon the particular circumstances, especially the hydrogen concentration. With low levels of hydrogen it may be 24 h or more.

1.5.21 Imperfection

A material discontinuity or irregularity that is detectable by inspection in accordance with this Standard.

1.5.22 Inert gas shielding

Shielding gas consisting principally of argon, helium, or a mixture of the two. 1.5.23 In-service welding

Welding onto a pressurized product-filled pipeline. 1.5.24 Inspector

A person appointed by the pipeline licensee to carry out inspections required by this Standard.

1.5.25 Location class

An area classified according to its general geographic and demographic characteristics. 1.5.26 Mainline pipework

Those parts of a pipeline between stations, including pipeline assemblies. 1.5.27 Matching (undermatching)

The ability of a full scale welded joint containing discontinuities at the limit of the acceptance criteria to match the strength of the pipe and to ensure that under displacement-controlled loading plastic strains occurs in one or both of the pipes before the weld breaks. 1.5.28 May

Indicates—

(a) the existence of an option; and

(b) a course of action that is permissible within the limits of the Standard. 1.5.29 Natural gas

Gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane) from underground deposits, the production of which may be associated with the production of crude petroleum. The gas is described as ‘wet’ or ‘dry’ according to the proportion of readily condensable hydrocarbons, which it contains. This term also applies to the purified product.

1.5.30 Nominal thickness (δN)

The thickness nominated in the material order, ignoring the manufacturing tolerance provided in the specification under which the pipe was manufactured.

1.5.31 Non-planar discontinuity

Weld discontinuities not included in the planar category, including volumetric discontinuities such as porosity, root concavity, burn through, hollow head, and slag inclusions.

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1.5.32 Pipeline licensee

The organization responsible for the design, construction, testing, inspection, operation and maintenance of facilities within the scope of the Standard.

1.5.33 Pig

A device that is propelled inside a pipeline by applied pressure.

NOTE: Pigs can be of various types, such as gauging pig for checking a pipeline bore, a swabbing pig for cleaning a pipeline, or an intelligent pig for checking wall thickness, deformation or cracking, or the integrity of the coating of a pipeline.

1.5.34 Pig trap (scraper trap)

A fabricated component to enable a pig to be inserted into or removed from an operating pipeline.

1.5.35 Pipeline assemblies

Assemblies of pipe, valve and fittings that are considered to be integral parts of the pipeline (see AS 2885.1).

NOTE: Such assemblies are usually prefabricated off-site.

1.5.36 Planar defect

A category of unacceptable weld discontinuities that are assumed to have only two dimensions and which, in fracture mechanics terms, are considered to be equivalent in behaviour to a crack.

NOTE: The fitness-for-purpose-based acceptance criteria in Tier 2 of this Standard classify the various discontinuity types into planar and non-planar categories. The workmanship based acceptance criteria in Tier 1 do not require classification of discontinuities according to whether they are planar or non-planar.

1.5.37 Preheat temperature

The temperature immediately prior to the commencement of welding. The preheat temperature may be the ambient or pre-existing temperature of the joint, or it may result from the heating of the parent metal in the region of the weld.

NOTE: A minimum preheat temperature may be required, for example, to avoid hydrogen cracking in the weld metal or heat-affected zone. A maximum value may also be specified in order to achieve particular levels of toughness and/or strength. It is recommended that preheat be measured at least 75 mm from the weld line.

1.5.38 Pre-tested pipe

A pipe or a pressure-containing component that has been subjected to a pressure test in accordance with this Standard before being installed in a pipeline and intended to be used for tie-in or maintenance purposes.

1.5.39 Shall

Indicates that a statement is mandatory. 1.5.40 Should

Indicates a recommendation. 1.5.41 Sour service

Piping conveying crude oil or a natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide and an aqueous liquid phase in a concentration that can affect materials.

NOTE: The limits defined in NACE MR0175 are deemed, for the purposes of this Standard, to constitute sour service.

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1.5.42 Thickness for design internal pressure (δdp)

The thickness of material, calculated according to the equations in the design section of this Standard, required for the material to be capable of withstanding the design internal pressure.

1.5.43 Weld metal deposition repair Repair method for loss of thickness.

NOTE: For example, repairing corrosion defects by surfacing with deposited weld metal whilst the pipeline is in service.

1.5.44 Weldability

The ability of a metal to be welded under given fabrication conditions in a specific weldment, and to perform satisfactorily in service.

1.5.45 Welding operator

A person who operates automatic welding equipment 1.5.46 Weldolet

An integrally reinforced sit-on branch fitting that is designed and manufactured according to a nominated Standard.

NOTE: ‘Weldolet’ also refers to similar integrally reinforced sit-on/set-in branch fittings (e.g., threadolets, sockolets, latrolets, elbowlets, sweepolets).

1.5.47 Yield strength Either—

(a) the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) to which the pipe is purchased; or (b) the actual yield strength (AYS) being the hoop stress determined from the pressure at

the strength test end point as specified in this Standard.

NOTE: The yield strength may be represented by a material grade, e.g., X60 (Yield strength 413 MPa).

