Pronunciation

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First publication 2004

Fifth edition 2008

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Before you begin

Practice one exercise at a

Practice one exercise at a time.time.

First play the audio and listen with the book open.

Play the audio again. This time pause the audio after every

word or phrase and practice pronouncing the word or

phrase.

Now practice pronouncing all the words or phrases in the

exercise without playing the tape.

Finally pronounce one word or phrase in the exercise at a

time and listen to the audio for verification.

After completing all the exercises in a unit, revise the whole

unit once.

Use the words, phrases and other expressions that you

have learnt in a particular unit in your everyday language.

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Content

Unit 1: Contractions Unit 1: Contractions 1 1. . SShhoorrt t ffoorrmms s wwiitth h II 66 2 2. . SShhoorrt t foforrmms s wwiitth h sshhee, , hhe e aannd d iitt 66 3 3. . SShhoorrt t foforrmms s wwiitth h wwee, , yyoou u anand d tthheeyy 77 4 4. . SShhoorrt t foforrmms s wwiitth h ootthheer r pprroonnoouunnss 88 5 5. . SShhoorrt t ffoorrmms s wwiitth h nnoott 99 Unit 2: Plural -s Unit 2: Plural -s 1 1. . TThhrreee e ddiiffffeerreennt t ssoouunndds s oof f pplluurraal l --ss 1111 2 2.. SSoommee rruulleess 1111 3 3.. TTeesstt yyouourrsseellff 1122 Unit 3: Third person -s

Unit 3: Third person -s 1

1. . TThhrreee e ddiiffffeerreennt t ssoouunndds s oof f tthhiirrd d peperrssoon n --ss 1144 2

2.. TTeesstt yyouourrsseellff 1144 Unit 4: Pronouncing

Unit 4: Pronouncing -ough-1 1. . SSeevveen n ddiiffffeerreennt t wwaayyss 1166 2 2. . PPrroonnoouunncciinng g --oouugghhtt 1166 Unit 5: -d sound Unit 5: -d sound 1 1. . TThhrreee e ddiiffffeerreennt t ssoouunndds s oof f ppaasst t tetennsse e --dd 1177 2 2.. SSoommee rruulleess 1177 3 3.. TTeesstt yyouourrsseellff 1188 Unit 6: Pronunciation of Unit 6: Pronunciation of chch 1 1. . cch h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n wwaattcchh 2200 2 2. . cch h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n cchheemmiiccaall 2200 3 3. . cch h ssoouunnd d as as iin n cchheeff 2211 Unit 7: Pronunciation of -et

Unit 7: Pronunciation of -et 1

1. . --eet t pprroonnoouunncceed d aas s iitt 2222 2

2. . --eet t pprroonnoouunncceed d aas s aayy 2233 Unit 8: Pronouncing -ment

Unit 8: Pronouncing -ment 1

1. . --mmeennt t ggeenneerraalllly y pprroonnoouunncceedd 2244 2

2. . SSttrreesss s on on --mmeenntt 2244 Unit 9: Pronouncing -age and -ege

Unit 9: Pronouncing -age and -ege 1

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Unit 10: Silent letters Unit 10: Silent letters

1 1.. SSiilleenntt bb 2266 2 2.. SSiilleenntt cc 2266 3 3.. SSiilleenntt dd 2277 4 4.. SSiilleenntt gg 2277 5 5.. SSiilleenntt hh 2277 6 6.. SSiilleenntt kk 2288 7 7.. SSiilleenntt ll 2288 8 8.. SSiilleenntt nn 2299 9 9.. SSiilleenntt pp 2299 1 100.. SSiilleenntt ss 2299 1 111.. SSiilleenntt tt 2299 1 122.. SSiilleenntt ww 3300 Unit 11: Homophones Unit 11: Homophones 1 1. . PPrraaccttiicce e wwiitth h hhoommoopphhoonneess 3311 Unit 12: Homographs Unit 12: Homographs 1 1. . CCoommmmoon n hhoommooggrraapphhss 3344 2 2. . SSttrreesss s mmaakkees s a a ddiiffffeerreennccee 3366 Unit 13: Word stress

Unit 13: Word stress 1 1. . CCoommmmoon n nnoouunns s anand d aaddjjeeccttiivveess 3377 2 2. . CCoommppoouunnd d wwoorrddss 3388 3 3.. PPaarrtt ooff ssppeeeecchh 3388 4 4.. SSeellff pprraaccttiiccee 3399 5 5. . EEnnddiinnggs s tthhaat t aarre e ssttrreesssseedd 4400 6 6. . EEnnddiinnggs s tthhaat t ddo o nnoot t iinnfflluueennccee 4400 7 7. . EEnnddiinnggs s tthhaat t iinnfflluueennccee 4411 8 8. . MMoorre e pprraaccttiicce e wwiitth h ccoommmmoon n wwoorrddss 4422 Unit 14: Names of days and months

Unit 14: Names of days and months 1

1.. DDaayyss 4433 2

2.. MMoonntthhss 4433 Unit 15: Commonly mispronounced words

Unit 15: Commonly mispronounced words 4444 Unit 16: Phonetic symbols

Unit 16: Phonetic symbols 5454 Unit 17: Am, Br differences

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Contractions

Short forms with

_I

1

1 Short forms with

Short forms with

_{she, he}

and

_it

2

1

In everyday speech and informal writing, short In everyday speech and informal writing, short forms are frequently used. Listen and practice. forms are frequently used. Listen and practice.

II’’mm I I aamm II’’m m ssoorrrry y II’’m m llaattee.. II’’vvee I I hhaavvee II’’vve e ggoot t a a nniicce e ccaarr..

II’’dd I I hhaadd II’’d d aallrreeaaddy y ggoonne e oouut t wwhheen n yyoou u aarrrriivveedd.. I

I wowoululdd II’d ’d liklike se somome ce cofoffefee, e, plpleaeasese..

II’’llll I I wwiillll II’’lll l ccoomme e tto o mmeeeet t yyoou u ttoommoorrrrooww..

sshhee’’ss sshhe e iiss SShhee’’s s vveerry y pprreettttyy..

sshhe e hhaass SShhee’’s s ggoonne e tto o NNeew w YYoorrkk..

sshhee’’dd sshhe e hhaadd SShhe e wwaas s ssccaarreed d aas s iif f sshhee’’d d sseeeen n aa ghost.

ghost. sh

she we wououldld ShShe’e’d cd comome if e if we we invinviteited hd herer.. sshhee’’llll sshhe e wwiillll SShhee’’lll l bbe e ssaad d tto o hheeaar r tthhe e nneewwss..

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h

hee’’ss hhe e iiss HHee’’s s ggooood d aat t mmaatthhss.. h

he e hhaass HHee’’s s ggoonne e oouutt.. h

hee’’dd hhe e hhaadd IIf f oonnlly y hhee’’d d kknnoowwn n tthhe e aannsswweerr!! h

he e wowouuldld HHee’’d d be be rreeaalllly y hhaappppyy.. h

hee’’llll hhe e wwiillll HHee’’lll l bbe e ssaad d tto o hheeaar r tthhe e nneewwss.. iitt’’ss iit t iiss IItt’’s s a a nniicce e ddaay y ttooddaayy..

iit t hhaass IItt’’s s ggoot t a a bbuusshhy y ttaaiill.. iitt’’llll iit t wwiillll IItt’’lll l hheellp p yyoou u a a lloott..

