Evolution from 3G to LTE

(1)

For internal use

December, 09

th,

₂₀₀₈

Adriano Oliveira

Radio Access Solution Manager

Nokia Siemens Networks

Evolution from 3G to LTE

(2)

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Seminário Soluções Wireless/ Adriano Oliveira / Dec, 9th For internal use

(3)

For internal use

Terminal, network and application

development drive traffic growth

Advanced terminals

HSPA radio networks

Internet applications

Typical operator case:

350% growth in

HSPA data volume

in 6 months

(4)

LTE/SAE Evolution Driver

• Initial 2G systems were built for

circuit-switched applications – voice.

• As the World Wide Web became a

reality, 2G systems evolved towards

packet data.

1st : The Move towards Data

Applications

• Fixed Internet access capabilities

have been improving

• From the 56-Kb/s V90

modem-based access to 10-Mb/s ADSL and

100-Mb/s fiber access, enabling new

services and much better user

experience

.

2nd : Enhanced Radio Interface

Capabilities

• The need for 3G long-term evolution

studies was stated at the end of

2004 within the 3GPP.

• Maintain the competitive position of

UMTS-based technologies for the

future.

(5)

For internal use

What are the LTE challenges?

• Best price, transparent flat rate

• Full Internet

• Click-bang responsiveness

• reduce cost per bit

• provide high data rate

• provide low latency

Source: Light Reading (adapted)

The Users’ expectation…

..leads to the operator’s challenges

Reduction of network cost is

necessary to remain profitable

Devices & applications drive

traffic growth

LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience

Voice dominated Data dominated

Traffic

Revenue

Revenues and Traffic

decoupled

T

ra

ff

ic

v

o

lu

m

e

€

/b

it

Time

Profitability

Network

cost

The challenge

(6)

Access

Core

Control

LTE BTS

(eNodeB)

MME/GW

IMS

HLR/HSS

Flat Overall Architecture

• 2-node architecture

• All-IP

Improved Radio Principles

• peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 58 UL

• Scalable BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

• Short latency: 10 – 20 ms

New Core Architecture

• Simplified Protocol Stack

• Simple, more efficient QoS

LTE/SAE overview

RAN

MME

GW

eNodeB

LTE/SAE significantly improves performance

for a next generation mobile network

RF Modulation:

• OFDMA in DL

(7)

For internal use

NGMN Consortium

(8)

(9)

For internal use

NGMN Ltd. status

(as of 08/2008)

18 ngmn Members:

29 ngmn Sponsors:

(10)

LSTI (LTE-SAE Trial Initiative)

- joint test bed for LTE worldwide

…….. active parties within LSTI

LSTI initiatives goals/objectives

• demonstrate feasibility and

capabilities of 3GPP LTE-SAE

technology under real world

conditions. Indoor & outdoor tests

• accelerate development of 3GPP

specification by identifying

shortcomings out of test phases

• reduce risk of market introduction of

new LTE-SAE technology

Friendly customer trials

PR

2007

2008

2009

2010

Public Relation work

Interoperability

IODT

IOT

Trials

Test of basic functions

Proof of Concept

Nokia Siemens Networks drives LSTI.

Schedule & Program Office:

(11)

For internal use

(12)

year

UMTS Rel 99/4

UMTS Rel 5

_{UMTS Rel 5}

UMTS Rel 6

_{UMTS Rel 6}

UMTS Rel 7

_{UMTS Rel 7}

UMTS Rel 8

_{UMTS Rel 8}

2007

2005

2003

2000

2008

IMS

HSDPA

MBMS

WLAN IW

EUL

IMS Evolution

LTE Studies

SAE

LTE

UMTS WCDMA

HSDPA

IMS

EUL (HSUPA)

SAE/LTE

Commercial

Specification

::::

2009

Schedule for 3GPP releases

(13)

For internal use

Network Architecture Evolution

Node B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA

Direct tunnel

3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA

Internet

Node B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Direct tunnel

3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA

Internet

Node B

SGSN

GGSN

Node B

(RNC Funct.)