1.6 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS

An observed or calculated value shall be rounded to the nearest unit in accordance with AS 2706.

1.7 CARBON EQUIVALENT (CE)

For the purpose of this Standard, the carbon equivalent (CE) shall be calculated in accordance with the International Institute of Welding (IIW) formula, i.e.,

Mn Cr Mo+V Cu+Ni CE C

6 5 15

+

= + + +

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S E C T I O N 2 M A T E R I A L S

2.1 GENERAL

The requirements of this Section are applicable to the welding of materials that comply with AS 2885.1.

2.2 CONSUMABLES

2.2.1 Electrodes for manual metal-arc welding

Welding electrodes for manual metal-arc welding shall comply with the Standards listed in Table 2.2.1, as appropriate.

The following should be taken into account for manual arc welding electrodes:

(a) Lower strength electrodes (see welding process column in Table 2.2.1) should be used for welding of all passes for pipe and components in material up to and including grade X60.

(b) Unless it can be shown that it is difficult to meet the required mechanical properties (see Clause 22.3.1(c)), lower strength electrodes should be used for the first pass, when welding pipe and components of material greater than grade X60.

(c) Electrodes for manual metal-arc welding should be selected and specified in accordance with Appendix C.

2.2.2 Wires for automatic welding

Wires for automatic welding shall comply with the Standards listed in Table 2.2.1, as appropriate.

NOTE: The selection of wires for automatic welding should take into account the information given in Appendix D.

2.2.3 Storage and handling of consumables Consumables shall be stored and handled as follows:

(a) Electrodes—in accordance with one or more of the following: (i) Recommendations of the manufacturer.

(ii) Requirements of the relevant Standard.

(iii) Recommendations in WTIA Technical Note 3.

(b) Filler rods and fluxes—in accordance with one or more of the following: (i) Recommendations of the manufacturer.

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TABLE 2.2.1

WELDING CONSUMABLES

Welding process Standard Electrode type Remarks

Manual metal-arc welding using lower

strength cellulose electrodes AS/NZS 4855 Cellulose MMA Note 6

— ANSI/AWS A5.1 — —

Manual metal-arc welding using medium

strength cellulose electrodes AS/NZS 4857 Cellulose MMA Note 6

Manual metal-arc welding using lower

strength hydrogen-controlled electrodes AS/NZS 4855 Basic coated MMA —

— AS/NZS 4857 Basic coated MMA —

Manual metal-arc welding using medium

strength hydrogen-controlled electrodes AS/NZS 4857 Basic coated MMA —

Submerged arc welding AS 1858.1 Fused or bonded Note 1

Gas tungsten-arc welding AS/NZS 1167.2 — —

— ANSI/AWS A5.18

ANSI/AWS A5.28 — —

Gas metal-arc welding AS/NZS 2717.1 Solid wire Note 2

and 5

Flux cored arc welding AS/NZS ISO 17632 Gas-shielded flux-cored Note 3

— AS/NZS ISO 17632 Self-shielded flux-cored Note 3

— ANSI/AWS A5.20 Gas-shielded flux-cored Note 4

— ANSI/AWS A5.20 Self-shielded flux-cored Note 4

— ANSI/AWS A5.28 Self-shielded flux-cored Note 4

NOTES:

1 Any combination of these electrodes and fluxes may be used to qualify a procedure. Each combination is

to be identified by its complete classification number (e.g., F6A2-EM12K or F7A1-EL12 as specified in ANSI/AWS A5.17, EL12-FMM-W501 as specified in AS 1858.1).

2 Any combination of electrodes and gases may be used to qualify a procedure. Each combination is to be

identified by its complete classification number (e.g., ER 70S-6 as specified in ANSI/AWS A5.18, ES2-GC-W500H as specified in AS/NZS 2717.1), and each shielding gas to be specified by brand name or mix analysis.

3 Any combination of electrodes (with or without gas) may be used to qualify a procedure. Consumables

are to be identified by the complete classification number (e.g., ETP-GN-W402). Where a shielding gas is used, this shall be specified by brand name or mix analysis.

4 Any combination of electrodes may be used to qualify a procedure. Consumables are to be identified by

the complete classification number (e.g., root pass E71T-GS, other passes E71T8-K2).

5 See also Appendix D.

6 See also Appendix C.

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S E C T I O N 3 P O S T - W E L D H E A T T R E A T M E N T

A N D P O S T - W E L D C O O L I N G

3.1 POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT

Components that comply with a nominated Standard normally do not require post-weld heat treatment, but, where determined to be necessary under the provisions of Clause 5, post-weld heat treatment shall be carried out in accordance with AS 1210, or an approved method.

3.2 POST-WELD COOLING

The use of deliberate accelerated cooling of a weld shall be permissible provided— (a) it shall not be used before the weld has cooled to 300°C; and

(b) if it used before the weld has cooled to 100°C, it shall be regarded as an essential variable and shall be qualified as an item of the welding procedure.

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S E C T I O N 4 W E L D I N G P O S I T I O N S

4.1 DESIGNATION

Positions for test welds shall be designated as shown in Figure 4.1, and shall be within ±5° of the nominal position.

