WiMAX vs LTE

WiMAX vs LTE

Technology Challenge & Business Opportunity

Arief Hamdani Gunawan ([email protected]) One Day Seminar

Agenda

INTRODUCTION • Is LTE a 4G technology? • Specifying LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • OFDM

• Advanced antenna systems • System Architecture Evolution • Rollout problems

• Competing technologies to LTE • Standardization of LTE

BANDWIDTH UTILISATION • TDD & FDD

• Capacity requirements • Candidate bands

• The need for harmonized spectrum • New bands needed

• Spectrum neutrality THE BUSINESS CASE • LTE Pros and Cons • New Applications • LTE home femtocells • Lower Costs

• Benefits of all-IP infrastructure • HSPA as an alternative to LTE

Wireline and Wireless: Strengths and Weakness

STRENGTH WEAKNESS

Mobile broadband (EDGE, HSPA, LTE, etc.)

Wireline broadband (DSL, DOCSIS, FTTH, etc.)

Constant Connectivity Broadband capacity

across extremely wide areas

Good access solution for areas lacking wireline infrastructure

Capacity enhancement via FMC

Excellent voice communications

Lower capacity than wireline approaches Inability to serve

high-bandwidth applications such as IPTV

High-capacity broadband at very high data rates Evolution to extremely high

throughput rates

Expensive to deploy new networks, especially in developing lacking infrastructure

Wireline and Wireless: Milestones

3.9G 3.5G 3.5G 3G 2.5G 2G 100 Mbps 10 Mbps 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 10 Kbps 2000 2005 2010 ISDN 128 Kbps ADSL 1 Mbps ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps ADSL2+ 25 Mbps FTTH 100 Mbps GPRS 40 Kbps EDGE 100 Kbps UMTS 350 Kbps HSDPA 1 Mbps HSPA+ 5 Mbps LTE 10 Mbps

Mobile throughput follows landline throughput by approx. factor 10

Wireline and Wireless:

Broadband price development … …

puts pressure on bit production costs

Mobile Broadband Technology Development Mobile Broadband PriceDevelopment

Background of LTE: Data Traffic

Based on leading UMTS-HSPA infrastructure vendor statistics. Based on “Managing Growth and Profits in the Yottabyte Era”, Chetan Sharma, July 2009.

UMTS-HSPA Voice and Data Traffic Mobile Data Traffic Growth (USA)

Background of LTE: Data Usage

Source:

IDC Mobile Wireless Tracker 3Q08

iPhone Data Usage (Europe) G1 Data Usage (USA)

200% 100% 20% Nokia N95 (HSPA) iPhone (EDGE) iPhone 3G (EDGE) Average handset usage

Average data traffic in MB of active handset subscriber Data traffic in MB normalized to iPhone 2G usage > 50X > 8X 1 (Reference) Voice-Centric 3G Phones Data-Centric 3G Phones T-Mobile G1 7

Background of LTE: ARPU Growth

Voice ARPU $-$5.0 $10.0 $15.0 $20.0 $25.0 $30.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Australia Hong Kong India Philippines PRC Singapore Taiwan Korea Data ARPU 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (U S $ ) Australia Hong Kong India Philippines PRC Singapore Taiwan Korea

Source: IDC Mobile Wireless Tracker 3Q08

Voice ARPU

Data ARPU

Background of LTE:

Mobile Data Traffic Is Exploding…..

Wireless Data Usage per Mobile Device (MB/Month)

2002 _{2007 2013}

“René Obermann, CEO of Deutsche Telekom AG: iPhone is driving up average wireless data usage as much as 30 times higher than on other phones”

“In last year's third quarter call, Verizon (VZ) execs said data revenues grew 63% year-over-year, and accounted for almost 20% of the carrier's overall service revenue.”

“Nokia Siemens Networks sees greater volumes of data than voice in several European HSPDA networks. In some networks, data accounts for 80% of the traffic volume.”

Page View of Yahoo! For Cell phones

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 S u b s c ri p ti o n s ( m il li o n ) Fixed Mobile

Background of LTE: driven by mobile broadband

80% of Broadband subscribers are mobile in 2014

Mobile Broadband includes: CDMA2000 EV-DO, HSPA, LTE, Mobile WiMAX, TD-SCDMA

Fixed broadband includes: DSL, FTTx, Cable modem, Enterprise leased lines and Wireless Broadband

LTE – the global standard for Next Generation CDMA Track (3GPP2) GSM Track (3GPP) 2001 2005 2008 2010 LTE FDD and TDD

GSM

WCDMA

HSPA

TD-SCDMA

CDMA One EVDO Rev A

Mobile System Evolution

Global Support

3GPP

3GPP2

WDCMA

EDGE HSPA LTE

EV-DO CDMA

1X DOrA LTE

But

Voice and SMS:

Still the leading Mobile Applications today…

The Driver for LTE is

Data…

Background of LTE: Access Network Evolution

3.9G 3G

2.5G 3.5G

1G to 4G

1G 3G 4G 2G 13

Characteristics of 3GPP

Technologies

2G 3G 4G 3.9G 3.5G 2.5G 2.5G 3.5G 14

L o w M o b il it y Hi g h M o b il it y 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 Vehicular Pedestrian Portable Fixed 56K Modems xDSL/Cable E1/T1 Lines T3 Lines DECT/Cordless Phones Bluetooth GSM, cdmaOne PDC GPRS, EDGE, CDMA2000 1X 144 kbps 802.11b 802.11a