Direct tunnel

3GPP Rel 8 / LTE

Internet

Evolved Node B

MME

SAE GW

year

Rel 99/4

Rel 99/4 Rel 5_{Rel 5} Rel 6_{Rel 6} Rel 7_{Rel 7} Rel 8_{Rel 8}

2007 2005 2003

(14)

Overall 3GPP LTE Work Plan

RAN1

2007

2008

2009

Dec

Mar

Jun

Sep

Dec

Mar

Coding

Phy ch, Modulation

Procedure

Measurement

UE Idle mode

UE capability

MAC

PDCP

Layer 1

Sig. transport

Protocol

Data transport

UE Tx/Rx

RRM

F

RLC

F

A

A/F

A

A/F

A

RAN2

RAN3

RAN4

F

RRC

F

Jun

eNB Tx/Rx

F

A/F

Common env.

Signaling

RAN5

RF

A

F

Protocol&Tabular ASN.1

F

Protocol&Tabular ASN.1

A

eNB Test

A/F

F

A: Approval

F: Freezing

(15)

For internal use

3GPP Rel. 6

3GPP Rel. 7

3GPP Rel. 8

HSDPA/HSUPA

HSPA Evo

(step1)

HSPA Evo

(step2)

LTE/SAE

Overview of 3GPP Evolution

1

_{) HSPA capacity values normalized to 4 carriers (2 * 20MHz in total)}

2

_{) LTE values according to Nokia and Nokia Siemens Network simulations for NGMN}

performance evaluation report V1.3 (macro cell, full buffer, 500m ISD, pedestrian

speed, 2x2 MIMO)

**DL: 4 * 2.5 Mbps/cell**

**UL: 4 * 1.5 Mbps/cell**

DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 5.7 Mbps

Theo. peak rate:

DL: 36 Mbps/cell

UL: 18 Mbps/cell

DL: 173 Mbps

UL: 58 Mbps

Theo. peak rate:

Average Capacity:

2

₎

**DL: 4 * 6.5 Mbps/cell**

**UL: 4 * 2 Mbps/cell**

DL: 42 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

Theo. peak rate:

Average Capacity:

1

₎

**DL: 4 * 6.5 Mbps/cell**

**UL: 4 * 2 Mbps/cell**

DL: 28 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

Theo. peak rate:

Average Capacity:

1

₎

Average Capacity:

1

₎

RTT: 40-60ms

RTT: 10-20ms

RTT: 25-35ms

25ms

RTT: 25-35ms

25ms

(16)

(17)

For internal use

LTE/SAE - Key Architectural Concept

Flat and Cost effective Mobile Network

GSM/EDGE/

UMTS/HSPA

Access

Core

Control

W-CDMA BTS

RNC

IMS

HLR/HSS

LTE / SAE

Shift of

functionality

2G

BTS

_BSC

MSC

MGW

SGSN

GGSN

LTE BTS

(eNodeB)

MME

SAE-GW

MGW

• From CS to PS domain (VoIP), split of functions between eNodeB & aGW

• Interworking, smooth migration, service continuity and investment protection

(18)

LTE/SAE Overview

Only one Network Element in

Radio and Core each

Focus is on enhancement of Packet

Switched technology

high data rates, low latency, packet

optimised flat IP system

Comprehensive Security

Mobility Concept with tight

Integration for 3GPP accesses

Streamlined SAE Bearer Model

with Network Centric QoS

Handling

On/Offline & Flow Based

Charging

Core Switching & Transport

Access

LTE BTS

(eNodeB)

MME

SAE-GW

HSS/AAA

Core Control

PCR

F

PCRF: Policy and Charging Control Function

(19)

For internal use

LTE/SAE Key Features

EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /

SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /

LTE ( Long Term Evolution )

EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )

EUTRAN

( Evolved UTRAN )

EUTRAN

( Evolved UTRAN )

IP Network

OFDMA/SC-FDMA

MIMO ( beam-forming/

spatial multiplexing)

HARQ

Scalable bandwidth

(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)

Evolved Node B /

No RNC

UL/DL resource

scheduling

IP Transport Layer

QoS Aware

Self Configuration

PS Domain only,

No CS Domain

IP Transport Layer

QoS Aware

3GPP (GTP) or

IETF (MIPv6)

Prepared for

Non-3GPP Access

(20)

LTE/SAE Key Features – Air Interface 1/3

OFDMA

•Downlink multiplexing

•Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Acces

•Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level

•it supports various modulation schemes from BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM to 64

QAM.