Where the position of a production weld cannot be related to one or more of the designated weld positions, a special test position shall be used.

4.2 LIMITS OF QUALIFIED POSITIONS

The position used in the welding procedure qualification test and welder qualification tests shall also qualify other positions as shown in Table 4.2(A).

For reciprocity of weld types for welder qualification see Table 4.2(B).

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TABLE 4.2(A)

POSITIONS FOR WELDING PROCEDURE AND WELDER QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR BUTT, FILLET, SLEEVE AND BRANCH WELDS ON PIPE AND

RECIPROCITY OF TYPES OF WELD AND POSITION (see Note 3)

Qualification test on pipe Type of weld and position qualified

(see Note 2)

Type of weld Position of axis

Description Symbol Pipe Weld

Butt Fillet Branch Sleeve

Butt (girth) 1G Horizontal— rotated Horizontal (flat) 1G — — — 2G Vertical— fixed

Horizontal 1G and 2G 2F and 2FR — —

5G Horizontal—

fixed

Multiple 1G and 5G Any — —

6G Inclined 45°—

fixed

Multiple Any Any — —

2G and 5G1 (see Note 1) Vertical— fixed, and horizontal— fixed Horizontal and multiple Any Any — — Fillet 2F Vertical— fixed Horizontal — 2F and 2FR — — 2FR Horizontal— rotated Horizontal — 2FR — — 4F Vertical— fixed Horizontal (overhead) — 2F, 2FR, and 4F — — 5F Horizontal— fixed Multiple — Any — 5F (sleeve) Branch (see Note 4) 2B 315° to 45° Horizontal (flat) 1G and 2G 2F and 2FR 2B — 4B 135° to 225° Horizontal (overhead) 1G and 2G 2F, 2FR, and 4F 2B and 4B —

5B 45° to 135° Multiple 1G and 2G Any Any —

Sleeve 5F Horizontal—

fixed

Multiple — Any — Any

1G Plate Downhand butt

plate

Downhand (flat)

— Any — 1G Plate

2G Plate Horizontal butt

plate

Horizontal — Any — 1G and

2G Plate

4G Plate Overhead butt

plate

Overhead — Any — Any

NOTES:

1 Qualified by separate tests for each position or a combination of 2G and 5G test welds.

2 Refer to Figure 4.1 for the types of welds and positions.

3 Table 4.2(B) gives reciprocity of weld types for welder qualification (see also Clause 8.6).

4 Tee butt welds qualify fillet welds as listed. Fillet welds do not qualify tee butt welds. Butt welds qualified

by branch connection weld procedure qualification tests shall be restricted to the types of butt welds involved in the branch connection (see also Clause 10.9).

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TABLE 4.2(B)

RECIPROCITY OF WELD TYPES FOR WELDER QUALIFICATION Weld types qualified in welder

qualification test Type

number of weld

Description of weld

Weld type number qualified without further testing (Note 1)

1 1G butt weld with pipe

horizontal and rotated

1 — — — — — — — — —

vertical and fixed

1 2 — — — — — — — —

horizontal and fixed

1 — 3 — — — — 8 — —

4 2G and 5G butt weld or a

6G butt weld with pipe inclined 45° and fixed

1 2 3 4 — — — 8 — —

5 2G and 5G butt weld or 6G

butt weld plus mark out, cut, fit and weld a reinforced

sit-on tee-butt branch ≥D/3 in

position 5B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 —

6 Mark out, cut, fit and weld a

reinforced sit-on tee-butt

pipe branch ≥D/3 in position

5B

— — — — — 6 7 8 9 —

7 Mark out, cut, fit and weld

in position 5B either a sit-on bevelled end forged fitting or a sit-on tee-butt pipe branch

1 2 — — — — 7 8 9 —

8 Make a fillet weld in

position 5F on the socket weld end of a forged fitting, a socketed pipe, a slip-on flange, a bracket, a pad or a plain end sit-on branch

— — — — — — — 8 — —

9 Mark out, cut, fit, and weld

in position 5B either a forged set-in branch or a non-reinforced set-in pipe branch

1 2 — — — — 7 8 9 —

10 Fit and weld either a

circumferential split sleeve or a tee fitting with a longitudinal single V butt weld with backing strip and ends fillet-welded

— — — — — — — 8 — 10

NOTES:

1 For reciprocity of welding positions, see Table 4.2(A) (see also Clause 8.6.)

2 Qualified by separate tests in each position or a combination of 2G and 5G test welds.

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Type of weld Welding positions

Butt weld

Axis of pipe horizontal Pipe rotated

Flat position, 1G

Axis of pipe vertical Pipe fixed

Horizontal position, 2G

Axis of pipe horizontal Pipe fixed

Multiple position, 5G

Axis of pipe inclined 45° Pipe fixed Multiple position, 6G

Fillet weld

Horizontal position, 2FR

Horizontal position, 2F

Axis of pipe horizontal Pipe fixed

Multiple position, 5F

Overhead position, 4F

Sleeve/ Stopple fitting weld

Multiple position, 5F Circumferential fillet

1G Plate with backing strip

Longitudinal weld

2G Plate with backing strip

Longitudinal weld

4G Plate with backing strip Longitudinal weld Branch weld (Including set-in, set-on and ‘-O-let’ type fittings)

