Valuing ecosystem services
for urban planning
Nature Based Solutions to Climate Change in Urban Areas and their Rural Surroundings
Bonn, Germany, 17-19 November 2015
Erik Gómez-Baggethun
Norwegian Institute of Nature Research
•
Urban ecosystem services
•
Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy
•
Discussion
Outline
•
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
• Our urban planet
depends more than ever on ecosystems
and their services
(expanding global metabolism)
Cities demand service provision areas ammounting to
500-1000
times their own surface (Folke et al. 1997); ‘Parasites
of the biosphere’ (Odum 1971)
Artwork: Phil Testemale, in Wackernagel and Rees 1997
• More than
50% of world population
and (more than
75%
in Europe and USA) lives in cities. 3.000 additional million
of urban dwellers are expected by 2050
• Ecosystem services against “
extinction of experience
” in
our urban-technological societies: powerful metaphor to
raise awareness on
societal dependence on ecosystems
Courtesy of Thomas Elmqvist
Urban ecosystem services
Potential to improve
human well-being,
promote
physical and mental health
, and
Food production
Provisioning services
• Agriculture in periurban areas,
green roofs, allotments and
communitary gardens
• More than 600 million people
practive urban agriculture
worldwide
Urban agriculture may cover large parts of urban demands for food:
•Dakar 60%; Dar es Salaam 90%; Phnom Penh 7%; Hanoi 58%; Vientiane 100%; (Moustier 2007)
• In Habana: 8.500 ton begetables, 7.5 millions eggs and 3,650 ton meat (Altieri 1999)
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
Specially important for
resilience
during economic or social crises
Food production
Provisioning services
Urban gardening by the Reichstag, Berlin 1946
Urban ecosystem services
Noise attenuation
• Urban vegetation buffers noise
through La vegetación amortigua el
ruido mediante absorción, desviación,
reflejo y refracción de las hondas
Regulating services
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
• Buffering of urban “heat island effects”
• Regulation of temperatures through
shading, evapotranspiration, etc.
• Trees reflect sun radiation and reduces
absorption of heat by sealed surfaces
Urban cooling
•
Recreation:
Urban parks, lakes and forests provide
multiple benefits for recreation,
relaxation, contemplation and exercise
Cultural services
•
Aesthetic benefits:
Some urban and peri-urban landscapes
provide aesthetic benefits for mental
health and well-being
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
Urban ecosystem services
•
Cognitive development:
Urban nature provides multiple
opportunities for learning and
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
Urban ecosystems deliver multiple services… but also some
ecosystem disservices
ie.
Negative impacts from ecosystems in human well-being
•
Urban ecosystem services
•
Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy
•
Discussion
Outline
•
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
Provisioning
Goods obtained from
ecosystems
• Food
• Fresh water
• Wood, pulp
• Medicines
Supporting and Habitat
Ecological functions underlying the production of ecosystem services
• Habitat for species
•
Maintenance genetic diversity
Source: Erik Gomez-Baggethun, 2013. Urban Ecosystem services (in COB-1). Icons produced by Jan Sasse for TEEB
Regulating
Benefits obtained from
ecosystem processes
• Climate regulation
• Water purification
• Pollination
• Erosion control
Cultural
Intangible benefits from
ecosystems
• Tourism
• Recreation
• Scenery
• Spirituality
Trade-off
Trade-off
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ARE
NEGLECTED IN
DECISION-MAKING BECAUSE THEY ARE
NOT EXPLICTLY VALUED
LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS
AND BIODIVERSITY
•
Valuation is about eliciting the
importance
of things: multiple
valuation languages needed
•
Within the discourse about ES
‘value’ is easily misread as
merely denoting monetary value
•
Oxford Dictionary defines
‘value’
as “the regard that
something is held to deserve;
the importance, worth, or
usefulness of something”.
“[one’s judgment of what is
important in life”.