SC-FDMA

•Uplink multiplexing

•Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant of OFDMA

•Less power consumption and less expensive RF amplifiers in the terminal.

(21)

For internal use

LTE/SAE Key Features – Air Interface 2/3

MIMO

•Multiple Input Multiple Output (also called beam-forming or smart antennas)

•LTE will support MIMO as option,

•It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and receiver

antennas in a system.

•Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial

multiplexing)

•MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral

efficiency.

HARQ

•Hybrid Automatic Retransmission on reQuest

•HARQ has already been used for HSDPA and EUL.

•HARQ especially increases the performance (delay and throughput) for cell

edge users.

• HARQ simply implements a retransmission protocol on layer 1/layer 2 that

(22)

LTE/SAE Key Features – Air Interface 3/3

Scalable bandwidth

• LTE air interface allows to drive cells with 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz

& 20 MHz.

•This gives the required flexibility for operators to use spectrum allocations

not available to a non-scalable wide-band or ultra-wide-band system.

(23)

For internal use

LTE/SAE Key Features – EUTRAN

Evolved NodeB

•No RNC is provided anymore

•The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.

•This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network

architecture simpler

IP transport layer

•EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

UL/DL resource scheduling

•In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated

•Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns

them dynamically to users and channels

(24)

LTE/SAE Key Features – EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

Packet Switched Domain only

•No circuit switched domain is provided

•If CS applications are required, they must be implemented via IP

•Only one mobility management for the UE in LTE.

3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option

•The EPC can be based either on 3GPP GTP protocols (similar to PS

domain in UMTS/GPRS) or on IETF Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

Non-3GPP access

•The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks

(e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)

(25)

For internal use

TDMA

FDMA

CDMA

OFDMA

f

t

f

t

co

de

s

f

t

f

t

f

• Time Division

• Frequency Division

_•

_{Code Division}

• Frequency Division

• Orthogonal subcarriers

Multiple Access Methods

(26)

LTE Radio principles

• Power efficient uplink increasing battery lifetime

• Improved cell edge performance by low peak to average ratio

• Reduced Terminal complexity

Uplink:

SC-FDMA

• Enabling peak cell data rates of 173 Mbps DL and 58 Mbps in UL *

• Scalable bandwidth: 1.4 / 3 / 5 / 10 /15 / 20 MHz also allows deployment

in lower frequency bands (rural coverage, refarming)

• Short latency: 10 – 20 ms **

• Improved spectral efficiency

• Reduced interference

• Very well suited for MIMO

Downlink:

OFDMA

(27)

For internal use

Downlink Air Interface Technology - OFDMA

• OFDM-based air interface

• Symbol length is constant for all bandwidths

• 15 kHz subcarrier spacing

• Clock is 2

N

_{(8x) multiple of 3.84 MHz}

• 20 MHz = 1200 subcarriers

• 10 MHz = 600 subcarriers etc.

• Scalability between 1.4 – 20 MHz ( 1.4 / 3.0 / 5.0 / 10 / 20 MHz )

Up to 20 MHz (1200 subcarriers)

15 kHz

frequency

(28)

Uplink Air Interface Technology – SC-FDMA

• User multiplexing in frequency domain

• Terminals are required to be able to receive up to 20 MHz

but only to transmit up to 10 MHz

IFFT

Terminal 1 Transmitter

Terminal 2 Transmitter

frequency

IFFT

FFT

frequency

_{BTS Receiver}

(29)

For internal use

LTE/SAE Mobility

HLR/HSS

(AAA)

IMS

Operator

Servicesx

DNS: Domain Name Server GTP: GPRS Tunnel Protocol MIP: Mobile IP SGSN*: upgraded 2G/3G SGSN ( LTE capable)

UE Identifier

Global IP Address

MME

Serving

GW

DNS

SGSN*

BTS/NB

RNC/BSC

eNode B

I-WLAN

CDMA2000

WiMAX

……

PDN

GW (HA)

ePDG for I-WLAN

PDSN for CDMA2000

ASN-GW for WiMAX

…….