Axis of pipe horizontal Axis of branch normal Pipe and branch fixed Branch weld positioned within 45° to 135° Multiple position, 5B

Axis of pipe horizontal Axis of branch normal Pipe and branch fixed Branch weld positioned within 135° to 225° Overhead position, 4B

Axis of pipe horizontal Axis of branch normal Pipe and branch fixed Branch weld positioned within 315° to 45° Horizontal position, 2B

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S E C T I O N 5 Q U A L I F I C A T I O N O F A W E L D I N G

P R O C E D U R E

5.1 PURPOSE OF QUALIFYING A WELDING PROCEDURE

A welding procedure shall be qualified to demonstrate that the production welds made in accordance with the welding procedure—

(a) have the required mechanical properties such as strength, ductility and hardness; (b) are sound, i.e., free from cracks, unacceptable porosity or other defects; and (c) are free from the risk of hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC).

The basis of the design of the welding procedure for the avoidance of HACC shall be documented in the welding procedure specification. Requirements for the avoidance of HACC, including recommended methods for ‘designing out’ HACC from welding procedures, are given in Appendix E.

NOTE: A suitable form of documentation is given in Appendix F.

5.2 TYPES OF WELDS 5.2.1 General

The types of welds encountered in petroleum pipeline systems are the following:

(a) Production welds of joints in or on pipelines, field welding of pipeline assemblies and fabrication of pipeline assemblies manufactured from pipes and fittings (see Clause 1.1)

(i) Mainline (ii) Tie-in

(iii) Special class (e.g., tie-in weld not subject to pressure testing) (iv) Repair welds (see Clause 23.2)

(v) Welds on components

(vi) Temporary welds used in construction (e.g., test headers) (b) In-service welds.

(c) Welds made in accordance with other standards (e.g., station piping and components to AS 4041).

5.2.2 Types of welds requiring welding procedure qualification

The types of welds requiring welding procedure qualification are the following:

(a) The production welds listed in Clause 5.2.1(a), which shall be qualified by one of the methods listed in Clause 5.4.

(b) In-service welds, which shall be qualified in accordance with Clauses 12 or 13 of this Standard.

(c) Repair welds, which shall be qualified in accordance with Clause 23 of the Standard. (d) Welds made in accordance with other standards, which shall be qualified in

accordance with the relevant Standard.

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5.3 DOCUMENTATION AND APPROVAL

Regardless of the method of qualification, the welding procedure shall be documented in a welding procedure specification (WPS) in accordance with Clause 5.4, and shall be approved.

NOTE: A suitable form of documentation is given in Appendix F.

5.4 METHODS OF QUALIFICATION 5.4.1 General

There are four methods of qualifying a welding procedure, as follows: (a) Qualification by testing.

(b) Qualification by documentation of previous testing and approval. (c) Qualification by prequalification without testing.

(d) Qualification by the use of supervision.

A flow chart illustrating these methods is shown in Figure 5.4.1.

NOTE: Developing a repair procedure at the same time as the main procedure is good practice.

Q u a l i f i c a t i o n by d o c u m e n t a t i o n of p r e v i o u s te s t i n g Q u a l i f i c a t i o n by p r e - q u a l i f i c a t i o n w i t h o u t te s t i n g Q u a l i f i c a t i o n by u s e of s u p e r v i s i o n Q u a l i f i c a t i o n by te s t i n g R e c o r d of p r e v i o u s l y a p p r ov e d W P Q R C o m p l i a n c e w i t h s e t c o n d i t i o n s (C l a u s e 5. 3) E n g i n e e r i n g a s s e s s m e n t / j u s t i f i c a t i o n R e c o r d of s u c c e s s f u l p r o c e d u r e q u a l i f i c a t i o n te s t w e l d ( W P Q R ) A p p r ov a l of w e l d i n g p r o c e d u r e p r o p o s a l ( W PP) We l d i n g p r o c e d u r e s p e c i f i c a t i o n ( W P S) A p p r ov a l

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5.4.2 Qualification by testing

Where a welding procedure is to be qualified by testing, a sufficient number of test welds, having regard to the range of essential and non-essential variables in the welding procedure specification, and the intended use of the procedure shall be made in accordance with Clauses 5.5 to 5.11 and the proposed welding procedure, and shall be examined, tested and assessed in accordance with Clause 6.

Where the procedure is intended to qualify a range or ranges of essential variables that are broader than the permissible limits given in Table 5.4.2(B), it shall be necessary to qualify the procedure using more than one test weld with values of the essential variables chosen to span the qualified range taking into account the tolerances in Table 5.4.2(B).

The specified ranges of the essential variables may be extended at any time by the welding and testing of additional test welds. Such changes shall be documented in a revised welding procedure specification.

The ranges of non-essential variables may be extended by documentation only.

NOTE: The welding procedure qualification test may also be used to qualify a welder (see Clause 7.3(B)).