•
Values not only derived from
preferences but also from
principles (held values)
Lord Darlington, en la ‘Lady
Windermere, de OSCAR WILDE
(1854-1900)
“A cynic is a man who
knows the price of
everything and the value
of nothing”
Cited by Leo Hickman in The Guardian 23 August 2011
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
V A L U A T ION / A CCO UN T ING S UBJ E CT M E T H OD S / T OOL S / M O DE L S CO NCE P T U A L A PPR O A C H DIRCT USE INDIRECT USE OPTION VALUE USE VALUE NON-USE VALUE LEGACY EXISTENCE Market analysis. Cost methods Market analysis. Cost methods. Hedonic pricing. Contingent valuation. Contingent election Replacement and avoided cost methods Contingent valuation Contingent election
Market-based / monetary /
exchange value
Gómez-Baggethun and Groot 2010, Issues in Env. Sci. and Tech 30: 118-145. (input for TEEB-D0)
Group and deliberative valuation Joint analysis
Social
valuation
SOCIAL VALUE MARKET THEORY / CHREMATISTICS SOCIAL& POLITICAL SCIENCE NON PECUNARY VALUESPreference-based approaches Biophysical approaches
RESILIENCE VALUE
Insurance
value
RESILIENCE THERORY Regime shift analysis Joint analysis PROBABILITY OF FLIPS MATERIALS SURFACE LANDCOVER ENERGY EXERGY EMERGY Embodied Energy Analysis Exergy analysis Emergy analysis Material flow analysis Input-Output Ecological footprint Land-cover flow PHYSICAL COSTPhysical /
Entropic cost
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY / TERMODYNAMICSRegulating services Cultural services M one ta ry v a lua tion Provisioning services Supporting /Habitat / maintenance services Non -m one ta ry v a lua ti on
Valuation based on human principles & preferences Biophysical assessment
OPINION-BASED METHODS
Group and deliberative valuation Q-Methodology, Mental models
Preference ranking
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Social network analysis
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Literature, photo, media interpretation
Environmental justice Ethical values Sociocultural values Biophysical and energy values Ecological values Resilience insurance value Ecosystem quality values Direct use values Economic values Symbolic, aesthetic values Non use values Relational and place values
DIRECT MARKET VALUATION
Market analysis Production function
INDIRECT MARKET VALUATION
Replacement, restoration, avoided cost Hedonic pricing
Travel cost method
SIMULATED MARKET VALUATION
Contingent valuation, Choice modelling
BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT
Mapping, Measurement & Modelling Indicator development
Species richness, rarity, diversity, and vulnerability assessment
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT METHODS
Embodied Energy/Exergy/Emergy analysis Ecological / water / carbon footprint
Human appropriation of NPP Input-output analysis
Indirect use values
Gómez-Baggethun et al, 2016 (in press)
G
eogr
aphi
c
al
s
c
al
e
Reliability & accuracy
requirement
Recognizing value
Demonstrating value
Capturing value
Recognizing value Demonstrating value Capturing value Building/property Streetscape NeighbourhoodRegion
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2012, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
•
Urban ecosystem services
•
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
•
Discussion
Outline
•
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)
•
Compact city:
1.62
million inhabitants; 10
121 Ha; 160 inhab./Ha
•
Total green space:
2893
Ha (28.59%); 17.91
m
2/inhab.
•
Urban green space:
1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80
m
2/inhab.
•
Main green areas:
Montjuïc (450 ha)
Collserola (1795 ha)
•
Single trees:
158 896
units (98.36 street trees
per 1000 inhabitants)
Case Study: Cultural services provided by Montjuïc urban park, Barcelona, Spain
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
Non-monetary valuation of cultural UES
by Pebble Distribution Method
Monetary valuation of cultural UES
by Individual Travel Cost Method
(a)
(b)
•
Determination of average surplus value per visit
for cultural ecosystem services
•
Determination of relative preference values
for cultural ecosystem services
Exc
erp
t fro
m
fo
rm
ul
a
Tci - Individual Travel Cost
TCsi - Stated Travel Cost (Transport) Imean - Mean Family Income per month tW - Working hours per month
tTi - Individual Travel time
TCni - Individual Travel Cost of cultural ecosystem PDn - Pebble Distribution value (in %)
Langemeyer et al. forthcoming
Benefits from green infrastructure in Barcelona
Cultural Activities
Environmental
Education
Spiritual
experiences
and sense of place
Esthetical Inspiration
Tourism
Split of monetary values among
cultural ecosystem services (ITCM)
(Non ecosystem service value)
28,90%
23,40
13,49%
9,30%
6,82%
18,09%
Recreation and
physical and mental
Langemeyer et al. forthcoming
Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)
•
Compact city:
1.62
million inhabitants; 10
121 Ha; 160 inhab./Ha
•
Total green space:
2893
Ha (28.59%); 17.91
m
2/inhab.