Short forms with

_{we, you}

and

_they

3

w

wee’’rree wwe e aarree WWee’’rre e ggooiinng g oouut t ttooddaayy.. w

wee’’vvee wwe e hhaavvee WWee’’vve e wwoon n tthhe e mmaattcchh.. w

wee’’dd wwe e hhaadd WWee’’d d ffiinniisshheed d oouur r wwoorrk k bbeeffoorre e nniinnee.. w

we e wwoouulldd WWee’’d rd raatthheer r ssttaay y iinnssiiddee.. w

wee’’llll wwe e wwiillll WWee’’lll l ddo o iitt.. y

yoouu’’rree yyoou u aarree YYoouu’’rre e mmy y bbeesst t ffrriieenndd.. y

yoouu’’vvee yyoou u hhaavvee YYoouu’’vve e bbeeeen n vveerry y kkiinnd d tto o mmee.. y

yoouu’’dd yyoou u hhaadd YYoouu’’d d nneevveer r sseeeen n tthhaat t bbeeffoorree, , II suppose.

suppose. y

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tthheeyy’’rree tthheey y aarree TThheeyy’’rre e ccoommiinng g ttooddaayy.. tthheeyy’’vvee tthheey y hhaavvee TThheeyy’’vve e hheellppeed d uus s a a lloott..

tthheeyy’’dd tthheey y hhaadd TThheey y rreeaalliisseed d tthhaat t tthheeyy’’d d mmaadde e aa mistake.

mistake. th

they ey wowouuldld ThTheyey’’d ded defifininitetely ly fefeeel gol goodod about it.

about it.

tthheeyy’’llll tthheey y wwiillll TThheeyy’’lll l nneevveer r ffoorrggeet t tthhiis s eevveenntt..

Short forms with other pronouns

4

h

heerree’’ss hheerre e iiss HHeerree’’s s a a ggiifft t ffoor r yyoouu.. tthhaatt’’llll tthhaat t wwiillll TThhaatt’’lll l bbe e ookkaayy..

tthhaatt’’ss tthhaat t iiss TThhaatt’’s s a a nniicce e hhaat t yyoouu’’rre e wweeaarriinngg.. tthhaat t hhaass TThhaatt’’s s ssppooiillt t eevveerryytthhiinngg..

tthheerree’’ss tthheerre e iiss TThheerree’’s s a a lliivve e ccoonncceerrt t ttoonniigghhtt.. th

theerre he haass TThheerree’’s bs beeeen a n a tteerrrribiblle ae accccidideenntt.. w

whhaatt’’ss wwhhaat t iiss WWhhaatt’’s s yyoouur r nnaammee?? w

whhaat t hhaass WWhhaatt’’s s bbeeeen n hhaappppeenniinng g hheerree?? w

whheerree’’ss wwhheerre e iiss WWhheerree’’s s mmy y bbaagg?? wh

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w

whhoo’’dd wwhho o hhaadd WhWhoo’’d d bbeeeen n tthheerre e bbeeffoorre e uuss?? wh

who woo woulduld WhoWho’d d’d darare go e go agagainainst hist him!m! w

whhoo’’ss wwhho o iiss WWhhoo’’s s tthheerree?? w

whho o hhaass WWhhoo’’s s ttaakkeen n mmy y uummbbrreellllaa??

Short forms with

_not

5

Some verb forms have two short forms, for example, Some verb forms have two short forms, for example, ““he’s nothe’s not” and “” and “he isn’the isn’t”. You can use either form but”. You can use either form but in the audio you will hear the second type only, except in the audio you will hear the second type only, except for

for I’m notI’m not..

aam m nnoott II’’m m nnoott II’’m m nnoot t iinntteerreesstteedd..

aarre e nnoott aarreenn’’tt AArreenn’’t t yyoou u hheellppiinng g uuss?? ccaannnnoott ccaann’’tt I I ccaann’’t t sswwiim m lliikke e yyoou u ddoo..

ccoouulld nd noott ccoouullddnn’’tt SShhe ce coouullddnn’’t rt reemmeemmbbeer r mmy y nnaammee.. d

diid d nnoott ddiiddnn’’tt HHe e ccaalllleed d yyoouu, , ddiiddnn’’t t hhee?? d

dooees s nnoott ddooeessnn’’tt IIt t ddooeessnn’’t t mmaatttteerr.. d

do o nnoott ddoonn’’tt WWe e ddoonn’’t t hhaavve e a a pprroobblleemm.. h

haas s nnoott hhaassnn’’tt HHaassnn’’t t yyoouur r ssiisstteer r aarrrriivveed d yyeett?? h

haavve e nnoott hhaavveenn’’tt HHaavveenn’’t t yyoou u sseeeen n a a ssnnaaiil l bbeeffoorree?? h

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iis s nnoott iissnn’’tt TThhiis s iissnn’’t t mmy y ccuup p oof f tteeaa.. m

muusst t nnoott mmuussttnn’’tt YoYou u mmuussttnn’’t t ffoorrggeet t tthhaatt tomorrow is the big day. tomorrow is the big day. n

neeeed d nnoott nneeeeddnn’’tt YYoou u nneeeeddnn’’t t wwoorrrryy. . II’’m m tthheerree.. sh

shouould ld nonott shshooululdndn’t’t He He shshououldldn’n’t ht haave ve ggonone e to to ththe e paparrtyty.. w

waas s nnoott wwaassnn’’tt I I wwaassnn’’t t aawwaarre e oof f yyoouur r iillllnneessss.. w

weerre e nnoott wweerreenn’’tt TThheey y wweerreenn’’t t vveerry y ffrriieennddlly y wwiitth h uuss.. w

wiilll l nnoott wwoonn’’tt MMy y ccaar r wwoonn’’t t ssttaarrtt.. w

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Plural -s

Three different sounds of plural -s

1

2

The

The plural –splural –s is pronounced in three ways, /s/, /z/ is pronounced in three ways, /s/, /z/ and /

and / IIz/.z/. (Exercises 2 and 3 of this unit (Exercises 2 and 3 of this unit are not are not

recorded on the cassette.) recorded on the cassette.)

beliefs beliefs books books caps caps carpets carpets paths paths bags bags boys boys candles candles computers computers films films addresses addresses benches benches blouses blouses bushes bushes bridges bridges / /ss// //zz// //IIz/ z/

Study the rules regarding the pronunciation of plural –s. Study the rules regarding the pronunciation of plural –s.

-s is pronounced as /s/ when the

-s is pronounced as /s/ when the words end inwords end in

-f s

-f sound ound as in as in chiefchief, g, graphraph, co, coughugh chiefchiefs, gs, graphraphss --k k ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ppaarrkk, , ccaakkee ppaarrkkss, , ccaakkeess --p p ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ccuupp, , ttaappee ccuuppss, , ttaappeess

--t t ssoouunnd d aas s iin n hhaatt, , ccllaassssmmaattee hhaattss, , ccllaassssmmaatteess --tth h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ppaatthh ppaatthhss

(but not as in

(but not as in ththen)en)

Some rules

2

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-s is pronounced as /

-s is pronounced as / IIz/ when the words end inz/ when the words end in

-s sound as in

-s sound as in glass, house, sentence, boxglass, house, sentence, boxglasses, housesglasses, houses --cch h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n bbeenncchh bbeenncchheess

--ssh h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n bbuusshh bbuusshheess

--z z aas s iin n bblloouussee, , mmaazzee bblloouusseess, , mmaazzeess --j j aas s iin n ppaaggee, , bbrriiddggee ppaaggeess, , bbrriiddggeess

-s is pronounced as /z/ when the

-s is pronounced as /z/ when the words do not end inwords do not end in the sounds given in the two lists

the sounds given in the two lists above.above. For exampleFor example do

doggs, scars, scarvves, hotees, hotells, mangs, mangooes etc.es etc.