Where the weld meets all the criteria of acceptance, and the results have been recorded (see Clause 6.6), the welding procedure shall be qualified.

5.4.3 Qualification by documentation of previous testing and approval

Part or all of the welding procedure qualification tests may be waived on production of approved documentary evidence that similar welds have been made and tested, and that the welding procedure has been qualified previously in accordance with one of the following: (a) This Standard or any of its previous editions.

(b) AS 1697.

(c) AS 4041 or AS 1210 through AS 3992.

(d) ANSI ASME B31.3, ANSI B31.4 or ASME B31.8 through ASME IX. (e) ANSI API 1104.

(f) DNV OS F101 or AS 2885.4

This method of qualification shall apply only to Tier 1 defect acceptance criteria as described in Clause 22.

For new pipeline, the essential variables of this Standard shall apply. For the application of previously qualified procedures to existing pipeline systems, the essential variables applicable to the previous qualified procedure may be applied.

5.4.4 Qualification by prequalification without testing

This method of qualification is not applicable to the welding of fittings or welding on live pipelines or where the design minimum temperature is below 0°C.

A welding procedure may be qualified by being deemed to be prequalified when the following restrictions are met:

(a) The joints are butt joints between pipes of equal thickness. (b) The weld preparation is in accordance with Figure 10.2. (c) The pipe diameter is within the range DN 50 to DN 500.

(d) The pipe thickness is equal to or greater than 4.8 mm and less than 10 mm.

(e) The pipe grade does not exceed X60 and the carbon equivalent does not exceed 0.40.

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(f) The welding process is MMAW using E4110 electrodes in the vertical down direction.

(g) The number of passes is not less than 3.

(h) The time lapse between starting the root pass and starting the hot pass shall not exceed 8 min.

(i) The arc energy is not less than 0.5 kJ/mm, or burn-off rate is not less than 1.00 for 3.2 mm electrodes or 0.50 for 4.0 mm electrodes.

(j) The preheat is not less than that determined by reference to WTIA Technical Note 1. (k) The lifting and lowering practice is restricted to ‘normal lifts’ as defined in

Appendix E.

NOTE: Extreme lifts may be dealt with within this Clause by adhering to the provisions of Paragraph E9.2.2, Appendix E.

(l) The welds are made by welders qualified in accordance with this Standard. (m) All consumables are used within the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Prequalified welding procedures, which are qualified under this Clause, are deemed suitable for use by dint of their long satisfactory use and do not require testing in accordance with Clause 5.4.1. Prequalified welding procedures shall be documented in accordance with Clause 5.2.

5.4.5 Qualification by the use of supervision

In special circumstances outside the restrictions of Clause 5.4.4 and where qualification by testing or documentation is not practicable, a limited number of special welds may be made by qualified welders working under the direct and continuous supervision of a qualified welding engineer.

NOTE: An example of these special circumstances might be the welding into a pipeline of a large and expensive fitting where it would not be practicable to meet the test weld requirements of this Standard.

The welding engineer shall have formal qualifications in welding engineering, and shall be experienced in the welding of a pipeline, including specifically qualification in the type of welds that are proposed.

The welding procedure used for supervised welds shall be documented and shall be approved. The documentation shall include a statement of the qualifications and experience of the welding engineer who will supervise the welds.

5.5 WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION

The purpose of the welding procedure specification is to document and record the nominal and, where appropriate, average values of the essential and non-essential variables of the welding procedure, and the limits of these variables.

Table 5.4.2(A) lists the items that are to be defined for each welding procedure. Table 5.4.2(B) lists the essential variables for qualified welding procedures. Weld passes in a butt weld shall be identified as shown in Figure 5.5.

NOTES:

1 The terms essential variable and non-essential variable are defined in Clause 1.5.

2 A welding procedure specification may be presented in any suitable form (written or tabular), that suits the needs of the organization responsible for qualification of the welding procedure. A suitable form for welding procedure detail is given in Appendix F.

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FIGURE 5.5 IDENTIFICATION OF WELD PASSES IN A SINGLE-SIDED BUTT WELD

5.6 CHANGES IN A WELDING PROCEDURE 5.6.1 Change in an essential variable

The following shall be observed:

(a) Where a change is made to an essential variable in a qualified welding procedure beyond the qualified range of the welding procedure specification, or the permissible limit in Table 5.4.2(B), whichever is greater, the welding procedure specification shall be changed, and the new procedure shall be qualified.

(b) Changes beyond the limits in Table 5.4.2(B) may be made without requalification provided the following criteria is met:

(i) The changes are shown by appropriate documentary evidence in the form of an amendment to the qualified welding procedure not to increase the risk of HACC. This evidence should take into account the material in Appendix E and WTIA Technical Note 1.

(ii) The changes do not involve an increase in carbon equivalent of more than 0.10 above that used for the procedure test weld.

(iii) The amended welding procedure specification is approved. 5.6.2 Change in other than an essential variable

Where a change is made to other than an essential variable, the welding procedure specification shall be modified but need not be requalified.

5.7 TEST PIECE SIZE

The size of the test piece(s) used for welding procedure qualification test welds shall involve at least one complete welded joint of the type for which the procedure is to be qualified, and shall be sufficient to provide the required number of test specimens.