Broadband Fixed Wireless Access 802.16a FBWA

Software Defined Radio Opportunity

$0.01-$0.07/Mbytes $0.30 - $20/Mbytes

Multimedia Data, Location Services, Augmented Reality, Music/Video, Voice over IP, Remote Control

Smart Antennas 802.11g 802.11b 2-11 Mbps 760 Kbps 54 Mbps Early 4G Systems 1.5 – 20 Mbps W-CDMA/HSPA R4 (2.3 Mbps), R5 (14.4 Mbps) CDMA2000 1x EV-DO (2.4 Mbps), EV-DV(3 Mbps) HPSDA

802.15a UWB PAN

Wireless Access Roadmap

WiMAX 802.16e, LTE

2G _3G 4G 2.5G 802.16m WiMAX 2 LTE Advanced LTE 3.9G 15

& Mobile

Timeline

16 Mobile WiMAX time to market advantage IMT-Advanced 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 CDMA-Based OFDMA-Based Mobile WiMAX Rel 1.0 802.16e-2005 Rel 1.5 802.16e Rev 2 Rel 2.0 802.16m IP e2e Network

LTE & LTE Advanced

IP e2e Network

3GPP

HSPA+

Rel-7 & Rel-8

Circuit Switched Network

HSPA Rel-6 4G 4G 4G 3.9G 3.5G 16

Evolution of TDMA, CDMA and OFDMA Systems

4G 4G

18

Specifying LTE: LTE Development Lifecycle

Major requirements for LTE

identified during study item phase in 3GPP

• Higher peak data rates: 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink)

• Improved spectrum efficiency: 2-4 times better compared to 3GPP release 6 • Improved latency:

– Radio access network latency (user plane UE – RNC - UE) below 10 ms – Significantly reduced control plane latency

• Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

• Support of paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD mode) • Support for interworking with legacy networks

• Cost-efficiency:

– Reduced CApital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) including backhaul

– Cost-effective migration from legacy networks

• A detailed summary of requirements has been captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 „Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)”.

Logical High Level Architecture

for The Evolved System

3G and LTE Roadmap

Rel-9 & Beyond

LTE

Phase I

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolved)

Rel-7 Rel-8 Phase II Rel-8 EV-DO CDMA2000 1X HSPA WCDMA Rel-99 _Rel-5 DO Advanced 1x Advanced Rev. A Rel. 0 Rel-6 Rel-10 LTE Advanced Rel-9 EV-DO Rev. B 2009 — 2010 2011+

Excellent Mobile Broadband Today

Voice and Full Range of IP Services

LTE Leverages new, wider and TDD spectrum

Enhanced User Experience

Improved voice and data capacity

Created 01/30/09

3G and LTE Roadmap

Rel-9 & Beyond Phase I

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolved)

Rel-7 Rel-8 Phase II Rel-8 EV-DO CDMA2000 1X HSPA WCDMA Rel-99 Rel-5 DO Advanced 1x Advanced Rev. A Rel. 0 Rel-6 Rel-10 LTE Advanced Rel-9 EV-DO Rev. B 2009 — 2010 2011+

Excellent Mobile Broadband Today

Voice and Full Range of IP Services

LTE Leverages new, wider and TDD spectrum

Enhanced User Experience

Improved voice and data capacity

4x increase compared to today’s voice capacity Best in class voice capacity

1.5x increase with available features4 DL: 3.1 Mbps UL: 1.8 Mbps DL: 2.4 Mbps UL: 153 kbps DL: 14.7 Mbps2 UL: 5.4 Mbps DL: 32 Mbps3 _{and beyond}

UL: 12.4 Mbps3 _{and beyond}

DL: 9.3 Mbps1 UL: 5.4 Mbps DL: 384 kbps UL: 384 kbps DL: 1.8-14.4 Mbps UL: 384 kbps DL: 1.8-14.4 Mbps UL: 5.7 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps5 UL: 11 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps6 _{and beyond (10 MHz)}

UL: 23 Mbps6 _{and beyond (10 MHz)}

DL: 73 – 150 Mbps7_{and beyond}8_{(10 MHz – 20 MHz)}

UL: 36 – 75 Mbps7_{and beyond}8 _{(10 MHz – 20 MHz)}

1_{Peak rate for 3 EV-DO carriers supported by initial implementation.} 2_{Peak rate for 3 EV-DO carriers with 64QAM in the DL. Rev. B standard}

supports up to 15 aggregated Rev. A carriers.

3_{DO Advanced peak rate for 4 EV-DO carriers, assumes 2x2 MIMO and}

64QAM in the DL and 16 QAM in the UL.

4_{Capacity increase possible with new codec (EVRC-B) and handset}

interference cancellation (QLIC). 5_{4x increase with receive diversity; 3x}

without

5_{R8 will reach 42 Mbps by combining 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM in 5MHz,}

or by utilizing 64QAM and multicarrier in 10 MHz. 6_{R9 and will utilize}

combinations of multicarrier and MIMO to reach 84 Mbps peak rates and beyond. Similarly, uplink multicarrier can double the uplink data rates.