Now put these words into the

Now put these words into the three boxes given on thethree boxes given on the facing page. Then practice saying the words.

facing page. Then practice saying the words. ccuuppss hhaattss hhiillllss ffooxxeess oorraannggeess llaammppss ppaannddaass ppaarrkkss ttuubbss mmaattcchheess h

hoouusseess mmaarrkkss iinnnniinnggss bbooootthhss hhaannddeerrcchhiieeffss b

booxxeess ttrraaiinnss mmaannggooees ms maattss sseenntteenncceess h

haannddss wwaattcchheess ggllaasssseess ssccaarrvveess pphhoottooggrraapphhss ttaabblleess bbrruusshheess

Test yourself

3

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-s pronounced as /s/ -s pronounced as /s/ -s pronounced as /z/ -s pronounced as /z/ -s pronounced as / -s pronounced as / IIzz / /

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Three different sounds of third perso

1

/ /ss// //zz// //IIz/ z/ attacks attacks baths baths claps claps collects collects coughs coughs bathes bathes bends bends blows blows calls calls cares cares amazes amazes arranges arranges blushes blushes messes messes pinches pinches Now put these words into the

Now put these words into the three boxes given on thethree boxes given on the facing page. Then practice saying the words.

facing page. Then practice saying the words.

ccoouunnttss ppllaayyss llaauugghhss ccrruusshheess ccoommppllaaiinnss p

prraaiisseess sswwiittcchheess rruunnss ppuusshheess tteellllss

eeaattss llooookkss hhaannggss jjuummppss eexxeerrcciisseess b

booxxeess ggooeess ccrriieess lloooottss mmaakkeess p

paasssseess rreeaalliisseess ccoommeess mmooppss ttaallkkss ccaarrrriieess bbrruusshheess wwaattcchheess wwaaiittss

Third person -s

3

The rules regarding the pronunciation of third The rules regarding the pronunciation of third person singular -s are exactly the same as t

person singular -s are exactly the same as the ruleshe rules for the plural -s.

for the plural -s.(Exercises 2 of this unit is not (Exercises 2 of this unit is not recorded on the cassette.)

recorded on the cassette.)

Test yourself

2

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-s pronounced as /s/ -s pronounced as /s/ -s pronounced as /z/ -s pronounced as /z/ -s pronounced as / -s pronounced as / IIzz / /

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Seven different ways

1

1 Pronouncing

Pronouncing

-ough-4

4

The combination of letters

The combination of letters oughough is included in ais included in a number of words, and is

number of words, and is pronounced in severalpronounced in several different ways.

different ways.

Here are seven different ways in which

Here are seven different ways in which oughough isis pronounced. Listen and practice.

pronounced. Listen and practice. 1. although, dough, though,

1. although, dough, though, 2. enough, rough, tough

2. enough, rough, tough 3. through

3. through

4. bough, drought, plough 4. bough, drought, plough 5. borough, thorough 5. borough, thorough 6. cough, trough 6. cough, trough 7. hiccough 7. hiccough

Pronouncing -ought

2

Listen and practice saying the words that end in

Listen and practice saying the words that end in oughtought.. bought bought brought brought fought fought nought nought ought ought sought sought thought thought

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-d sound

5

The past tense -d of

The past tense -d of regular verbs is pronounced inregular verbs is pronounced in three way

three ways, /t/, s, /t/, /d/, and / /d/, and / IId/.d/. (Exercises 2 and 3 of (Exercises 2 and 3 of

this unit are not

this unit are not recorded on the cassette.)recorded on the cassette.)

/ /tt// //dd// //IId/ d/ asked asked attached attached boxed boxed clapped clapped laughed laughed allowed allowed banned banned called called carried carried combed combed avoided avoided awarded awarded decided decided invested invested planted planted

Three different sounds of past

tense

1

1 Some rules

Some rules

2

Study the rules regarding the pronuncia

Study the rules regarding the pronunciation of ttion of the pasthe past tense –d of regular verbs.

tense –d of regular verbs.

-d is pronounced as /t/ when the words

-d is pronounced as /t/ when the words end inend in

--cch h ssoouunnd d aas s iin n wwaattcchh wwaattcchheedd -f sound as in laugh, photgraph

-f sound as in laugh, photgraph laughed, photoglaughed, photographedraphed --k k ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ttaallkk, , bbaakkee ttaallkkeedd, , bbaakkeedd

--p p ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ccllaapp, , ttaappee ccllaappppeedd, , ttaappeedd -s

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b

brruusshheedd hheellppeedd hhaannddeedd mmeennddeedd eexxeerrcciisseedd ccrriieedd ccooookkeedd jjuuddggeedd lliisstteenneedd ccoouugghheedd rreeggaarrddeeddrreenntteedd mmiisssseedd ppllaayyeedd ppaaiinntteedd p

paasssseedd ttaallkkeedd wwaaiitteedd ppoouurreedd ssttuuddiieedd w

waanntteedd wwaallkkeedd wwaattcchheeddttoowweedd wwoorrkkeedd needed

needed

-d is pronounced as /

-d is pronounced as / IId/ when the words end d/ when the words end inin

--t t ssoouunnd d aas s iin n ppaaiinntt, , rreenntt ppaaiinntteedd, , rreenntteedd -d

-d ssouounnd d aas s in in mmeendnd, , dedeccididee memenndeded, d, dedecicidededd

-d is pronounced as /d/ when

-d is pronounced as /d/ when the words do not endthe words do not end in the sounds given in the

in the sounds given in the two lists above.two lists above. ForFor example, cli

example, climmbed, plbed, playayed, alled, allowowed, listeed, listenned etc.ed etc.

Now put these words into the

Now put these words into the three columns given onthree columns given on the facing page. Then practice saying the words.

the facing page. Then practice saying the words.

Test yourself

3

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-s pronounced as /t/ -s pronounced as /t/ -s pronounced as /d/ -s pronounced as /d/ -s pronounced as / -s pronounced as / IIdd / /

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ch

sound as in watch

1

1 Pronunciation of

Pronunciation of

ch

6

The letters –ch can be pronounced in three ways. The letters –ch can be pronounced in three ways. Listen and practice.