Service

Layer

Access

Independent

Global Mobility

Access Specific Local Mobility

UE Global IP PoA

UE 3GPP IP PoA

BS

GTP

MIP

Internet /

Corporate

Services

GTP

(FA)

(30)

(31)

For internal use

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0 HSPA R6

HSPA R6 +

UE

equalizer

HSPA R7

WiMAX

LTE R8

b

p

s

/H

z

/c

e

ll

Downlink

Uplink

LTE has Highest Efficiency – HSPA R7 and WiMAX

have similar Spectral Efficiency

• LTE efficiency is 3 x HSPA R6 ; HSPA R7 efficiency is 2 x HSPA R6 in downlink

• All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception

• HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)

ITU contribution from

WiMAX Forum shows

downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8

bps/Hz/cell

Reference: HSPA R6 and LTER8 from 3GPP R1-071960, HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP

R1-063335, HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations

(32)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50 GSM EFR

GSM

AMR

GSM

DFCA

WCDMA

CS voice

5.9 kbps

HSPA

VoIP/CS

12.2 kbps

HSPA CS

5.9 kbps

LTE VoIP

12.2 kbps

U

s

e

r

p

e

r

M

H

z

Voice Capacity

(33)

For internal use

Internet

Scenario: LTE used for high speed packet data access only

Operator voice service provided over CS network

• LTE network is applied to provide high speed packet data access

• LTE network can be accessed with laptop data cards

• Operator provided voice service is implemented via 2G/3G CS (incl.CS over HSPA)

• Subscribers may use Internet based VoIP services over LTE

–

Similar limitations as with Internet VoIP apply

(limited QoS capabilities, no handover to 2G/3G)

2G/3G radio

network

LTE radio

network

MME

SAE GW

Operator

IP network

Laptop with

LTE data card

2G/3G

terminal

MSC Server System

CS voice

Data

(34)

Internet

Scenario: Fallback to CS voice

• Terminal is simultaneously attached to both LTE and 2G/3G CS radio networks

• Terminal automatically uses 2G/3G CS network when the user initiates a voice call

via operator network

• When the user receives a voice call, the UE is moved from LTE to

2G/3G CS network before the call is set up

–

Procedure is standardized in 3GPP Rel 8

2G/3G CS

network

LTE radio

network

MME

SAE GW

Operator

IP network

LTE PS

capable

Control

plane interface

MSC Server System

CS voice

Data

(35)

For internal use

Internet

Scenario: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

• IMS is the 3GPP standardized connectivity control machinery for voice and multimedia

sessions

• MME makes a handover for PS voice session

• Interworking function is needed between MME and MSS

• Voice session is handed over to 2G/3G CS voice, procedure is standardized in 3GPP Rel-8

• Simulatenous voice and data sessions can be supported:

–

In 3G network when multi-RAB is enabled

–

In 2G network when Dual Transfer Mode is enabled

2G/3G CS

network

LTE radio

network

SAE GW

Operator

IP network

Interworking function

enabling PS to CS

handover

IMS

LTE PS/VoIP

capable

_MME

MSC Server System

Operator VoIP

control for LTE

and VCC

CS voice

(36)

LTE UE Categories

• All categories support 20 MHz

• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)

• 2x2 MIMO in other classes except Class 1

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

10/5 Mbps

50/25 Mbps

100/50 Mbps

150/50 Mbps

300/75 Mbps

Peak rate DL/UL

20 MHz

RF bandwidth

20 MHz

64QAM

Modulation DL

64QAM

16QAM

2

Modulation UL

16QAM

2

_16QAM

2

_16QAM

2

_64QAM

Yes

1

Rx diversity

Yes

1-4 tx

BTS tx diversity

Optional

MIMO DL

2x2

4x4

1-4 tx

1 _{Performance requirements are based on 2-rx, but 2-rx is not mandated directly}

2 _{No 64QAM}

(37)

For internal use

Qualcomm Press Release- Feb.7, 2008: Qualcomm to Ship Industry’s Multi-mode LTE Chipsets in 2009

New Family of Multi-mode LTE Device Solutions to Deliver Backward Compatibility to Existing UMTS

and CDMA2000 Networks

Qualcomm Incorporated (Nasdaq: QCOM), today announced that it has expanded its device chipset roadmap

to include Long Term Evolution (LTE). The new family of three multi-mode Mobile Data Modem™ (MDM™)

chipsets will deliver significant flexibility to the industry by supporting LTE, as well as other 3GPP and 3GPP2

standards. The MDM9xxx-series chipsets will allow UMTS and CDMA2000® operators to upgrade seamlessly

to future LTE services while preserving backward compatibility to existing 3G UMTS & CDMA2000 networks.