7_{Peak rates for 10 and 20 MHz FDD using 2x2 MIMO; standard}

supports 4x4 MIMO enabling peak rates of 300 Mbps. TDD rates are a function of up/downlink asymmetry.

8_{Peak rates can reach or exceed 300 Mbps by aggregating multiple 20}

MHz carriers as considered for LTE Advanced (LTE Rel-10).

LTE

Specifying LTE: 3 GPP Specifications

January 2008, Rel-8 approved/December 2008, Rel-8 frozen March 2009,

ASN.1 code ready and backwards compatibility secured

Release Functional Freeze Main UMTS feature of release

Rel-99 Dec 1999 CS and PS

R99 Radio Bearers MMS

Location Services

March 2000 Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD)

Rel-4 March 2001 Enhancements

1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)

Rel-5 June 2002 HSDPA

IMS

AMR-WB Speech

Rel-6 March 2005 HSUPA (E-DCH) / Enhanced Uplink

MBMS

WLAN-UMTS Internetworking

Rel - 7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ (64 QAM downlink, MIMO, 16 QAM uplink)

LTE and SAE Feasibility Study

Rel 8 Dec 2008 LTE work item – OFDMA / SC-FDMA air interface

SAE work item – new IP core network

Further HSPA improvements / HSPA Evolution

LTE background story

the early days

Work on LTE was initiated as a

3GPP release 7 study item

“Evolved UTRA and UTRAN” in

December 2004:

“With enhancements such as HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink, the 3GPP radio-access technology will be highly competitive for several years. However, to ensure

competitiveness in an even longer time frame, i.e. for the next 10 years and beyond, a long term

evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology needs to be

considered.”

LTE background story

the early days

• Basic drivers for LTE have been:

– Reduced latency

– Higher user data rates

– Improved system capacity and coverage

– Cost-reduction.

– 3GPP Long Term Evolution - the next generation of wireless

cellular technology beyond 3G

– Initiative taken by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project

in 2004

– Introduced in Release 8 of 3GPP

– Mobile systems likely to be deployed by 2010

LTE Network Architecture

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node RNC: Radio Network Controller NB: Node B GGSN UMTS 3G: UTRAN SGSN RNC RNC NB NB NB NB MME S-GW / P-GW MME S-GW / P-GW eNB eNB eNB eNB EPC E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity S-GC : Serving Gateway

P-GW : PDN Gateway PDN : Packet Data Network

eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B

Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture

MME S-GW / P-GW MME S-GW / P-GW eNB eNB eNB eNB EPC E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity S-GC : Serving Gateway

P-GW : PDN Gateway PDN : Packet Data Network

eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

eNB = All radio interface-related functions MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and

security parameters.

S-GW = Node that terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN.

P-GW = Node that terminates the interface towards PDN

Simple Architecture

Flat IP-Based Architecture Reduction in latency and cost

Split between EPC and E-UTRAN

Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies

S1

X2

Specifying LTE: LTE Development Lifecycle

LTE Overview

• 3GPP R8 solution for the next 10 years

• Peaks rates: DL 100Mbps with OFDMA, UL 50Mbps with SC-FDMA • Latency for Control-plane < 100ms, for User-plane < 5ms

• Optimised for packet switched domain, supporting VoIP • Scaleable RF bandwidth between 1.25MHz to 20MHz • 200 users per cell in active state

• Supports MBMS multimedia services • Uses MIMO multiple antenna technology

• Optimised for 0-15km/h mobile speed and support for up-to 120-350 km/h • No soft handover, Intra-RAT handovers with UTRAN

• Simpler E-UTRAN architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH

Quiz 1

LTE is introduced

on

Release 7

or

Release 8?

31

3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture

GGSN SGSN RNC NB Release 6 GGSN SGSN RNC NB Release 7 Direct Tunnel GGSN SGSN

RNC

NB

Release 7

Direct Tunnel and RNC in NB

Release 8 SAE and LTE

SAE GW MME

eNB

Control Plane User Plane

Protocol

Inter Cell RRM

RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer

RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control

MAC : Medium Access Control PHY : Physical Layer

RB Cont.

Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont.

eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB UE IP Address Allocation Packet Filtering P-GW Mobile Anchoring S-GW MME NAS Security

Idle State Mobility Handling

EPS Bearer Cont.

SAE GW

EPC E-UTRAN

NAS : Non Access Stratum EPS : Evolved Packet System UE : User Equipment IP : Internet Protocol

Interne

t

S1 33

LTE / SAE

• LTE has been designed to support only packet switched services, in contrast to the circuit-switched model of previous cellular systems.

• LTE aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User Equipment (UE) and the Packet Data Network (PDN), without any disruption to the end users applications during mobility.

• The term ‘LTE’ encompasses the evolution of the radio access through the Evolved-UTRAN(E-UTRAN), it is accompanied by an evolution of the non-radio aspects under the term ‘System Architecture Evolution’ (SAE) which includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved Packet System (EPS).

EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN

System Architecture Evolution

• SAE is a study within 3GPP targeting at the evolution of the

overall system architecture.

