An Introduction to
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Identities in a Global Community
a
EDITION
FRED E. JANDT
California State University, San Bernardino
(DSAGE
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi Singapore | Washington DC
Detailed Contents
About t h e Author xv The Author's Purpose xvii
To the Student xix To the Instructor xxi A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s xxiii PART 1: CULTURE AS CONTEXT FOR COMMUNICATION 1
Chapter 1. The D i s p u t e Over Defining Culture 5
Globalization 6 Migration 9 Environmental Sustainability 13 Culture 15 Nineteenth-Century Definition 15 Today's Definition 15 Superstitions 17 Cultures Within Cultures 20
Subculture 20 Ethnicity 21 Co-Culture 25 Case Study: American Indians 26
Subgroup 27 Race and Skin Color 28
The Concept of Race 28 Identity and Race 30
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 34
KEY TERMS 35 READINGS 35
Chapter 2. Defining C o m m u n i c a t i o n as an Element o f Culture 37
Confucian Perspectives on Communication 38 Western Perspectives on Communication 41
Communication Contexts 44
International 45 Global 45 Cross-Cultural 45 Intercultural 45 Intercultural Communication Ethics 45
Ethics Across Cultures 46 Intercultural Communication Competence 52
Business Approach 53 Military Approach 53 Communication Approach 54 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 56 KEY TERMS 56 READINGS 57
Chapter 3. Culture's Influence o n Perception 59
Sensing 60 O u r Senses and Their limitations 60
Effect of Culture on Sensing 62
Perceiving 63 Selection 63 Organization 65 Interpretation 67 High Versus Low Context 71
The Concept of Face 72 A Case Study of Perception and Food 74
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 75
KEY TERMS 76 READINGS 76
PART 2: COMMUNICATION VARIABLES 77 Chapter 4. Barriers t o Intercultural C o m m u n i c a t i o n 8 1
Anxiety 82 Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference 82
Ethnocentrism 84 Definition 84 Negative Effects on Communication 86
Stereotypes and Prejudice 86
Stereotypes 86 Prejudice 91 Case Study of Intercultural Communication Barriers: China and the United States 93
Population 93 History 94 Regional Differences 96
China's International Relationship Issues 98
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 102 KEY TERMS ' 102 READINGS 103
Chapter 5. Nonverbal C o m m u n i c a t i o n
Nonverbal Behaviors as Cues
Nonverbal Communication as Intentional Communication Definition
Functions
Knowing Culture Through Nonverbal Messages Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier Nonverbal Message Codes
Proxemics Kinesics Chronemics Paralanguage Silence Haptics
Clothing and Physical Appearance Territoriality
Olfactics
Case Study: The Wai in Thailand
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS
Chapter 6. Language as a Barrier
Study of Language Origins Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Development of the Hypothesis Applications Translation Problems Vocabulary Equivalence Idiomatic Equivalence Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence Experiential Equivalence Conceptual Equivalence
Pidgins, Creoles, and Universal Languages Pidgins
Creoles Esperanto
Language as Nationalism
English: A History of Borrowed Words The Spread of English
India
South Africa
Australia and New Zealand Canada
United States
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS
PART 3: CULTURAL VALUES 159
Chapter 7. D i m e n s i o n s o f Culture 1 6 3
Individualism Versus Collectivism 164 Case Study: Japan as a Homogeneous Culture 167
Masculinity Versus Femininity 175
Power Distance 177 Uncertainty Avoidance 179 Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation 180
Case Study: Singapore 180 Environmental Sustainability 183
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 186
KEY TERMS 186 READINGS 186
Chapter 8. D o m i n a n t U.S. Cultural Patterns: Using Value Orientation T h e o r y 1 8 7
Origins of U.S. Cultural Patterns 188 Pre-l6th-Century Indigenous Americans 188
European Enlightenment 188 Regional Differences Resulting From Immigration 188