Listen and practice.

b

baacchehelolorr HHe e rreemmaainineed d a a babacchheleloor r uunntitil l he he wwaas s 4040.. cchhaarrggee II’’m m iin n cchhaarrgge e oof f tthhiis s ooffffiiccee..

cchheeqquuee YYoou u ccaan n ppaay y iin n ccaassh h oor r bby y cchheeqquuee.. cchhiillddrreenn JJaanne e hhaas s tthhrreee e cchhiillddrreenn..

cchhoooossee YYoouu’’rre e aalllloowweed d tto o cchhoooosse e a a ggiifft t ffoor r yyoouurrsseellff.. cchhuurrcchh HHee’’s s a a bbiisshhoop p iin n a a cchhuurrcchh..

m

maacchhoo HHe e tthhiinnkks s hhee’’s s a a mmaacchho o mmaann..

rriicchh MMeeaat t aannd d nnuutts s aarre e rriicch h iin n pprrootteeiinn..

ch

sound as in chemical

2

aacchhee II’’vve e ggoot t a a tteerrrriibblle e aacchhe e iin n mmy y aabbddoommeenn.. cchhaarraacctteerr HHee’’s a s a ffuunnnny cy chhaarraacctteerr..

che

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C

Chhrrisisttiiaann MMr r GGomomes es iis s a a ddevevoouut t CChhrrisisttiiaan.n. eecchhoo TThhe e hhaalll l eecchhooeed d wwiitth h llaauugghhtteerr.. m

mecechahannicic My My cacar br baadldly y neneededs a s a ggooood d mmecechahaninic.c. psyc

psychiatristhiatrist She’s She’s depressedepressed – I d – I think think should should see a see a psychpsychiatrist.iatrist. tec

technolhnologyogy ModeModern trn technechnologology iy is ams amaziazingng, i, isn’t sn’t it?it?

ch

sound as in chef

3

br

brocochuhurere ThThe e dedetatailils s arare e ggiviven en in in ththe e trtravavel el brbrocochuhurere.. ccaacchhee TThhe e ppoolliicce e hhaavve e sseeiizzeed d a a ccaacchhe e oof f eexxpplloossiivveess.. champagneLet’s celebrate with a bottle of champagne.

champagneLet’s celebrate with a bottle of champagne. ch

chaarraaddeess LLetet’’s s ppllaay y a a ggaamme e oof f cchhaararaddeess.. ch

chauauffffeueurr WWhy hy dodon’n’t yt you ou hihire a re a chchauauffffeueur for for yr youour lir limmouousisinene?? m

maacchhiinnee TThhe me macachhiinnes es iin tn thhe fe faacctotorry y arare te tooo oo olldd.. m

mououststacachehe HeHe’s g’s got a bot a big sig scacary ry mmououststacachehe..

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In most two or more syllabled words ending in -et, -et is In most two or more syllabled words ending in -et, -et is pronounced as /

pronounced as / IIt/. Listen and practice.t/. Listen and practice. b

baasskkeett ffeerrrreett b

bllaannkkeett hhaattcchheett b

boonnnneett mmaarrkkeett b

buuddggeett mmiilllleett b

buulllleett pplluummmmeett ccaarrppeett ppuuppppeett

cclloosseett ssuuppeerrmmaarrkkeett faucet faucet

-et pronounced as

it

1

1 Pronunciation of -et

Pronunciation of -et

7

et

et at the end of words is pronounceat the end of words is pronounced in more thand in more than one way.

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-et pronounced as

ay

2

Note that some words ending in

Note that some words ending in -et-et are borrowed fromare borrowed from French. In these words

French. In these words -et-et is pronouncedis pronounced ayay.. b

baalllleett AArre e yyoou u ccoommiinng g tto o tthhe e bbaalllleet tt toonniigghhtt?? b

beerreett TThhaatt’’s s a a nniicce e bbeerreet t yyoouu’’rre e wweeaarriinngg.. bo

bouququeuett I I bobougught ht a ba bououququet et at at ththe fe floloriristst’s’s.. ccaabbaarreett TThhe ce clulub ib is fs faamomouus fs foor ir its ts ccaabbaarreet.t.

ccaacchheett TThe he ccaacchheet ht he he haas es eaarrnneed cd coommees fs frroom hm his is wweeaallthth.. cchhaalelett WWe e sstatayyeed id in a n a cchhaalleet ot on n oouur r hhooliliddaay y iin n SwSwititzezerrllaann ccroroqqueuett I uI usesed d to to plplaay y crcroqoquueet t aat t scschhooooll..

d

duuvveett FFoor r totoninigghhtt, , II’’ll ll uusse e ththe e dduuvevet, t, yyoou u uuse se ththe e bblalannkkeett.. go

goururmemett HaHave ve yyou ou trtrieied thd the ne new ew gogoururmemet rt resestataururanant?t? pa

parqrqueuett PaParqrquuet et is is bebecocomiminng g momorre pe popopululaar tr thhaann the carpet these days.

the carpet these days. ri

ricocochchetet ThThe ge goaoalpolpost cst cauausesed thd the be balall to l to riricocochchet et ininto tto the he nene ssoorrbbeett CCaan n I I hhaavve e a a ggllaasss s oof f lleemmoon n ssoorrbbeett, , pplleeaassee??

(24)

-ment generally

pronounced

1

1 Pronouncing -ment

Pronouncing -ment

8

The ending

The ending -ment-ment may look too simple. But tryingmay look too simple. But trying to pronounce a few words with this ending will

to pronounce a few words with this ending will dodo no harm.

no harm.

Listen to these words that end in –ment. Pay attention to Listen to these words that end in –ment. Pay attention to how

how -ment is -ment is pronounced. pronounced. Then pThen practice saractice saying ying thethe words.

words.

aaddvvaanncceemmeenntt aaddvveerrttiisseemmeenntt eemmppllooyymmeenntt eennvviirroonnmmeenntt ffiillaammeenntt ffuullffiillmmeenntt g

goovveerrnnmmeenntt mmaannaaggeemmeenntt p

paayymmeenntt ttoouurrnnaammeenntt

Stress on -ment

2

In the following words -ment is stressed and so In the following words -ment is stressed and so pronounced differently. Listen and practice.

pronounced differently. Listen and practice. cceemmeenntt llaammeenntt

(25)

-age and -ege

endings

9

-age

-age andand –ege–ege areare usuallyusually pronounced as –idge aspronounced as –idge as in br

in bridgeidge when they when they come at come at the end the end of of two ortwo or more syllabled words.

more syllabled words.

aalllleeggee bbaaggggaaggee ccaabbbbaaggee ccoolllleeggee ccoottttaaggee ggaarrbbaaggee h

hoossttaaggee mmiilleeaaggee m

moorrttggaaggee ppaattrroonnaaggee v

viillllaaggee wwaassttaaggee

Practice with -age and -ege

endings

1

(26)

Silent b

1

1 Silent letters

Silent letters

10

The following letters may be silent in the The following letters may be silent in the

pronunciation of some words: b, c, d, g, h, k,

pronunciation of some words: b, c, d, g, h, k, l, n,l, n, p, s, t, w.

p, s, t, w. Listen and practiceListen and practice..

bomb bomb numb numb limb limb thumb thumb dumb dumb lamb lamb tomb tomb womb womb comb comb climb climb succumb succumb crumb crumb plumber plumber debt debt doubt doubt subtle subtle

Silent c

2

m

muussccllee sscceennee sscceenntt sscceeppttrree sscciieennttiisstt sscciissssoorrss

(27)

Silent d

3

g

grraannddffaatthheerr hhaannddkkeerrcchhiieeff hhaannddssoommee

Silent g

4

aassssiiggnn bbeenniiggnn

ccaammppaaiiggnn cchhaammppaaggnnee ccoonnssiiggnn ddeessiiggnn

d

diiaapphhrraaggmm eennssiiggnn ffoorreeiiggnn ggnnaarrlleedd g

gnnaasshh ggnnaatt g

gnnaaww ggnnoommee m

maalliiggnn ppaarraaddiiggmm p phhlleeggmm rreeiiggnn rreessiiggnn ssiiggnn

Silent h

5

eexxhhaauusstt eexxhhiibbiittiioonn h

heeiirr hhoonneesstt h

(28)

rrhheettoorriicc rrhheeuummaattiissmm rrhhiinnoo rrhhyymmee

rrhhyytthhmm sscchheemmee school school

Silent k

6

k knneeee kknniiffee k knniitt kknnoocckk k knnoott kknnooww

Silent l

7

b

baallmm bbeehhaallf f ccaallff ccaallmm

cchhaallkk ccoouulldd ffoollkk hhaallff p paallmm ssaallmmoonn sshhoouulldd ssttaallk k ttaallkk wwaallkk w woouulldd yyoollkk