5.8 TEST PIECE MATERIAL

The test piece material shall comply with the following:

(a) Test piece material used for welding procedure qualification test welds shall be of the same specification, grade or class, and outside diameter, as will be used in the major part of the production. The wall thickness shall take into account the limits in the essential variables and, where there is a choice, it should preferably be at the upper end of the range qualified.

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(b) For material grades equal to or greater than X70, the test piece material shall be from the manufacture, and shall have the same nominal composition as the material represented. Combinations of materials from different manufacturers that have been individually qualified do not require separate qualification for the combination (see Table 5.4.2(B) 1 (b)).

(c) Where a weld is to be made between a material grade less than X70 and another with material grade equal to or greater than X70, a welding procedure qualification test weld made on the higher grade shall qualify the combination.

(d) Material with a higher carbon equivalent shall be deemed to be valid for a parent metal with a lower carbon equivalent.

5.9 PREPARATION AND ASSEMBLY OF TEST PIECES

The joint preparation of test pieces shall be in accordance with the qualified procedure and shall be within the specified dimensional tolerances. The preparation should preferably be made by the same method as will be used in production.

Test pieces shall be assembled in the required position so that the weld can be made in accordance with the welding procedure specification. Tack welding shall be carried out as per the welding procedure.

5.10 TEST CONDITIONS

Subject to the requirements of Appendix E, the test weld shall be made under conditions that simulate the worst case likely to be encountered during construction or operations including, where these are required by Appendix E, the use of full-length suspended pipes, line-up clamps, lowering off, support and environmental conditions. The welding preheat, heat input or burn-off rate shall be at or near the lower end of the range to be qualified. Where delay in completing some joints is anticipated, the test weld shall simulate that delay.

5.11 SUPERVISION OF THE TEST WELD

The test weld shall be made under continuous supervision to ensure that all the requirements of the welding procedure specification are complied with and that the weld is free from unauthorized repairs.

The supervisor shall be qualified in accordance with Clause 11.4.

The test should be terminated at any stage when it becomes apparent to the supervisor that a satisfactory weld cannot be made.

5.12 IDENTIFICATION OF THE TEST WELD

Each qualified welding procedure and each welder or operator shall be uniquely identified. This identification shall be clearly marked on the test piece adjacent to the weld.

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TABLE 5.4.2(A)

ITEMS FOR QUALIFIED PROCEDURES

Item (see Note 1) Remarks

PIPE

1 (a) Material specification Pipe and components complying with the AS 2885 set of

Standards, another relevant Australian Standard, or another Approved Standard

(b) Material manufacturer Where material grade ≥X70

(c) Material carbon equivalent (CE)

15 i N u C 5 V o M r C 6 Mn C CE= + + + + + +

2 Wall thickness Nominal wall thickness of each component of the joint

3 Diameter group Applicable to the diameter of each pipe, branch pipe or

component

PROCESS

4 Welding process The arc welding process (e.g., MMAW, automatic GMAW,

GTAW, or a nominated combination) DESIGN

5 Preparation Joint preparation e.g., type and details of bevel, root face,

and gap, and the dimensional tolerances upon the preparation. For high-low limits refer to Clause 15.4.3

6 Weld shape and size Shape and size of welds

7 Backing Type of backing or consumable insert (if used)

8 Passes Number and sequence of passes (including stripper passes)

9 Position Positions shown in Table 4.2(A)

10 Direction of welding Vertical up or vertical down

FILLER

11 Filler metal Size and classification of electrode or welding wire for each

pass

SHIELDING

12 Shielding gas (a) Type and composition of gas or gas mixture used for

shielding or backing

(b) Nozzle or cup size

(c) Type and flow rate for shielding or backing gases

13 Shielding flux Type, size, classification, make, and brand of flux

ELECTRICAL

14 Electrical characteristics Arc type, current, polarity and voltage for each size of

electrode.

PROCEDURE

15 Number of welders Minimum number of root and hot pass welders

16 Removal of line-up clamp, and/or type

of lift (see Note 4)

Minimum percentage of root pass completed before release of clamp. Where less than 100% the location of the

completed proportion shall be specified (see Notes 5 and 6). The type of lift shall also be specified

17 Tack welding (if used) Number and size of tacks employed

(continued)

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Item (see Note 1) Remarks

18 Maximum Time lapse between individual time lapse—

passes (see Note 2)

(a) between the start of the root pass and the start of the

hot pass; and

(b) between subsequent passes

19 Preheat temperature and interpass

temperature

Heating method, width heated, preheat temperature and interpass temperature

(a) For post-weld heat treatment, the heating method,

width heated, minimum and maximum temperature, time at temperature, method of temperature

measurement, and control of maximum and minimum cooling rates

20 Post-weld heat treatment and

post-weld cooling

(b) For deliberate accelerated post weld cooling above

100°C, the method and intensity or rate of cooling

21 Heat input or burn-off rate

(see Note 3)

Heat input or burn-off rate for each pass

CLEANING

22 Cleaning Equipment and method used

DEFECT ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

23 Visual inspection and NDE acceptance

criteria

The tier of acceptance criteria for girth weld discontinuity

NOTE: Item indicates the specification topic.