Forces Toward the Development of a Dominant Culture 190
Value Orientation Theory 192 What Is a Human Being's Relation to Nature? " 192
The Individual-and-Nature Relationship 193
Science and Technology 195
Materialism 195 What Is the Modality of Human Activity? 197
Activity and Work 197 Efficiency and Practicality 198 Progress and Change 199 What Is the Temporal Focus of Human Life? 200
What Is the Character of Innate Human Nature? 200
Goodness 200 Rationality 201 Mutability 201 What Is the Relationship of the Individual to Others? 202
Individualism 202 Social Organization 205 Forces Toward the Development of Regional Cultures 209
The New Regions 210
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 211
KEY TERMS 212 READINGS 212
Chapter 9- Comparative Cultural Patterns: Arab Culture 2 1 3
The Arab States 214 The Islamic Faith 214
Muhammad, the Prophet 217
The Koran 217 Religious Practices 217 Saudi Arabia 219
Geography 219 Discovery of Oil 220 Ruling Saud Family and Conservative Wahhabism 220
Media 220 Dubai 223 Dominant Cultural Patterns 224
Worldview 224 Activity Orientation 225
Time Orientation 225 Human Nature Orientation 226
Relational Orientation 226 Communication Barriers 228
Political Unrest and Terrorism 229 Westernization Versus Cultural Norms 229
Stereotypes 230
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 230
KEY TERMS 231 READINGS 231
Chapter 10. Women, Families, and Children 233
Perspectives on Communication of Women 234
Status of Women 236 Human Development Index 236
Literacy and Education 238 Life Expectancy 239 Economics 239 Violence 240 Political Participation 242
Laws 244 Comparison of Individual Countries 246
Nordic Countries 246 Mexico 247 China 250 Japan 251 South Korea 253 India 254 Sub-Saharan Africa 254 Arab States 254 Status of Families 256 Marriage 258 Status of Children 260 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 261 KEY TERMS 262
Chapter 1 1 . Contact B e t w e e n Cultures 2 6 3
Colonialism 263 Hawai'i 264 Australia
Cultural Imperialism Cultural Icons Cultural Hegemony
Japanese Icon in Mexico U.S. Cultural Icons Diffusion Model
Roles
Case Study: Quality Circles Convergence Model
Democracy in Bolivia and Botswana Adapting the Message
Marketing Gerber Baby Foods Worldwide Religious Missionary Work in New Guinea
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS
READINGS
PART 4: CULTURES WITHIN CULTURES Chapter 1 2 . Immigration a n d Acculturation
Culture Shock
Stages of Culture Shock Reverse Culture Shock Symptoms
Third-Culture Kids Immigration
Migration From Japan to Brazil and Peru Migration From Korea to Brazil and Argentina Migration From Europe to Argentina
Migration From the United States to Brazil Recent Immigration to Western Europe Immigration to the United States Predictors of Acculturation
Similarity of Culture
Personal Characteristics and Experiences Effect of Media and Transportation Advances Categories of Acculturation Citizenship Policies Germany Israel Japan United States DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS READING
Chapter 13. Cultures Within Cultures
Marginalization: The Hmong History
Separation: The Amish History
Values
Diversity Among the Amish Indigenous Cultures
Assimilation: Australia Assimilation: United States
Melting Pot Concept Integration: United States
From Melting Pot to Symphony and Stew Hispanic Cultures
Terminology
Spanish-Language Use Values
Cultural Identity and Media Cultural Identity and Marketing Postethnic Cultures
Communication Barriers in Integrated Societies
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS
READINGS
Chapter 14. Identity a n d Subgroups
Argot
Specialized Vocabulary Argot and Subgroup Identity Argot and Subgroup Boundaries Argot and Meaning
Subgroup Media and Values Examples of Subgroups
The Working Class British Punk Corporate Cultures Subgroups as Immigrants
Subgroup Indicators Argot
Media and Marketing Separate or Segregated Subgroup
Homophobia
Claiming and Redefining the label Integration or Assimilation of Subgroups
Rejecting All Labels
"Same-Sex" Marriage or Marriage? International Perspectives
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY TERMS