(29)

Silent n

8

aauuttuummnn ccoolluummnn ccoonnddeemmnn ddaammnn h hyymmnn ssoolleemmnn

Silent p

9

ccuuppbbooaarrdd ppnneeuummoonniiaa p

pssaallmm ppsseeuuddoonnyymm p

pssyycchhiiaattrriisstt ppssyycchhoollooggyy

Silent s

10

aaiissllee ccoorrppss iissllaanndd iissllee

ccaassttllee cchhaasstteenn cchhrriisstteenn CChhrriissttmmaass d

deebbuutt ffaasstteenn g

glliisstteenn hhaasstteenn lliisstteenn mmooiisstteenn m

moorrttggaaggee ssoofftteenn tthhiissttllee wwhhiissttllee

Silent t

11

(30)

Silent w

12

aannsswweerr sswwoorrdd w whhoo wwhhoollee w whhoomm wwhhoossee w wrraapp wwrraatthh w wrreecckk wwrreenncchh w

wrreettcchheedd wwrriinnkkllee w

(31)

Homophones

11

A

A homophonehomophone is a word with the sameis a word with the same pronunciation as another word, but wit

pronunciation as another word, but with differenth different spelling and meaning. Following is a list of

spelling and meaning. Following is a list of homophones. Listen and practice.

homophones. Listen and practice.

b

bee bbeeee b

beeaann bbeeeenn h

heeaall hheeeell hhee’’llll m

meeaatt mmeeeett p

peeaaccee ppiieeccee sscceennee sseeeenn sstteeaall sstteeeell w

weeaakk wweeeek k

b

booaarrdd bboorreedd ccooaarrssee ccoouurrssee m

moorrnniinngg mmoouurrnniinngg w

waarrnn wwoorrnn b

beerrtthh bbiirrtthh ccuurrbb kkeerrbb ffiirr ffuurr h heeaarrdd hheerrdd k knneeww nneeww k knniigghhtt nniigghhtt k knnoott nonott g guueesssseedd gguueesstt lleeaasseedd lleeaasstt p paasssseedd ppaasstt

Practice with homophones

1

(32)

b

brraakkee bbrreeaak k ssttaakkee sstteeaak k m

maallee mmaaiill ssaallee ssaaiill ttaallee ttaaiill

rraaiinn rreeiinn rreeiiggnn w waaiitt wweeiigghhtt w waayy wweeiigghh p prraayy pprreeyy ssoommee ssuumm ssoonn ssuunn

b

blleeww bblluuee fflleeww fflluu

tthhrreeww tthhrroouugghh

ttoo ttoooo ttwwoo rroooott rroouuttee

aaiissllee II’’llll iissllee b buuyy bbyy bbyyee d diiee ddyyee eeyyee II h

hiirree hhiigghheerr w

wrriittee rriigghhtt aalloouudd aalllloowweedd ffoouull ffoowwll

b

beerrrryy buburryy b

brreeaadd bbrreedd le

lead ad (p(penencicil)l) leledd w

weeaatthheerr wwhheetthheerr aasscceenntt aasssseenntt

b

baassee bbaassss cceellll sseellll

cceenntt sscceenntt sseenntt cceerreeaall sseerriiaall

(33)

k

knnooww nnoo llooaann lloonnee p

poollee ppoollll rrooaadd rrooddee rroollee rroollll sseeww ssoo aaiirr hheeiirr b baarree bbeeaarr ffaaiirr ffaarree p

paaiirr ppaarree ppeeaarr ssttaarree ssttaaiirr

w

(34)

Common homographs

1

1 Homographs

Homographs

12

Homographs are words with different meanings and Homographs are words with different meanings and origins which have the same spelli

origins which have the same spelling. Theng. The pronunciation is usually the same (

pronunciation is usually the same ( A A bear bear _{is a wild}_{is a wild} animal

animal;; I can’t I can’t bear bear _the_the pain_pain_{). But some}_{). But some}

homographs differ in their pronunciation (

homographs differ in their pronunciation ( I I livelive _in_in Nepal; I saw a

Nepal; I saw a livelive _{concert yesterday}_{concert yesterday}_)._).

word

word part part of of meanimeaning ng sentencesentence

speech

cclloossee aaddjj nneeaarr II’’m m nnoot t vveerry y cclloosse e tto o hhiimm.. v

veerrbb sshhuutt PPlleeaasse e cclloosse e tthhe e ddoooorr..

m

miinnuuttee nnoouunn ttiimmee WWaaiit t a a mmiinnuuttee, , pplleeaassee.. aaddjj ssmmaallll PPaay y aatttteennttiioon n tto o eevveen n tthhee

minute details. minute details.

rrooww nnoouunn lliinnee SSttaannd d iin n a a rrooww.. n

noouunn ffiigghhtt TThheey y hhaad d a a rroow w iin n tthhe e rreessttaauurraanntt.. v

veerrbb ppaaddddllee RRoow w tthhe e bbooaat t ggeennttllyy..

(35)

tteeaarr nnoouunn fflluuiidd DDoonn’’t t sshheed d yyoouur r tteeaarrss, , mmy y ddeeaarr.. v

veerrbb sseepaparraatteePPlleeaasse te teaear tr thhe pe paappeer ar alloonngg the dotted line.

the dotted line.

w

wiinndd nnoouunn aaiirr TThhe e wwiinnd d iis s bblloowwiinng g ffiieerrcceellyy.. v

veerrbb ttuurrnn YYoou u nneeeed d tto o wwiinnd d tthhe e hhaannddllee to the left.

to the left.

w

woouunndd nnoouunn iinnjjuurryy I gI goot t tthhiis s wwoouunnd d iin n aan n aacccciiddeenntt.. v

veerrbb wwrraapp SShhe e wwoouunnd d a a ssccaarrf f aarroouunndd her neck.

her neck.

lleeaadd nnoouunn mmeettaall Leeaad L d ppiippees s aarre e ddaannggeerroouuss..

aaddjj mmaaiinn HHee’’s s tthhe e lleeaad d ssiinnggeer r oof f tthhe e bbaanndd.. verb

verb show show wayPlease wayPlease lead lead me me to to the the office.office.

ssooww nnoouunn ppiigg TThhe e ssoow w hhaas s tthhrreee e ppiigglleettss.. v

veerrbb ppllaanntt FFaarrmmeerrs s ssoow w sseeeeddss..

b

booww nnoouunn wweeaappoonnAArrcchheerrs s uusse e bboowws s aannd d aarrrroowwss.. n

noouunn kknnoott I I ttiieed d tthhe e rriibbbboon n aarroouunnd d tthhee parcel in a pretty bow.

parcel in a pretty bow.

word

word part part of of meanmeaning ing sentencesentence

speech

(36)

Stress makes a difference

2

word

word part part of of meanimeaning ng sentencesentence

speech

Some homographs differ in their pronunciation because of the Some homographs differ in their pronunciation because of the stress. Pay close attention to how the following homographs stress. Pay close attention to how the following homographs are pronounced and notice the difference in meaning. Listen are pronounced and notice the difference in meaning. Listen and practice.

