aneb Perfekt perfektně.

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y ˇ

cas

aneb Perfekt perfektnˇe.

Luk´aˇs R˚uˇziˇcka

2013

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y ˇ

cas

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas se v angliˇctinˇe naz´yv´aPresent Perfect, tedy Pˇr´ıtomn´y perfekt. Patˇr´ı k ˇcas˚um pˇr´ıtomn´ym, aˇckoliv se jistˇe nejedn´a o klasick´y pˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas tak, jak jsme zvykl´ı z ˇceˇstiny. Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas jist´ym zp˚usobem spojuje minulost a pˇr´ıtomnost. Pod´ıvejme se na jeho tvoˇren´ı:

HAVE + V + ed (3. tvar)

⇒

V

Funkce pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

eho ˇ

casu

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas m´a n´asleduj´ıc´ı funkce:

1 dˇej probˇehl a skonˇcil v minulosti (jednou nebo v´ıcekr´at) 2 dˇej zaˇcal v minulosti a pokraˇcuje do pˇr´ıtomnosti

3 _{dˇej zaˇcal a skonˇcil v minulost, ale m´a n´asledky v pˇr´ıtomnosti}

Dˇ

ej probˇ

ehl a skonˇ

cil v minulosti

Pomoc´ı Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´eho ˇcasu m˚uˇzeme vyj´adˇrit dˇej, kter´y probˇehl a skonˇcil v minulosti, jako napˇr´ıklad

a ch´apeme ho takto:

dˇej probˇehl a skonˇcil v minulosti

tato minulost jeneurˇcit´a, tzn. chyb´ı pˇresn´y ´udaj ˇ

Pˇr´ıklady

1 Jimhas been to Paris.

2 Kelly has readCatcher in the Rye. 3 My dad has travelledthe States.

4 _{Dolly Parton has recordedseveral albums.} 5 _{Joshua has not eatenThai food.}

Dˇ

ej zaˇ

cal v minulosti a pokraˇ

cuje do pˇr´ıtomnosti

Jestliˇze potˇrebujeme vyj´adˇrit trv´an´ı dˇeje od urˇcit´eho bodu v minulosti do pˇr´ıtomnosti (ted’), pouˇzijeme tak´e Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas.

Pomoc´ı pˇredloˇzek since a for vyj´adˇr´ıme poˇc´atek, nebo d´elku pr˚ubˇehu dˇeje. Poˇc´atek dˇeje vyj´adˇr´ıme konkr´etn´ım ˇcasov´ym ´udajem v minulosti (1977, last week) nebo vedlejˇs´ı vˇetou v minul´em ˇcase.

Pˇr´ıklady

1 Tim has studiedEnglish for three years. 2 Jelly has spokenGerman for all her life.

3 _{Dee has sleptwell since she started taking sleeping pills.} 4 _{Holly Darton has believedin God since 1986.}

5 Joseph has not spokento me for two days.

Dˇ

ej zaˇ

cal a skonˇ

cil v minulosti, ale m´

a n´

asledky

v pˇr´ıtomnosti

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas tak´e pouˇz´ıv´ame v pˇr´ıpadˇe, ˇze minul´y dˇej

zanechal n´asledek, kter´y je pro pˇr´ıtomnost d˚uleˇzit´y. Tento n´asledek nemus´ı b´yt pˇr´ımo zm´ınˇen, ale z kontextu ho vytuˇs´ıme.

Z t´eto vˇety vypl´yv´a, ˇze

1 Monika vychladila v´ıno. 2 To v´ıno je ted’ chladn´e.

Pˇr´ıklady

1 The taxihas arrived.

2 Ihave not done the homework. 3 _{Ihave lost my keys.}

4 _{Ihave learnt the new words.} 5 Ihave washedmy car.

Cviˇ

cen´ı 1 – Pˇreved’te vˇ

ety na pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y ˇ

cas

1 John survives the attacks. 2 William writes beautiful songs. 3 _{Nick becomes sick.}

4 _{Lenny loses a penny.} 5 Claire does not play fair.

ˇ

Reˇsen´ı 1 – Pˇreved’te vˇ

ety na pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y ˇ

cas

1 John has survivedthe attacks. 2 William has writtenbeautiful songs. 3 _{Nickhas become sick.}

4 _{Lennyhas lost a penny.} 5 Claire has not playedfair.

Srovn´

an´ı s minul´

ym ˇ

casem

Nˇekter´e funkce obou ˇcas˚u se mohou zd´anlivˇe pˇrekr´yvat. Napˇr´ıklad tehdy, kdyˇz dˇej probˇehne a skonˇc´ı v minulosti. Viz

Minul´y ˇcas pouˇzijeme tehdy, chceme-li vyj´adˇrit konkr´etn´ı dobu v minulosti, odpov´ıd´ame na ot´azku Kdy?

Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y pouˇzijeme tehdy, chceme-li d´at d˚uraz na to, ˇze se to v˚ubec stalo — konkr´etn´ı ˇcas nen´ı zaj´ımav´y.

Srovn´

an´ı s minul´

ym ˇ

casem

Minul´y ˇcas d´ale pouˇzijeme tam, kde je jiˇz minulost definitivnˇe uzavˇren´a a ted’ nebo v budoucnu jiˇz nem˚uˇze doj´ıt k ˇz´adn´e zmˇenˇe. Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas n´am ˇr´ık´a, ˇze dosud to tak bylo, ale m˚uˇze to v budoucnu b´yt jinak.

1 W. A. Mozart wrote several operas. (= Mozart is dead and

never will write anything else.)

2 Springsteen has written quite a lot of songs. (= And he can

still write more.)

Srovn´

an´ı s pˇr´ıtomn´

ym ˇ

casem

Nˇekter´e vˇety jsou v ˇceˇstinˇe bˇeˇznˇe vyjadˇrov´any ˇcasem pˇr´ıtomn´ym, ale v angliˇctinˇe mus´ıme pouˇz´ıt ˇcas pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y.

1 _{Pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas um´ı vyj´adˇrit d´elku od minulosti do ted’,}

pokud toto potˇrebujeme nic jin´eho n´am nezb´yv´a.

2 _{Pˇr´ıtomn´y ˇcas toto vyj´adˇrit neum´ı, ale naznaˇcuje, ˇze se jedn´a o}

Cviˇ

cen´ı 2 – Minul´

y nebo pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y

1 _{Last night I (lose) my keys – I had to call my flatmate to let}

me in.

2 I (lose) my keys - can you help me look for them? 3 _{I (visit) Paris three times.}

4 _{Last year I (visit) Paris.}

5 I (know) my great grandmother for a few years - she died

when I was eight.

6 _{I (know) Julie for three years - we still meet once a month..} 7 I (play) hockey since I was a child - I’m pretty good!. 8 She (play) hockey at school but she didn’t like it. 9 Sorry, I (miss) the bus - I’m going to be late.

10 _{I (miss) the bus and then I (miss) the aeroplane as well!.}

ˇ

Reˇsen´ı 2 – Minul´

y nebo pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y

1 Last night I lost my keys — I had to call my flatmate to let

me in.

2 Ihave lost my keys — can you help me look for them? 3 Ihave visited Paris three times.

4 _{Last year Ivisited Paris.}

5 _{Iknew my great grandmother for a few years — she died}

when I was eight.

6 _{Ihave known Julie for three years — we still meet once a}

month.

7 Ihave played hockey since I was a child — I’m pretty good!. 8 _{She playedhockey at school but she didn’t like it.}

9 _{Sorry, Ihave missed the bus — I’m going to be late.} 10 Imissed the bus and then Imissed the aeroplane as well!.

Cviˇ

cen´ı 3 – Pˇr´ıtomn´

y nebo pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y

1 Jim (smoke) for 25 years.

2 I (play) tennis every Tuesday since I was 20. 3 _{We often (go) to the cinema.}

4 _{She (get up) at seven o’clock since she started working.} 5 At the weekend, we usually (go) to the market.

6 I (not travel) very often. 7 She (work) in a bank.

8 _{They (love) coffee since the trip to Brazil.} 9 _{I (be) married for a long time.}

10 I (like) mushrooms.

ˇ

Reˇsen´ı 3 – Pˇr´ıtomn´

y nebo pˇredpˇr´ıtomn´

y

1 _{Jimhas smoked for 25 years.}

2 _{Ihave played tennis every Tuesday since I was 20.} 3 We oftengo to the cinema.

4 She has got upat seven o’clock since she started working. 5 At the weekend, we usuallygo to the market.

6 _{Idon’t travel very often.} 7 _{She worksin a bank.}

8 They have loved coffee since the trip to Brazil. 9 Ihave been married for a long time.

Literatura

Obsah tohoto digit´aln´ıho uˇcebn´ıho materi´alu je volnˇe inspirov´an knihouMeaning and the English Verb od Geoffreye Leeche.

LEECH, Geoffrey N.Meaning and the English verb. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004, ix, 141 p. ISBN 05-827-8457-3.

Prohl´

aˇsen´ı

Prohlaˇsuji, ˇze tento uˇcebn´ı materi´al je m´ym duˇsevn´ım vlastnictv´ım, vˇcetnˇe veˇsker´e grafiky.

Uˇcebn´ı materi´al byl vytvoˇren pomoc´ı leg´aln´ıho software: Operaˇcn´ı syst´em Archlinux

S´azec´ı syst´em LA_{TEX 2ε}

Vektorov´y program Inkscape