•
Urban green space:
1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80
m
2/inhab.
•
Main green areas:
Montjuïc (450 ha)
Collserola (1795 ha)
•
Single trees:
158 896
units (98.36 street trees
per 1000 inhabitants)
Case Study 2: Ecosystem services provided by communitary gardens
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
Communitary and allotment gardens in Barcelona municipality
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
Camps et al. Forthcoming in Environmental Policy and Planning
Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)
•
Compact city:
1.62
million inhabitants; 10
121 Ha; 160 inhab./Ha
•
Total green space:
2893
Ha (28.59%); 17.91
m
2/inhab.
•
Urban green space:
1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80
m
2/inhab.
•
Main green areas:
Collserola (1795 ha)
Montjuïc (248 ha)
•
Single trees:
158 896
units (98.36 street trees
per 1000 inhabitants)
Case Study 3: Regulating services provided by urban forests
Quantification of regulating ecosystem services
•
i-Tree
: State-of-the art, peer-reviewed software
suite from the USDA Forest Service
•
i-Tree Eco
quantifies urban forest structure and
functions based on standard inputs of field,
meteorological and pollution data.
Source: www.itreetools.org
•
Carbon sequestration
•
Air purification
(O
3, SO
2, NO
2, CO, PM
2.5& PM
10)
i-Tree Eco Model:
Baró et 2014. Ambio
Land-use class Description* Total area (ha) Sample data Sampled area (ha) No. of plots No. of plots with woody vegetation* *
No. of trees No. of
shrubs
Urban green
Urban parks, lawns, allotment gardens, permanent crops, flowerbeds
806 2.02 50 50 544 89
Natural green Woodland, scrubland, grassland,
riparian vegetation, bare rock 2184 5.05 125 117 1844 329 Low-density
residential
1-2 family dwellings (normally
with private garden) 424 0.81 20 15 174 55
High-density residential
Multi-family dwellings with or
without commercial areas 3666 8.24 204 102 531 79 Transportation Parking lots, roads, rails and
streets, stations 513 1.21 30 14 69 10
Institutional
Education, health, military, sport and other public facilities, cemeteries, port
776 1.58 39 3 21 0
Commercial/Industri al
Factories and other industrial areas, warehouses, large shopping centers
1185 2.83 70 7 14 0
Intensively used areas
Pedestrian areas, vacant areas,
areas in transformation 567 1.66 41 24 148 8
Total 10 121 23.39 579 332 3345 570
Sampling strategy
Total number of plots set at
579 units
(404 m
2; r = 11.34 m; Total area assessed: 23 Ha)
Baró et al. 2014. Ambio 43:466–479
CO NO 2 PM10 O3 SO2 Total M on th ly b iop h ys ic al val ve ( t ,m on th -1 ) January 0.05 1.61 11.13 0.37 0.16 13.31 February 0.57 4.89 17.75 3.22 0.54 26.97 March 0.76 4.91 16.53 5.83 0.59 28.62 April 0.66 6.81 15.27 8.23 1.06 32.04 May 0.62 6.44 14.41 9.80 0.93 32.20 June 0.55 6.51 15.45 10.27 1.21 33.98 July 0.55 5.86 16.07 11.05 0.56 34.09 August 0.50 4.45 14.56 10.12 0.57 30.19 September 0.54 5.01 14.60 7.81 0.45 28.42 October 0.60 5.11 16.22 4.33 0.41 26.67 November 0.15 1.71 7.06 1.14 0.17 10.24 December 0.05 1.30 6.96 0.45 0.13 8.87
Annual biophysical value (t year-1)
5.60 54.59 166.01 72.62 6.78 305.59
Annual monetary value
(USD year-1)
7885 540 745 1 097 964 719 329 16 444 2 382 367
Biophysical values of air purification by urban forests (per month and per year)
Datos correspondientes al año 2008
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
Monthly and annual air pollution removal by air pollutant (Urban forests of the
municipality of Barcelona. year 2008).