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TABLE 5.4.2(B)

ESSENTIAL VARIABLES FOR QUALIFIED WELDING PROCEDURES

Item (see Note 1) Essential variable

PIPE

1 Material (a) Change of material grade between <X70 and ≥X70 or

from X70 to a higher grade

(b) Where material grade ≥X70—Material manufacturer

(combinations between different material manufacturers do not require separate qualification, see Clause 5.8(b))

(c) For actual CE values of < 0.35, an increase of carbon

equivalent of > 0.05 above that used for the procedure

test weld

(d) For actual CE values of ≥ 0.35, an increase of carbon

equivalent of > 0.03 above that used for the procedure

test weld (see Clause 5.6.1(b))

2 Wall thickness (see Note 5) Tier 1: Change of material thickness in a component of a

joint between <0.5 nominal thickness and >1.2 nominal thickness

Tier 2 and Tier 3: Change of material thickness in joints with the same nominal thickness between <1 nominal thickness and >1.2 nominal thickness

In tapered joints or branch welds the thickness to be

considered shall be the effective thickness on the thicker side of the joint. The effective thickness shall be as defined in WTIA Technical Note 1

3 Diameter group

(see Note 4)

Change in nominal outside diameter outside the diameter groups qualified as follows:

(a) D ≤60.3 mm

(b) 60.3 mm < D ≤508 mm

(c) D >508 mm where D is the nominal diameter of the test weld

Or, as an alternative to the diameter groups given above, where there is a change in diameter from a qualified

procedure of more than 50% of the nominal outside diameter PROCESS

4 Welding process (a) A change from one welding process or combination to

another

(b) Change from a manual operation to semi-automatic or automatic operation, or vice versa

(c) Change of automatic welding system used DESIGN

5 Preparation (a) Any change to the nominal dimensions of the weld

preparation and their tolerances

(b) An increase in the permitted level of high-low beyond the limits of Clause 15.4.3

6 Weld shape and size Change beyond that permitted by joint design (see Clause 10)

7 Backing Deletion or addition or change of a backing material or

consumable insert

(continued)

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TABLE 5.4.2(B) (continued)

Item (see Note 1) Essential variable

8 Passes Not limited unless it is a reduction to less than 4 passes

9 Position Change in position other than as permitted by Table 4.2(A)

10 Direction of welding Change between vertical up and vertical down

FILLER

11 Filler metal (electrodes,

filler wire)

(a) Any change in classification of welding consumables as specified by Table 2.2.1

(b) Change in diameter of electrode, filler wire or rod for

the root pass

(c) For single-sided butt welds and fillet welds, any change

of root pass electrode brand name

(d) For electrodes of higher strength than E4110, a change

in any of the following:

(i) The type or nominal level of alloying elements

used in the weld metal

(ii) Manufacturer and factory of origin

(iii) A significant change in the proportion of the thickness welded with different electrode classifications

(e) For GMAW or FCAW electrodes, a change in brand designation, factory of origin or electrode diameter SHIELDING

12 Shielding gas (a) Change between one gas or mixture and another gas or

mixture

(b) Decrease in shielding gas flow rate by more than 10% or decrease in the nozzle or cup size

(c) Change of gas backing parameters

13 Shielding flux (a) Change in flux type, size, classification

(b) Change in combination of flux and electrode, which results in a different classification number

ELECTRICAL

14 Electrical characteristics (a) Change of polarity of the electrode

(b) Change of electrical current between a.c. and d.c. (c) Change of arc type between spray arc, globular arc,

pulsed arc, and short-circuiting (dip transfer) arc or between the use of a conventional power source and a controlled waveform power source.

(d) Change of more than 10% in contact tube-to-work distance

(e) Change of current and/or voltage to a value outside the manufacturer’s published recommended range or, when working outside the manufacturer’s recommended range, the qualified range of values of current and/or voltage PROCEDURE

15 Number of welders Decrease in number of welders used on any root pass, or hot

pass, in the procedure test weld

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16 Removal of line-up clamp

(if used) and/or a change in the type of lift

(a) A reduction in the proportion of root pass welded before the line-up clamp is released

(b) A change from normal to extreme lift (see Appendix E)

17 Tack welding (if used) A reduction in the number or size of tack welds or both

18 Time lapse between individual passes

(see Note 2 and Clause 5.10)

Increase in time lapse beyond the qualified range

19 Preheat temperature and interpass

temperature

(a) For material grades of less than X70 a decrease in material temperature of more than 25°C below or an increase of more than 75°C above that used in the procedure test weld

(b) For material grades of X70 or higher a decrease in material temperature of more than 10°C below or an increase of more than 75°C above that used in the procedure test weld

Note: Refer to Clause 5.9 which requires the test weld to be made under conditions that simulate the worst case to be encountered in production.