and practice.

ccoonntteenntt nnoouunn aammoouunntt ChChooccoollaatte e hhaas s a a hhiiggh h ffaat t ccoonntteenntt.. aaddjj ssaattiissffiieedd HHee’’s s ccoonntteennt t wwiitth h wwhhaat t hhe e hhaass.. ccoonnttrraacctt nnoouunn aaggrreeeemmeenntt LLeett’’s s nnoot dt deellaay y iin sn siiggnniinng tg thhee

contract. contract. v

veerrbb sshhoorrtteenn MMeettaalls s ccoonnttrraacct t oon n ccoooolliinngg.. o

obbjjeecctt nnoouunn iitteemm ThThaat t ssttrraanngge e oobbjjeecct t rreeaallllyy frightened me.

frightened me. v

veerrbb ddiissaaggrreeee I I oobbjjeecct t tto o tthhe e pprrooppoossaal l yyoouu’’vve e mmaaddee.. p

prroojjeecctt nnoouunn wwoorrkk II’’m m iinnvvoollvveed d iin n a a rreesseeaarrcch h pprroojjeecctt.. v

veerrbb ccaallccuullaattee WWe e pprroojjeecct t a a 1155% % iinnccrreeaasse e iinn sales next year.

(37)

Word stress

13

In every English word of two or more syllables, one In every English word of two or more syllables, one syllable is given particular emphasis compared to syllable is given particular emphasis compared to the others. This is

the others. This is called primary stress.called primary stress.

Although it is often not possible to know where to Although it is often not possible to know where to place the stress in an unfamiliar word, it

place the stress in an unfamiliar word, it can becan be helpful to remember the following approximate helpful to remember the following approximate rules.

rules.

Common nouns and adjectives

1

Many common nouns and adjectives are stressed on the Many common nouns and adjectives are stressed on the first syllable, especially those words that have two

first syllable, especially those words that have two syllables. Listen and practice.

syllables. Listen and practice.

ath athletelete break breakfastfast broth

brotherer build buildinging car

carrotrot eve

eveningning fa

fatherther met metalal

bet betterter clev cleverer fun funnyny hap happypy naugh naughtyty stu

stupidpid ut

utterter yel yellowlow

(38)

Compound words, particualrly nouns, are usually Compound words, particualrly nouns, are usually stressed on the

stressed on the first part. Listen and practice.first part. Listen and practice.

bar

barber shopber shop

can

can openeropener

clock

clock towertower

mo motorcycletorcycle

Compound words

2

2 Part of speech

Part of speech

3

In some words with two

In some words with two sysyllables, the first llables, the first syllable issyllable is stressed when the word is a

stressed when the word is a nounnoun oror adjectiveadjective, but the, but the second syl

second syllable is stressed when it lable is stressed when it is ais a verbverb. Listen and. Listen and practice.

practice. export:

export: He has anHe has an exexport company.port company. He ex

He exportsports carpets.carpets. conduct:

conduct: Her badHer bad conconduct disturbed everyone.duct disturbed everyone. Please con

Please conductduct the test well.the test well. produce:

produce: This juice is aThis juice is a prodproduceuce of Australia.of Australia. Please pro

Please produceduce youyour documents r documents tomorrow.tomorrow. progress:

progress: She’s making goodShe’s making good proprogress in her studies.gress in her studies. I’m sure she’ll pro

I’m sure she’ll progressgress in life.in life.

post

post officeoffice

tra

travel agentvel agent

wrist

(39)

The following is a list of words similar to the ones in The following is a list of words similar to the ones in exercise 3.

exercise 3. Pronounce Pronounce each each of them twice of them twice - - first withfirst with the stress on the first

the stress on the first sysyllable and then with the llable and then with the stress onstress on the second syllable.

the second syllable. combat combat compound compound construct construct contest contest contract contract contrast contrast convert convert convict convict decrease decrease exploit exploit extract extract frequent frequent insult insult object object

Now, practice saying each of the words above in

sentences of your own.

perfect perfect permit permit present present project project protest protest recall recall record record reject reject subject subject survey survey suspect suspect transfer transfer transport transport upset upset

Self practice

4

(40)

Note that the following word endings are usually Note that the following word endings are usually stressed. Listen and practice.

stressed. Listen and practice.

-ee

-ee referrefereeee -ese

-ese JapaJapanesenese -ique

-ique phyphysiquesique -eer

-eer mountaimountaineerneer -esque

-esque picturpicturesqueesque -ette

-ette brubrunettenette

Endings that are stressed

4

4 Endings that do not influence

Endings that do not influence

5

The following word endings do not

The following word endings do not usually cause theusually cause the primary stress to move. Listen and practice.

primary stress to move. Listen and practice.

--aaggee ppaatrontron papatronagetronage

-en

-en aawakewake aawawakenken

-ful

-ful sucsuccesscess sucsuccesscessfulful

-ing

-ing underunderstandstand underunderstanstandingding

--lleessss mmeeaaningning meameaninglessningless

--llyy rreeggularular regregularlyularly

-ment

-ment dedevelveloopp ddeevelvelopmentopment

--nneessss ttiidydy titidinessdiness

(41)

Endings that influence

6

The following endings cause the stress to move to the The following endings cause the stress to move to the syllable immediately before the ending. Listen and syllable immediately before the ending. Listen and practice.

practice.

--ggrraapphhyy pphhoottooggrraapphh pphhoototographygraphy

-eous

-eous adadvanvanttaaggee aaddvvaanntatageousgeous

--iioouuss iinnjjuurryy iinn ju juriousrious

--iiaall ccoommmmeerrccee ccoommmermercialcial

--iiaann ccoommeeddyy ccoomemediandian

-ion

-ion conconserveserve conserconservavationtion

-ic

-ic aacadcadeemmyy aaccaademdemicic

-ical

-ical eeconconoommyy eeccoonomnomicic

(42)

More practice with common words

7

Stress on first syllable Stress on first syllable

as

astronauttronaut

chick chickenen

child

childhoodhood

cof cof feefee

dev

devastateastate

doc doctortor

fa

favouritevourite

in

interestingteresting

pen pencilcil

pop

popularular

pres

presidentident

res

restauranttaurant

sal saladad

Stress on second syllable Stress on second syllable

con

confessfess

de

deliliciouscious de

deterterminemine de

develvelopop eeleclectrictric po

potatatoto ri

ridicdiculousulous suc

successcess

sur

surpriprisingsing ter

terrif rif icic to

todayday

to

tomormorrowrow Listen and practice.

(43)

Names of days

and months

14

Days

1

Sunday Sunday Monday Monday Tuesday Tuesday Wednesday Wednesday

Months

2

January January February February March March April April May May Thursday Thursday Friday Friday Saturday Saturday July July August August September September October October November November

(44)

Commonly

mispronounced

words

15

Non-native speakers of English tend to Non-native speakers of English tend to

mispronounce a number of words. The following mispronounce a number of words. The following list contains words that are frequently

list contains words that are frequently

mispronounced by non-native speakers of English mispronounced by non-native speakers of English in Asia.

in Asia.