• Objective is “to develop a framework for an evolution or

migration of the 3GPP system to :

– a higher-data-rate, – lower-latency,

– packet optimized system

that supports multiple radio access technologies.

• The focus of this work is on the PS domain with the

assumption that voice services are supported in this domain".

This study includes the vision of an all-IP network.

Why LTE/SAE?

• Packet Switched data is becoming more and more dominant • VoIP is the most efficient method to transfer voice data

 Need for PS optimised system

• Amount of data is continuously growing  Need for higher data rates at lower cost

• Users demand better quality to accept new services  High quality needs to be quaranteed

>

Alternative solution for non-3GPP technologies (WiMAX)

needed

>

LTE will enhance the system to satisfy these requirements.

LTE technical objectives and

architecture

• User throughput [/MHz]:

– Downlink: 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA

– Uplink: 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

• Downlink Capacity: Peak data rate of 100 Mbps in 20 MHz

maximum bandwidth

• Uplink capacity: Peak data rate of 50 Mbps in 20 MHz

maximum bandwidth

• Latency: Transition time less than 5 ms in ideal conditions

(user plane), 100 ms control plane (fast connection setup)

• Mobility: Optimised for low speed but

supporting 120 km/h

– Most data users are less mobile!

• Simplified architecture: Simpler E-UTRAN

architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH

• Scalable bandwidth: 1.25MHz to 20MHz:

Deployment possible in GSM bands.

eNB

Protocol

Inter Cell RRM

RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer

RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control

MAC : Medium Access Control PHY : Physical Layer

RB Cont.

Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont.

eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY UE IP Address Allocation Packet Filtering P-GW Mobile Anchoring S-GW MME NAS Security

Idle State Mobility Handling

EPS Bearer Cont.

SAE GW

EPC E-UTRAN

NAS : Non Access Stratum EPS : Evolved Packet System UE : User Equipment

IP : Internet Protocol

Internet

S1

EPS Network Elements

E-UTRAN EPC

UE, E-UTRAN and EPC together represent the Internet Protocol (IP) Connectivity Layer. This part of the system is also called the Evolved Packet System (EPS).

The main function of this layer is to provide IP based connectivity, and it is highly optimized for that purpose only.

All services will be offered on top of IP, and circuit switched nodes and interfaces seen in earlier 3GPP architectures are not present in E-UTRAN and EPC at all.

IP technologies are also dominant in the transport, where everything is designed to be operated on top of IP transport. eNB UE S-GW P-GW MME Operator’s IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,) LTE-Uu SGi Rx Gx S5 / S8 S6a S1-MME S1-U 40

System architecture for E-UTRAN only network

Services

• The IP Multimedia Sub-System (IMS) is a good example of service machinery that can be used in the Services Connectivity Layer to

provide services on top of the IP connectivity provided by the lower layers.

• For example, to support the voice service, IMS can provide Voice over IP (VoIP) and

interconnectivity to legacy circuit switched networks PSTN and

ISDN through Media Gateways it controls.

Video

Why IMS?

EPC

• Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet switched domain of the existing 3GPP networks. • Significant changes in the arrangement of functions

and most nodes and the architecture in this part should be considered to be completely new. • SAE GW represents the combination of the two

gateways, Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) defined for the UP

handling in EPC.

• Implementing them together as the SAE GW

represents one possible deployment scenario, but the standards define the interface between them, and all operations have also been specified for when they are separate.

• The Basic System Architecture Configuration and its functionality are documented in 3GPP TS 23.401. • We will learn the operation when the S5/S8

interface uses the GTP protocol. However, when the S5/S8 interface uses PMIP, the functionality for these interfaces is slightly different, and the Gxc interface also is needed between the Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) and S-GW. One of the big architectural changes in the

core network area is that the EPC does not contain a circuit switched domain, and no direct connectivity to traditional circuit switched networks such as ISDN or PSTN is needed in this layer.

E-UTRAN

• The development in E-UTRAN is concentrated on one node, the evolved Node B (eNodeB).

• All radio functionality is collapsed there, i.e. the eNodeB is the

termination point for all radio related protocols.

• As a network, E-UTRAN is simply a mesh of eNodeBs connected to neighbouring eNodeBs with the X2 interface.

User Equipment

• UE is the device that the end user uses for communication.

• Typically it is a hand held device such as a smart phone or a data card such as those used

currently in 2G and 3G, or it could be embedded, e.g. to a laptop.

• UE also contains the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) that is a separate module from the rest of the UE, which is often called the Terminal Equipment (TE).

• USIM is an application placed into a removable smart card called the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC).

• USIM is used to identify and authenticate the user and to derive security keys for protecting the radio interface transmission.

• Maybe most importantly, the UE provides the user interface to the end user so that

applications such as a VoIP client can be used to set up a voice call.

Functionally the UE is a platform for communication applications, which signal with the network for setting up, maintaining and removing the communication links the end user needs.

This includes mobility management functions such as handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in these the UE performs as instructed by the

Logical High Level Architecture

for The Evolved System

EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to the UE.

A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the gateway and the UE.

