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(300) populous counties. It also compares the operating expenditures, staffing, and caseloads of the different types of indigent defense services used in these counties.2 The indigent defense programs examined in this report primarily handled felony criminal cases at the trial level. Some of these programs also had responsibility for misdemeanor, juvenile, civil, and appellate cases. The study was not designed to include programs that exclusively handled misdemeanor, juvenile, civil, or appellate cases. State governments exclusively funded indigent defense services in 21 States. About a quarter of the largest 100 counties were in the States that totally funded indigent defense services. This report does not provide State-level data.3 Background. The legal mandate The sixth amendment to the U.S. Constitution establishes the right to counsel in Federal criminal prosecution. Through a series of landmark cases, the U.S. Supreme Court extended the right to counsel for indigent defendants to State criminal prosecution. In 1963 the Court held in Gideon v. Wainwright that indigent persons facing felony charges must be provided with legal counsel.4 Nine years later in Argersinger v. Hamlin the Court extended a defendant’s right to counsel to all criminal prosecutions, felony or misdemeanor, that carry a sentence of imprisonment.5 2. For information on the characteristics of the defense counsel received by defendants see Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases, BJS Special Report, November 2000, NCJ 179023. 3 For more information on statewide systems see Improving Criminal Justice Systems Through Expanded Strategies and Innovative Collaborations: Report of the National Symposium on Indigent Defense, Office of Justice Programs, March 2000, NCJ 181344, and National Criminal Defense Systems Study, BJS, September 1986, NCJ 94702, table 19. 4 Gideon v. Wainwright 372 U.S. 335 (1963). 5 Argersinger v. Hamlin 407 U.S. 25 (1972).. Contract Non-salaried individual private attorneys, bar associations, law firms, consortiums or groups of attorAlthough the U.S. Supreme Court has neys, or nonprofit corporations that mandated States and localities to contract with a funding source to provide counsel for indigents accused provide court-appointed representation of crimes, the implementation of how in a jurisdiction. This does not include such services are to be provided has not been specified. As a consequence, public defender programs primarily funded by an awarded contract. States and localities have devised various systems, rules for organizing, and funding mechanisms for indigent Indigent criminal defense in the defense services. Nation’s 100 largest counties Three primary ways of providing indigent defense services have Among the Nation’s 100 largest emerged throughout the Nation. counties, public defender programs States and localities use these including those primarily funded by an methods of delivering indigent defense awarded contract operated in every services either singly or in combination. county except eight. Assigned counsel The following categories are used to programs were available in 89 counties help describe indigent criminal defense and contract programs in 42 (table 1). services in this report. Local programs In most counties (95) more than one may use different terminology. type of indigent criminal defense services was available (see appendix Public defender A salaried staff of table). full-time or part-time attorneys that render criminal indigent defense County operating expenditures and services through a public or private funding sources nonprofit organization, or as direct government paid employees. During 1999 the Nation’s 100 most populous counties spent an estimated Assigned counsel The appointment $1.2 billion to deliver indigent criminal from a list of private bar members who defense.6 Half of these counties accept cases on a judge-by-judge, reported nearly $7 million or more in court-by-court, or case-by-case basis. operating expenditures (table 2). This may include an administrative 6 In 1990 all States and U.S. localities spent component and a set of rules and $1.3 billion (unadjusted for inflation) on criminal guidelines governing the appointment and civil public defense. See Indigent Defense, and processing of cases handled by BJS Selected Findings, February 1996, NCJ 158909. the private bar members.. Types of indigent defense services. The Nation’s 100 largest counties Of the approximately 3,100 counties or independent cities, the most populous 100 counties comprised 42% of the 1999 U.S. population.a Of the 36 million Americans that lived below the poverty level in 1995,. 44% resided in the Nation’s largest 100 counties.b A majority of all arrests for Part I crimes (52%) and violent crimes (55%). during 1997 occurred in the largest 100 counties.c a 1999 population estimates for the United States and for each county came from Census Bureau websites, http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/countypop.html and http://www. census.gov/population/www/estimates/uspop.html. b The latest poverty estimates came from the Census Bureau website http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/stcty/estimate.html. c Arrests by county were taken from U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data [United States]: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data, 1997 [computer file]. ICPSR. ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. Arrest data by county were not available for four counties in Florida and the District of Columbia.. 2 Indigent Defense Services in Large Counties, 1999.
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