Listen and practice Listen and practice b

boowwll a a bboowwl l oof f ssoouupp d

deeaaff ddeeaaf f aannd d dduummbb

eexxhhiibbiitt eexxhhiibbiit t oonnee’’s s wwoorrk k eexxhhiibbiittiioonn aan n aarrt t eexxhhiibbiittiioonn

ffoorr IItt’’s s ffoor r yyoouu..

lloooossee a a lloooosse e ggaarrmmeenntt lloossee lloosse e oor r wwiinn

o

off a a mmaan n oof f hhoonnoouurr o

oppppoorrttuunniittyy a ccaarreeeer a r ooppppoorrttuunniittyy v

veehhiiccllee a a hheeaavvy y vveehhiiccllee

1

(45)

aabboouutt aabboouut t 2 2 oo’’cclloocck k aacccceepptt aacccceeppt t aan n ooffffeerr aaddddiittiioonn iin n aaddddiittiioon n tto o tthhiiss aaggoo tteen n yyeeaarrs s aaggoo

A

Assiiaa ccoouunnttrriiees s iin n AAssiiaa b

baalllloooonn bblloow w a a bbaalllloooonn b

beeaarr a a bbeeaar r aannd d a a ttiiggeerr b

beeccaauussee bbeeccaauusse e oof f tthhe e rraaiinn b

biiccyyccllee a a bbeeaauuttiiffuul l bbiiccyyccllee b

biinnooccuullaarrss a a ppaaiir r oof f bbiinnooccuullaarrss b

booaatt a a ffiisshhiinng g bbooaatt b

buuffffaalloo a a ccoow w aannd d a a bbuuffffaalloo b

buurryy bbuurry y tthhe e hhaattcchheett ccaasssseettttee a a ccaasssseetttte e ppllaayyeerr cchheeww cchheew w tthhe e ffoooodd ccllootthheess wwiinntteer r ccllootthheess

ccuuccuummbbeerr a a ccuuccuummbbeer r aannd d a a ccaarrrroott d

deebbtt rruun n iinntto o ddeebbtt

eeiigghhtt tthhe e nnuummbbeer r eeiigghhtt eelleepphhaanntt a a hhuugge e eelleepphhaanntt eevveenniinngg aan n eevveenniinng g ggoowwnn

ffiillmm aan n OOssccaar r wwiinnnniinng g ffiillmm fflleeww fflleew w aawwaayy

fflloouurr wwhheeaat t fflloouurr h

heeaalltthhyy a a hheeaalltthhy y ddiieett h

heerree CCoomme e hheerree.. m

(46)

p

phhoottoo a a pphhootto o aallbbuumm p

phhoottooggrraapphheerr a a ffaasshhiioon n pphhoottooggrraapphheerr p

piiggeeoonn ffeeeed d tthhe e ppiiggeeoonnss p

pllaayy ppllaay y ggaammeess sseeccrreett kkeeeep p a a sseeccrreett

ssppiinnaacchh SSppiinnaacch h iis s ggooood d ffoor r hheeaalltthh.. ssuurree SSuurree. . NNo o pprroobblleemm..

ttaabbllee a a ttaabblle e aannd d a a cchhaaiirr

tthheerree hheerree, , tthheerree, , eevveerryywwhheerree

ttooddaayy yyeesstteerrddaayy, , ttooddaay y aannd d ttoommoorrrrooww ttoommaattoo ttoommaatto o kkeettcchhuupp

ttoonniigghhtt SSeee e yyoou u ttoonniigghhtt..

ttoorrttooiissee a a hhaarre e aannd d a a ttoorrttooiissee v

viittaammiinn vviittaammiin n CC w

weeaalltthhyy hheeaalltthhyy, , wweeaalltthhy y aannd d wwiissee w

weerree I I wwiissh h I I wweerree w

woommaann a a mmaan n aannd d a a wwoommaann w

woommeenn mmeen n aannd d wwoommeenn y

yaacchhtt a a yyaacchhtt, , nnoot t a a bbooaatt zzeerroo zzeerro o tto o ffiivvee

2

(47)

3

aaddmmiissssiioonn aaddmmiissssiioon n ooppeenn aaddmmiitt aaddmmiit t a a ccrriimmee

aadduulltt aan n aadduullt t mmaaggaazziinnee

aavvaaiillaabbllee nnoot t aavvaaiillaabblle e iin n tthhe e mmaarrkkeett b

beeaat t ((ppaasst t tteennssee)) WWhho o bbeeaat t hhiimm?? eennvveelloopp eennvveellooppeed d iin n mmiisstt

eennvveellooppee oon n tthhe e bbaacck k oof f aan n eennvveellooppee m

maarrrriiaaggee a a mmaarrrriiaagge e cceerrttiiffiiccaattee m

meeddiicciinnee ttrraaddiittiioonnaal l mmeeddiicciinnee o

oppppoossiittee iin n tthhe e ooppppoossiitte e ddiirreeccttiioonn q

quueessttiioonn qquueessttiioon n aannd d aannsswweerr q

quuiieett ccaallm m aannd d qquuiieett rreecceeiipptt bbiilllls s aannd d rreecceeiippttss rreessttaauurraanntt CChhiinneesse e rreessttaauurraanntt ssaallaadd ggrreeeen n ssaallaadd

sshhoouullddeerr hheeaad d aannd d sshhoouullddeerr ssoollddiieerr a a bbrraavve e ssoollddiieerr

ssttoommaacchh a a sseevveerre e ssttoommaacchhaacchhee ssuuggggeessttiioonn a a ggooood d ssuuggggeessttiioonn

(48)

aaccccuurraattee aan n aaccccuurraatte e aannsswweerr aaddvvaannccee ppaay y iin n aaddvvaannccee

aaddvveennttuurree aan n aaddvveennttuurre e ssttoorryy

aapppprreecciiaattee aapppprreecciiaatte e tthhe e ggeessttuurree aarrrraannggee aarrrraanngge e a a mmeeeettiinngg

b

biissoonn a a ffiieerrcce e bbiissoonn b

boouuqquueett a a bboouuqquueet t oof f rreed d rroosseess ccaaffee TThhe e BBaakkeerry y CCaaffee

ccaammeerraa a a ddiiggiittaal l ccaammeerraa ccaappaabbllee a a ccaappaabblle e ppeerrssoonn

ccaarreeeerr a ccaarreeeer a r iin n mmeeddiicciinnee cchhoorree ffiinniissh h tthhe e cchhoorreess

ccoommppaannyy aan n iinnssuurraanncce e ccoommppaannyy ccoommppeettiittiioonn ffiieerrcce e ccoommppeettiittiioonn

d

deeccaaddee mmoorre e tthhaan n a a ddeeccaaddee g

guuaarrddiiaann ppaarreenntts s aannd d gguuaarrddiiaannss h

heerrooiinnee a a bbeeaauuttiiffuul l hheerrooiinnee ssttuuddiioouuss a a ssttuuddiioouus s cchhiilldd ssyymmppaatthhyy ssiinncceerre e ssyymmppaatthhyy ttuuiittiioonn ttuuiittiioon n ffeeeess

4

(49)

5

b

boouuttiiqquuee bbeesst t bboouuttiiqquuees s iin n ttoowwnn ccoonnssuummee ccoonnssuumme e ttooo o mmuucch h ffuueell

ccoommssuummppttiioonn ccoommssuummppttiioon n oof f jjuunnk k ffoooodd d

deesseerrt t ((nnoouunn)) tthhe e SSaahhaarra a DDeesseerrtt d

deesseerrt t ((vveerrbb)) ddeesseerrt t oonnee’’s s ffaammiillyy d

deesseerrtteed d ((aaddjj)) ddeesseerrtteed d ssttrreeeettss d

deesssseerrtt iicceeccrreeaam m ffoor r ddeesssseerrtt d

deetteerrmmiinnee ddeetteerrmmiinne e oonnee’’s s ffuuttuurree d

deevveelloopp ddeevveelloop p tthhe e ccoouunnttrryy d

deevveellooppmmeenntt ggrroowwtth h aannd d ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ffaammiinnee wwiiddeesspprreeaad d ffaammiinnee

ffeettee a a ssuummmmeer r ffeettee

ffuunnggii a a ggrroowwtth h oof f ffuunnggii g

grreeaassee ggrreeaasse e tthhe e bbaalll l bbeeaarriinnggss lleeaarrnneed d ((aaddjjeeccttiivvee)) a a lleeaarrnneed d sscchhoollaarr

o

orrcchhiidd aan n oorrcchhiid d ggaarrddeenn p

plleeaassaanntt a a pplleeaassaannt t ssuurrpprriissee sseessaammee OOppeenn, , sseessaammee!!