The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications. SGSN GPRS Core 3GPP anchor SAE anchor MME UPE Operator’s IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,) eNB eNB eNB eNB

Evolved RAN (LTE)

GERAN UTRAN Trusted non 3GPP IP Access EPDG WLAN Access Network EPC (SAE) IASA GB Iu S3 S4 S7 Rx+ S5a _S5b S1 S2a S2b SGi S6 WLAN 3GPP IP Access 47

SAE Bearer Model

QoS parameters for QCI

System architecture for 3GPP access networks

Interfaces and Protocols

in Basic System Architecture Configuration

• CP protocols related to a UE’s connection to a PDN. The

interfaces from a single MME are shown in two parts, the one

on top showing protocols towards the E-UTRAN and UE, and

the bottom one showing protocols towards the gateways.

• Those protocols that are shown in white background are

developed by 3GPP, while the protocols with light grey

background are developed in IETF, and represent standard

internet technologies that are used for transport in EPS. 3GPP

has only defined the specific ways of how these protocols are

used.

LTE Protocol Stacks (UE and eNB)

RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control

MAC : Medium Access Control PHY : Physical Layer

RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY: Physical Channels Physical Signals Control-Plane L3 User-Plane L2 L1 Transport Channels Logical Channels Radio Bearers 52

Control plane protocol stack in EPS

The topmost layer in the CP is the Non-Access Stratum (NAS), which consists of two separate protocols that are carried on direct signaling transport

between the UE and the MME.

The content of the NAS layer protocols is not visible to the eNodeB, and the eNodeB is not involved in these transactions by any other means, besides transporting the messages, and providing some additional transport layer

NAS layer protocols

The NAS layer protocols are:

• EPS Mobility Management (EMM): The EMM protocol is responsible for handling the UE mobility within the system. It includes functions for attaching to and

detaching from the network, and performing location updating in between. This is called Tracking Area Updating (TAU), and it happens in idle mode. Note that the handovers in connected mode are handled by the lower layer protocols, but the EMM layer does include functions for re-activating the UE from idle mode. The UE initiated case is called Service Request, while Paging represents the network

initiated case. Authentication and protecting the UE identity, i.e. allocating the temporary identity GUTI to the UE are also part of the EMM layer, as well as the control of NAS layer security functions, encryption and integrity protection.

• EPS Session Management (ESM): This protocol may be used to handle the bearer management between the UE and MME, and it is used in addition for E-UTRAN bearer management procedures. Note that the intention is not to use the ESM procedures if the bearer contexts are already available in the network and

E-UTRAN procedures can be run immediately. This would be the case, for example, when the UE has already signaled with an operator affiliated. Application Function in the network, and the relevant information has been made available through the PCRF.

User plane protocol stack in EPS

The UP includes the layers below the end user IP, i.e. these protocols form the Layer 2 used for carrying the end user IP packets.

The protocol structure is very similar to the CP.

This highlights the fact that the whole system is designed for generic packet data transport, and both CP signaling and UP data are ultimately packet data. Only the volumes are different.

Summary of interfaces and protocols in Basic

System Architecture configuration

Agenda

INTRODUCTION • Is LTE a 4G technology? • Specifying LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • OFDM

• Advanced antenna systems • System Architecture Evolution • Rollout problems

• Competing technologies to LTE • Standardization of LTE

BANDWIDTH UTILISATION • TDD & FDD

• Capacity requirements • Candidate bands

• The need for harmonized spectrum • New bands needed

• Spectrum neutrality THE BUSINESS CASE • LTE Pros and Cons • New Applications • LTE home femtocells • Lower Costs

• Benefits of all-IP infrastructure • HSPA as an alternative to LTE

LTE Physical Layer

• Enables exchange of data & control info between eNB and UE

and also transport of data to and from higher layers

• Functions performed include error detection, FEC, MIMO

antenna processing, synchronization, etc.

• It consists of Physical Signals and Physical Channels

• Physical Signals are used for system synchronization, cell

identification and channel estimation.

• Physical Channels for transporting control, scheduling and

user payload from the higher layers

• OFDMA in the DL, SC-FDMA in the UL

• LTE supports FDD and TDD modes of operation

Channel Mapping

PMCH DL-SCH DTCH DCCH CCCH BCCH PCCH PCH PDSCH MCCH MTCH PBCH MCH BCH PDCCH DTCH DCCH CCCH RACH PRACH PUSCH UL-SCH PUCCH Logical Channels Transport Channels (MAC) Physical Channels (L1) Downlink Uplink 59

PSCH

LTE Physical Signals

Primary Synchronization Signals

DL Signals

UL Signals

Used for cell search and identification by the UE.

Carries part of cell ID (one of three orthogonal sequences).

Used for cell search and identification by the UE.

Carries the remainder of cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences).

Used for DL channels estimation.

Extract sequence derived from cell ID (one of 3 X 168 504 pseudo random sequences)

SSCH Secondary Synchronization Signals

RS Reference Signal (Pilot)

RS Reference Signal_{(Demodulation and Sounding)} Used for synchronization and UP channels _estimations.