20 Post-weld heat treatment and post- (a) Change in post-weld heat treatment

weld cooling

(b) Change in post-weld cooling method and intensity, or rate of cooling (see Clause 3.2)

21 Heat input or burn-off rate

(see Note 3)

(a) For mechanized or automatic welding, a change of heat input of more than 15% of the nominated average used in the procedure test weld

(b) For manual metal-arc welding a reduction of heat input or burn-off rate on the root pass of more than 10%, or on the other passes a change of more than 20%

22 Cleaning Equipment and method used

DEFECT ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

23 Visual examination and NDE

acceptance criteria

An increase in the Tier number TABLE 5.4.2(B) (continued) TABLE 5.4.2(B) (continued) TABLE 5.4.2(B) (continued)

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NOTES TO TABLE 5.4.2(B)

1 The essential variable specifies the limits outside which re-qualification is required. Changes in

non-essential variables require documentation but do not require re-qualification. Non-non-essential variables are those Items in Table 5.4.2(A) which are not listed as essential variables in Table 5.4.2(B).

2 The method of defining time lapse shall be the same for production welds as is used for procedure

qualification welds. It is recommended that the time lapse from start of root pass to start of hot pass be the defined method to avoid uncertainties associated with root repairs.

3 Burn-off rate is defined as the ratio of length of electrode consumed to the length of weld pass deposited. WTIA Technical Note 1 provides information relating burn-off rate to heat input.

4 The essential variables in Table 5.4.2(B) primarily address the risk of HACC. This is clearly evident by

the latitude extended to the range of thickness (Item 2). Tier 2, however, permits increased defect limits based on demonstrated mechanical properties, i.e., weld metal strength matching and fracture toughness. Although Tier 2 defect limits are proportional to wall thickness, variations in wall thickness can strongly influence defect tolerance. This is principally a consequence of the fact that planar defects are assumed to be one weld pass deep (i.e., 3 mm). Such an assumed defect depth in thin-walled pipe can significantly change the requirement of weld strength matching (despite the proportional decrease in defect limit). For this reason the Tier 2 and Tier 3 lower limit multiplier for thickness range is more restrictive than that for Tier 1.

5 Research work carried out by the CRC for welded structures (CRC-WS) has shown that for normal lifts

(see Appendix F) the additional strains, over and above the weld contraction strains, caused by lifting and lowering are small for pipe diameters less than DN 500 It has also shown that providing due attention is paid to the other factors governing the risk of HACC, the removal of the line-up clamp after at least 50% of the root pass is completed, does not by itself cause cracking.

6 The proportion of the root pass that is completed before clamp release shall be ≥50%.

7 Where the proportion of the root pass that is completed before the line-up clamp is released is <100%,

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S E C T I O N 6 A S S E S S M E N T O F T H E T E S T

W E L D T O Q U A L I F Y A W E L D I N G P R O C E D U R E

6.1 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

The test weld made to qualify a welding procedure shall be assessed in the following manner and sequence:

(a) Visual examination

(b) Non-destructive examination using the same methods as those proposed for the assessment of production welds.

(c) Destructive tests.

The assessment may be stopped at any stage when results are unsatisfactory.

The assessment shall be made on a test piece that has been cooled under representative conditions.

Final non-destructive examination shall not be carried out until 24 h after the weld has been completed.

Except for branch connections or in-service weld location, pre-existing laminar imperfections in the parent metal shall not be cause for rejection of test welds. Additionally, cracking of regions of mid-section segregation in the heat-affected zone of the parent metal, where there is no significant through thickness dimension, shall not be cause for rejection.

NOTE: Non-destructive examination may be used to locate areas substantially free from discontinuities before the test specimens required for destructive tests are taken (see Clause 6.4.1).

6.2 VISUAL EXAMINATION

The external surface and the internal surface of the test weld shall be visually examined in accordance with Clause 15.

6.3 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION

The test weld shall be subjected to non-destructive examination in accordance with Clause 16. For welds involving fittings, and for all welds in materials having SMYS ≥413 MPa, the internal root surface of the weld shall be examined by magnetic particle testing.

6.4 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

6.4.1 Types of test and number of test specimens

The types of test and the number of test specimens required shall be as shown in Table 6.4.1.

Test specimen shall be spaced evenly within the test welds.

Test specimens shall be cut from the test piece by a method that does not change the properties of the test specimens.

Where a test piece has been assessed for soundness by a non-destructive examination, test specimens for tensile tests and bend tests shall be taken from locations that are free from discontinuities.

Reports of destructive tests shall include the identification of the welding procedure and the welder or operator.

2885.2-2007 fixed

AS 2885.2—2007

Australian Standard

®

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

AS 2885.2—2007

Australian Standard

®

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

PREFACE

CONTENTS

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Part 2: Welding

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

S E C T I O N 2 M A T E R I A L S

S E C T I O N 3 P O S T - W E L D H E A T T R E A T M E N T

A N D P O S T - W E L D C O O L I N G

S E C T I O N 4 W E L D I N G P O S I T I O N S

S E C T I O N 5 Q U A L I F I C A T I O N O F A W E L D I N G

P R O C E D U R E

S E C T I O N 6 A S S E S S M E N T O F T H E T E S T

W E L D T O Q U A L I F Y A W E L D I N G P R O C E D U R E