Air purification
Biophysical accounts
Monetary values
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
•
Urban ecosystem services
•
Valuing ecosystem services for urban planning
•
Discussion
Outline
•
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
Baró et al., forthcoming
Illustration: http://www.etcgroup.org/content/news-release-who-owns-nature-0
Discussion
Smart cities:
alienated people?
Reestablishment of the
urban commons
and the links between
people and between people and nature
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Urban ecosystem services
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Valuing ecosystem services for urban policy
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Avoiding false sustainability discourses
Outline
•
Recognizing the value of ecosystem services
Concluding remarks
• Policy mix can be used to regulate capacity, flow and demand on urban ES, including
prescriptive policy regulations
(car free zones, pollution caps) and
economic instruments
,
(taxes on emissions and private transport, subsidies to low emitting transport)
• It is critical to identify the
governance scale at which NBS can be most effective
. e.g. air
quality and carbon require large scale governance, recreation can be effective locally.
Importance of
multilevel governance approaches
for governing green infrastructure.
• Obtaining a comprehensive picture of green
infrastructure’s societal importance
require
integrated valuation approaches
that accommodate
different valuation languages
• Protecting, enhancing and restoring green infrastructure offers multiple opportunities
for improving
well-being, health and resilience
in cities but ecosystem services are still
poorly incorporated in urban
policy and planning
. Much room to play.
• The effectiveness of NBS can vary greatly across types of problems and ecosystem
services.
Population exposure
to benefits and
impact on problem
at stake are critical
Further reading
Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (URBES)
http://urbesproject.org/
Gómez-Baggethun et al. 2013. Urban ecosystem services. In Elmqvist et al. (eds). Springer. Cities and BiodiversityOutlook 1. A Global Assessment of the links
between Urbanization, Biodiversity & Ecosystems
Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245
Literature cited
• Baró, F., Chaparro, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. … Terradas, J. 2014. Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air
Quality & Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona, Spain. Ambio 43:466–479.
• Baro, F., Haase, D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Frantceskaki, N. 2015. Mismatches between ecosystem services supply
& demand in urban areas: A quantitative assessment in five European cities. Ecological Indicators 55: 146–158.
• Baró, F., Haase, D., Palomo, I., Vizcaino, P., Zuliang, G., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Mapping ecosystem service capacity, flow and demand for urban planning in Barcelona, Spain. Forthcoming in Land Use Planning.
• Camps-Calvet, M., Langemeyer, J. Calvet-Mir, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens: Towards broader recognition in land use policy. Forthcoming in Environmental Science and Policy. • Elmqvist, T., Setälä, H., Handel, S., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Blignaut, J.N., Gómez-Baggethun, E. et al. 2015.
Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14:101–108.
• Gómez-Baggethun, E., de Groot, R. 2010. “Natural capital and ecosystem services: The ecological foundation of human society”. In: R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison (eds.), Ecosystem services: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 30, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 118-145.
• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D.N., 2013. Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning.
Ecological Economics 86: 235–245.
• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Gren, Å., Barton, D. et al. 2013. “Urban ecosystem services”. In Elmqvist, T. et al. (eds.) Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer, pp 175-251.
• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D., Berry, P., Dunford, R., Harrison, P. 2016. "Concepts and methods in ecosystem services valuation". In: Potschin et al. (eds.) Handbook of Ecosystem Services. Routledge, London and New York. • Haase, D., Larondelle, N., Artmann, M., Borgström, S., Breuste, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al. 2014. A
quantitative review of urban ecosystem services: Concepts, models and implementation. Ambio 43:413–433.
• Langemeyer, J. Baró, F., Roebeling, P., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Contrasting values of cultural ecosystem services in
Research funding
Barcelona City Council
Barcelona Regional Government
European Commission (OpenNESS – FP7 grant 308428)
NILS Program on Science and Sustainability, EEA Grants
Ackowledgements
Francesc Baró, Johannes Langemeyer, Marta Camps-Calvet,
Laura Calvet-Mir, Jaume Terradas, Lydia Chaparro, David Nowak