PBCH

LTE Physical Channels

Physical broadcast channel

DL Channels

UL Channels

Carries cell-specific information PMCH Physical multicast channel Carries the MCH transport channel PDCCH Physical downlink control channel Scheduling, ACK, NACK

PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel Payload

PCFICH Physical control format indicator _channel Defines number of PDCH OFDMA symbols per sub-frame (1, 2, or 3)

PHICH Physical hybrid ARQ indicator_channel Carries HARQ ACK/NACK

PRACH Physical random access channel Call setup

PUCCH Physical uplink control channel Scheduling, ACK, NACK PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel Payload

LTE Transport Channels

DL Channels

UL Channels

BCH _{Broadcast Channel}

Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to

medium access control (MAC) and higher layers.

DL-SCH _{Downlink Shared Channel} PCH _{Paging Channel}

MCH _{Multicast Channel}

UL-SCH _{Uplink Shared Channel} RACH _{Random Access Channel}

LTE Logical Channels

Control Channels: Control-plane information

Traffic Channels: User-plane information

BCCH _{Broadcast Control Channel}

Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer.

PCCH _{Paging Control Channel} CCCH _{Common Control Channel} MCCH _{Multicast Control Channel}

DTTCH _{Dedicated Traffic Channel} MTCH _{Multicast Traffic Channel} DCCH _{Dedicated Control Channel}

Major requirements for LTE

identified during study item phase in 3GPP

• Higher peak data rates: 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink)

• Improved spectrum efficiency: 2-4 times better compared to 3GPP release 6 • Improved latency:

– Radio access network latency (user plane UE – RNC - UE) below 10 ms – Significantly reduced control plane latency

• Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

• Support of paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD mode) • Support for interworking with legacy networks

• Cost-efficiency:

– Reduced CApital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) including backhaul

– Cost-effective migration from legacy networks

• A detailed summary of requirements has been captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 „Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)”.

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• 3GPP (LTE) is Adopting:

– OFDMA in DL with 64QAM – All IP e2e Network

– Channel BWs up to 20 MHz – Both TDD and FDD profiles – Flexible Access Network

– Advanced Antenna Technologies

– UL: Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), (64QAM optional)

• LTE is adopting technology & features already available with

Mobile WiMAX

– Can expect similar long-term performance benefits and trade-offs

Comparing the End-to-End Network

Mobile WiMAX User Plane & Data Flow

Based on simple IETF protocols, Fewer nodes & fewer device requirements, Optimized for high speed data

Source: LTE/SAE: 3GPP, Mobile WiMAX: WiMAX Forum Network Specification Release 1.0

LTE/SAE User Plane & Data Flow

L1 L1 L1 -L2 Relay L1 -Serving GW E-UTRAN UE/MS LTE-Uu PDN GW L1 -L2 L1 -L2 Relay S1-U S5 SGi UDP/IP UDP/IP PDCP GTP U UDP/IP GTP U GTP U GTP U RLC _{RLC UDP/IP} e.g. IP, PPP e.g. IP, PPP L2 Application PDCP MAC MAC

Multiple layers, Many nodes and proprietary protocols

LTE: Not a Simple 3G Upgrade

• LTE Represents a Major Upgrade from

CDMA-Based HSPA (or EV-DO)

– No longer a “simple” SW upgrade:

• CDMA to OFDMA, represent different technologies

• Circuit switched to IP e2e network

– Also requires new spectrum to take full advantage

of wider channel BWs and …

– Requires dual-mode user devices for seamless

internetwork connectivity

Modulation

• QPSK, 16 QAM and 64

QAM used for the payload channels (spectrally efficient) • BPSK and QPSK used

for the control

channels (Reliability and coverage)

• Adaptive modulation and coding

Requirements to be met by LTE

Fast, Efficient, Cheap, Simple

• Peak Data Rates

• Spectrum efficiency

• Reduced Latency

• Mobility

• Spectrum flexibility

• Coverage

• Low complexity and cost

• Interoperability

• Simple packet-oriented E-UTRAN architecture

Key LTE radio access features

• LTE radio access: Multicarrier Technology

– Downlink: OFDM – Uplink: SC-FDMA

• Advanced antenna solutions: Multiple Antenna Technology

– Diversity

– Beam-forming

– Multi-layer transmission (MIMO)

SC-FDMA OFDMA

TX TX

Three fundamental benefits of multiple antennas:

Key LTE radio access features

• Spectrum flexibility

– Flexible bandwidth – New and existing bands

– Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD

• Packet-Switched Radio Interface

• User Equipment Capabilities

20 MHz 1.4 MHz

Analog

1G 2G Digital 3G Packets 4G _BroadbandTrue

Key Radio Technologies to Watch



Ultra-Wideband (UWB) – range 1 meter



MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)



Advanced Radio Chipsets for handsets and dongles that incorporate MIMO



Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)



Smart networks (sector load balancing, spatial/freq/time load balancing, self-tuning, dynamic resource management)



Network MIMO & Heterogeneous Deployment (Pico+Micro+Femto)



Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) < [xDSL, WiMAX, WiFi 802.11a,g; LTE]



Spectrum Flexibility

– Reconfigurable Radios (SDRs), Base stations, and CPE

– Cognitive radios f_DL f_UL FDD f_DL/UL TDD

Paired spectrum Unpaired spectrum

20 MHz

Band X Band Y Band Z

+

Spectrum flexibility

– Flexibility in band-of-operation

– Flexibility in bandwidth

– Dynamic Spectrum Usage and Reconfigurable

radios and cognitive radios?