(50)

aaccaaddeemmiicc a a ppuurreelly y aaccaaddeemmiic c ccoouurrssee aaccaaddeemmyy tthhe e ppoolliicce e aaccaaddeemmyy

aannaallyyssee aannaallyysse e tthhe e ffaaccttss aannaallyyssiiss a a ccaarreeffuul l aannaallyyssiiss d

doouugghhnnuutt a a rriinng g ddoouugghhnnuutt d

doovvee tthhe e ccooooiinng g oof f ddoovveess ffiiaannccéé MMaarryy’’s s ffiiaannccéé

g

gaauuggee a a rraaiin n ggaauuggee g

gaauuzzee a a ppiieecce e oof f sstteerriille e ggaauuzzee lluuxxuurriioouuss a a lluuxxuurriioouus s lliiffee

lluuxxuurryy lliivve e iin n lluuxxuurryy m

maattiinneeee a a mmaattiinneee e sshhooww p

paaggeeaanntt a a bbeeaauutty y ppaaggeeaanntt p

piizzzzaa a a mmuusshhrroooom m ppiizzzzaa p

prreessiiddeenntt tthhe e ppaarrtty y pprreessiiddeenntt p

prroocceedduurree a a ccoommpplliiccaatteed d pprroocceedduurree p

prroonnuunncciiaattiioonn pprroonnuunncciiaattiioon n pprraaccttiiccee rraappppoorrtt bbuuiilld d a a rraappppoorrtt

rreecceeiipptt bbiilllls s aannd d rreecceeiippttss v

viissaa ggeet t a a vviissaa

6

(51)

7

aacccceessssiibbllee aacccceessssiibblle e bby y rrooaad d aannd d aaiirr cchhaaooss cchhaaoos s oon n tthhe e rrooaaddss

ccoonncchh bblloow w tthhe e ccoonncchh ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn ssooiil l ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn d

deeppoott a a bbuus s ddeeppoott

eexxaaggggeerraattee eexxaaggggeerraatte e tthhe e ffaaccttss ffaattiigguuee ffaattiigguue e aannd d ssttrreessss g

giiggaannttiicc a a ggiiggaannttiic c ccrreeaattuurree g

grraanniittee a a ggrraanniitte e fflloooorr h

hyyppooccrriittee a a sshhaammeelleesss s hhyyppooccrriittee m

maannooeeuuvvrree a a cclleevveer r mmaannooeeuuvvrree m

maarriijjuuaannaa a a mmaarriijjuuaanna a aaddddiicctt m

maarrttyyrr hhoonnoouur r tthhe e mmaarrttyyrrss m

miirraaggee a a mmiirraagge e iin n a a ddeesseerrtt m

myytthhoollooggyy Grreeeek G k mmyytthhoollooggyy ssttaattiissttiiccss vviittaal l ssttaattiissttiiccss

ttaabboooo a a ttaabbooo o iin n ssoomme e ssoocciieettiieess ttuulliipp ttuulliipps s aannd d rroosseess

v

veettoo tthhe e ppoowweer r oof f vveettoo v

(52)

aavvaallaanncchhee a a ddeevvaassttaattiinng g aavvaallaanncchhee ccaammoouuffllaaggee ccaammoouuffllaagge e iin n tthhe e ffoorreesstt ccaappppuucccciinnoo eexxpprreesssso o oor r ccaappppuucccciinnoo cchhiivvaallrryy mmeen n wwiitth h cchhiivvaallrryy

ccoommbbuussttiioonn a a ccoommbbuussttiioon n eennggiinnee ccoouupp a a mmiilliittaarry y ccoouupp

een n rroouuttee een n rroouutte e ffrroom m PPaarriis s tto o TTookkyyoo eennttrreepprreenneeuurr a a ddaarriinng g eennttrreepprreenneeuurr

eessppiioonnaaggee mmiilliittaarry y eessppiioonnaaggee ffaaccaaddee aan n aappppeeaalliinng g ffaaccaaddee ffiinnaallee tthhe e ggrraannd d ffiinnaallee

ffooeettuuss a a ddeevveellooppiinng g ffooeettuuss ffrreeiigghhtt a a ffrreeiigghht t ttrraaiinn

g

geenniiee a a ggeenniie e iin n a a bboottttllee g

geennrree tthhe e ggeennrre e oof f ppoop p mmuussiicc k

kaalleeiiddoossccooppee a a kkaalleeiiddoossccooppe e oof f ccoolloouurrss lliiaaiissoonn a a lliiaaiissoon n ooffffiicceerr

n

naaiivvee ttooo o yyoouunng g aannd d nnaaiivvee p

pooiiggnnaanntt ppooiiggnnaannt t mmeemmoorriieess ssuuiittee a a hhootteel l ssuuiittee

8

(53)

9

lliinnggeerriiee a a lliinnggeerriie e sshhoopp m

moorraallee bboooosst t tthhe e mmoorraallee o

obbeessee ffaat t bbuut t nnoot t oobbeessee p

phhooeenniixx rriisse e ffrroom m tthhe e aasshhees s lliikke e a a pphhooeenniixx rreennddeezzvvoouuss rreennddeezzvvoouus s wwiitth h SSiimmi i GGaarreewwaall ssaauuttéé ssaauutté é tthhe e mmeeaatt

ssoouuvveenniirr bbuuy y a a ssoouuvveenniirr v

viiggnneettttee a a vviiggnneetttte e oof f vviillllaagge e lliiffee F

Frreeuudd SSiiggmmuunnd d FFrreeuudd G

Gaannggeess TThhe e GGaannggees s RRiivveerr H

Huugghh HHuuggh h GGrraanntt H

Huugghheess LLaannggssttoon n HHuugghheess L

Loocch h NNeessss tthhe e LLoocch h NNeesss s mmoonnsstteerr M

Maaggii tthhe e ggiifft t oof f hhe e MMaaggii M

MccDDoonnaalldd a a MMccDDoonnaalld d oouuttlleett M

Miiddaass KiinK ng g MMiiddaass N

Naazzii tthhe e NNaazzi i ppaarrttyy N

Niikkee NNiikke e sshhooeess S

Sooccrraatteess a a ffoolllloowweer r oof f SSooccrraatteess V

(54)

Phonetic symbols

16

(55)

(56)

Am, Br differences

17

A Am m = = AAmmeerriiccaann BBr r = = BBrriittiisshh

Source: Cambridge International Dictionary of English