The LTE solutions are scheduled to sample in the second quarter of 2009.

“Qualcomm is in a very unique position with LTE, being one of the very few companies that will be able to

offer multi-mode solutions that deliver an upgrade path for operators looking to complement their existing 3G

networks with LTE,” said Steve Mollenkopf, senior vice president of product management for Qualcomm

CDMA Technologies. “We are pleased that we will be able to leverage our industry-leading technology

position to offer LTE solutions to our customers.”

The new family of MDM9xxx-series LTE device chipsets will include:

MDM9200™ chipset designed to support UMTS, HSPA+ and LTE

MDM9800™ chipset designed to support EV-DO Rev. B, UMB and LTE

MDM9600™ chipset designed to support UMTS, HSPA+, EV-DO Rev. B, UMB and LTE

All MDM9xxx-series chipsets will offer full backward compatibility.

The chipsets will support FDD and TDD duplex modes, different carrier bandwidths and will be capable of

supporting peak data rates of up to 50 Mbps on the downlink and 25 Mbps on the uplink

Qualcomm announcing chipsets for LTE devices

(38)

Resource blocks

6

15

25

50

100 Subcarriers

72

180

300

600 1200

Modulation coding

1.4 MHz

3.0 MHz

5.0 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

QPSK 1/2

Single stream

0.8

2.1

3.6

7.2

14.3 16QAM 1/2

Single stream

1.7

4.3

7.2

14.3

28.7 16QAM 3/4

Single stream

2.6

6.4

10.7

21.5

43.0 64QAM 3/4

Single stream

3.9

9.7

16.1

32.2

64.5 64QAM 4/4

Single stream

5.1

12.9

21.5

43.0

86.0 64QAM 3/4

2x2 MIMO

7.7

19.3

32.2

64.5

129.0 64QAM 4/4

2x2 MIMO

10.3

25.8

43.0

86.0

172.0 64QAM 4/4

4x4 MIMO

20.6

51.6

86.0

172.0

343.9 LTE Downlink Peak Bit Rates

• 2x2 MIMO

• 64QAM

• Pilot symbols 1 out of 14

• Reference symbol overhead 7.7%

(39)

For internal use

Resource blocks

6

15

25

50

100 Subcarriers

72

180

300

600 1200

Modulation coding

1.4 MHz

3.0 MHz

5.0 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

QPSK 1/2

Single stream

0.8

2.1

3.6

7.2

14.3 16QAM 1/2

Single stream

1.7

4.3

7.2

14.3

28.7 16QAM 3/4

Single stream

2.6

6.4

10.7

21.5

43.0 16QAM 4/4

Single stream

3.4

8.6

14.3

28.7

57.3 64QAM 3/4

Single stream

3.9

9.7

16.1

32.2

64.5 64QAM 4/4

Single stream

5.1

12.9

21.5

43.0

86.0 64QAM 4/4

V-MIMO (cell)

10.3

25.8

43.0

86.0

172.0 LTE Uplink Peak Bit Rates

• Single stream transmission

• 16QAM

• Pilot symbols 1 out of 14

(40)

(41)

For internal use

Access

Core

Control

LTE BTS

(eNodeB)

MME/GW

IMS

HLR/HSS

Flat Overall Architecture

• 2-node architecture

• All-IP

Improved Radio Principles

• peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 58 UL

• Scalable BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

• Short latency: 10 – 20 ms

New Core Architecture

• Simplified Protocol Stack

• Simple, more efficient QoS

Overview of LTE/SAE design benefits

RAN

MME

GW

eUtran

RF Modulation:

• OFDMA in DL

(42)

Questions ??

Modular

Easy to

Install

Flexible

Cost-Optimized

GSM EDGE GSM/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA I-HSPA GSM/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA I-HSPA LTE

Multiradio

Flexi Platform

Multiradio Site

Solution

Yesterday

Today

Tomorrow

WCDMA/HSPA I-HSPA

LTE

One all

-

purpose Base

Station

(43)

For internal use

Adriano Oliveira

[email protected]

Mobile: + 55 11 8674 3896

Fixed: + 55 11 4833 9189