– Flexibility in duplexing

 TDD versus FDD

Source: IDC, Ericsson

―An SDR is a radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted) can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions‖

~2014 ~1000 Mbps Operator dependent Operator dependent

Excellent user and network experience

Technology

Mobile Broadband speed evolution

HSPA+

LTE

Future LTE releases

2010 ~150 Mbps 10-100 Mbps 5-50 Mbps 2009 42 Mbps 1-10 Mbps 0.5-4.5 Mbps Market impact Peak rate

Typical user rate downlink Typical user rate uplink

True Mobile Broadband

Video

Why LTE?

Agenda

INTRODUCTION • Is LTE a 4G technology? • Specifying LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • OFDM

• Advanced antenna systems • System Architecture Evolution • Rollout problems

• Competing technologies to LTE • Standardization of LTE

BANDWIDTH UTILISATION

• TDD & FDD

• Capacity requirements • Candidate bands

• The need for harmonized spectrum • New bands needed

• Spectrum neutrality THE BUSINESS CASE • LTE Pros and Cons • New Applications • LTE home femtocells • Lower Costs

• Benefits of all-IP infrastructure • HSPA as an alternative to LTE

Evolution of UMTS FDD and TDD

driven by data rate and latency requirements

FDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

FDD Frequency band

TDD Bands for 3GPP Technologies

LTE radio interface

• New radio interface modulation: SC-FDMA UL and OFDMA DL

– Frequency division, TTI 1 ms – Scalable bandwidth 1.25-20MHz – TDD and FDD modes

• UL/DL in either in same or in another frequncy

– OFDMA has multiple orthogonal subcarries that can be shared between users

• quickly adjustable bandwith per user

– SC-FDMA is technically similar to OFDMA but is better suited for uplink from hand-held devices

• Single carrier, time space multiplexing • Tx consumes less power

From Ericsson, H. Djuphammar

LTE/SAE Keywords

• aGW Access Gateway

• eNB Evolved NodeB

• EPC Evolved Packet Core

• E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN

• IASA Inter-Access System Anchor

• LTE Long Term Evolution of UTRAN

• MMEMobility Management Entity

• OFDMA Ortogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

• SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

• SAE System Architecture Evolution

• UPE User Plane Entity

3GPP TR 23.401 / 25.813

• PLMN –Public Land Mobile Network • EPS –Evolved Packet System

• MME –Mobility Management Entity • eNB–E-UTRAN Node B

• TAI -Tracking Area ID

• E-UTRAN –Evolved Universal Radio Access Network

• C-RNTI –Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

• RA-RNTI –Random Access RNTI • UE –User Equipment

• IMEI –International Mobile Equipment Identity

• IMSI –International Mobile Subscriber Identity

• S-TMSI –SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Network Entities: MME ID eNB ID TAI Network: PLMN EPS ID EUTRAN: E-UTRAN C-RNTI RA-RNTI UE: IMEI IMSI S-TMSI LTE/SAE Network Identifiers 82

System architecture evolution

eNB aGW S1 eNB S8 X2 aGW eNB X2

RAN interfaces

• X2 interface between eNBs for handovers

• Handover in 10 ms • No soft handovers

• Interfaces using IP over E1/T1/ATM/Ethernet /… • Load sharing in S1

• S1 divided to S1-U (to UPE) and S1-C (to CPE)

• Single node failure has limited effects

GERAN

UTRAN GPRS Core

MME UPE SAE_GW

PCRF Operator IP services (including IMS, PSS, ...) Non-3GPP IP Access Evolved Packet Core

S11 S2 S3 _S4 S7 S6 SGi S1 Gb Iu Rx+ X1 eNB X1 eNB X2 Evolved RAN aGW PDN SAE GW S5 HSS

SAE architecture

[3GPP TS 23.401]

85

SAE architechture

[3GPP TS 23.401]

TBD eNB TBD eNB aGW S1 TBD eNB S8 X2 Operator IP service, including IMS SAE GW S11 PDN SAE GW S11 S5 SGi Evolved RAN HSS _PCRF IASA aGW = MME/UPE aGW S6a S7 86

Quiz 2

What is the LTE interface to

communicate with

your GSM / 3G Network

?

eNB

Functions

Inter Cell RRM

RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer

RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control

MAC : Medium Access Control PHY : Physical Layer

RB Cont.

Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont.

eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY Control Plane

SAE Bearer Control

MME Entity aGW S1 User Plane PDCP User Plane 88

eNB

LTE Control Plane

NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY S1 UE RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY NAS aGW eNB

LTE User Plane

IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY S1 UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY IP aGW 89

GTP-U tunneling

SAE GW UPE eNB _Server UE Radio L1 MAC PDCP IPv6/v4u Application TCP/UDP RLC L1 L2 IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 IPv6/v4 TCP/UDP Application L1 L2 L1 L2 X1 S1 S11 SGi IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 S5 PDN SAE GW Header compression & encryption IP UDP GTP-U L2 L1 Radio L1 MAC RLC PDCP ENC 90

Non-3GPP access tunneling

PDN SAE GW HA AP Server UE L1 L2 IP L2 L1 IPv6/v4 TCP/UDP Application L1 L2 L1 L2 WLAN S2 SGi L2 L1 IP MIP IPv4/6 IP UDP IP MIP IPv4/6 UDP IP L2 L1 IP L2 L1 91

FDD (left) and TDD (right) frequency bands defined in the 3GPP

(May 2009)

Downlink Transmission Scheme

• The downlink transmission scheme for E-UTRA FDD and TDD

modes is based on conventional OFDM. In an OFDM system,

the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called

sub-carriers, which are orthogonal to each other. Each of

these sub-carriers is independently modulated by a low rate

data stream.

• OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast

technologies like DVB. OFDM has several benefits including its

robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver

architecture.

Quiz 3

Which one is true

LTE is able to manage WiMAX

or

WiMAX is able to manage LTE

?

How?

OFDM

• Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM signal generation chain

• OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier

Transform (IFFT) operation on transmitter side:

On receiver side, an FFT operation will be used.

Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

• OFDM allocates users in time domain only

• OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency domain

OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

LTE – spectrum flexibility

• LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz in

steps of 180 kHz (resource block)

• Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6 different system

bandwidths

• All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz

DL Physical Channel Processing

LTE frame structure type 1 (FDD), downlink

LTE frame structure type 2 (TDD)

Quiz 4

What is the most suitable

LTE for you

FDD (Type 1) or

TDD (Type 2)

?

UL Physical Channel Processing

Peak Rates for Downlink and Uplink over Time

LTE Actual Throughput Rates

Based on Conditions

Video

LTE: The Promise

• LTE doesn’t fulfill the requirements of

IMT-Advanced

• 3GPP has also started work on

LTE-Advanced, an evolution of LTE, as a

proposal to ITU-R for the development of

IMT Advanced.

• LTE Advanced is envisioned to be the

“first true 4G technology”.

The requirement is defined so that a Release 8 based LTE

device can operate in the LTE-Advanced system and,

respectively, the Release 10 LTE Advanced device can access

the Release 8 LTE networks. Obviously a Release 9 terminal

would also be similarly accommodated. This could be covered,

for example, with the multicarrier type of alternative. The

mobility between LTE-Advanced needs to work with LTE as well

Requirements of

• Peak data rates – 1Gbps in DL and 500 Mbps in UL

• Cell edge user data rates twice as high and average user throughput thrice as high as in LTE

• Peak spectrum efficiency DL: 30 bps/Hz, UL: 15 bps/Hz

• Operate in flexible spectrum allocations up to 100 MHz and support spectrum aggregation (as BW in DL >>20 MHz)

• An LTE-Advanced capable network must appear as a LTE network for the LTE UEs

Resource sharing between LTE and LTE-Advanced

Technological proposals for

• Larger BW can be used for

high date rates and more

coverage at cell edges

• Advanced repeater

structures

• Relaying for adaptive coding

based on link quality

Carrier aggregation and Spectrum aggregation

Support asymmetric bandwidths for LTE advanced

Specification

• The ITU-R process aims for early 2011 completion of the ITU-R

specifications, which requires 3GPP to submit the first full set

of specifications around the end of 2010.

• This is one of the factors shaping the Release 10 finalization

schedule, though officially the Release 10 schedule has not

yet been defined in 3GPP, but will be discussed further once

Release 9 work has progressed further.

Conclusion

• 3GPP Long Term Evolution has a large amount of potential to

become the technology of the future whose success will

definitely guarantee that 3GPP has a significant edge over all

its competitors.

• With LTE–Advanced also adopting SC-FDMA as the uplink

technology, SC-FDMA seems to be an important future

technology and it is expected that the future would see a lot

of research activity in this field.

• LTE and LTE Advanced together seem to be very promising in

fulfilling all the requirements set forth by ITU for IMT

Advanced

Agenda

INTRODUCTION • Is LTE a 4G technology? • Specifying LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW • OFDM

• Advanced antenna systems • System Architecture Evolution • Rollout problems

• Competing technologies to LTE • Standardization of LTE

BANDWIDTH UTILISATION

• TDD & FDD

• Capacity requirements • Candidate bands

• The need for harmonized spectrum • New bands needed

• Spectrum neutrality

THE BUSINESS CASE

• LTE Pros and Cons • New Applications • LTE home femtocells • Lower Costs

• Benefits of all-IP infrastructure • HSPA as an alternative to LTE

LTE and WiMAX: BB Penetration

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 D e nm a rk Ic e la nd N e the rl a nd s Fi nl a nd S w it z e rl a nd K ore a N orw a y H on g K on g S w e de n U ni te d K ing do m Fra nc e Lu x e m bo urg G e rm a ny B ra z il D om R e pu bl ic M e x ic o P e ru V e ne z ue la C hi na Ind ia Ind on e s ia M a la y s ia P hi li pp ine s Th a il a nd V ie tna m A lge ri a E gy pt M oroc c o R w a nd a S ou th A fr ic a Tu ni s ia Zi m ba bw e B ro a d b a n d S u b s c ri b e rs p e r 1 0 0 I n h a b it a n ts

Lower GDP per Capita Markets High GDP per Capita Markets

LTE and WiMAX: Positioning

LTE

•

To address capacity pressure in 3G networks

•

Full mobility is the value proposition

•

Geared toward developed markets

•

Relevance to emerging markets not until 2015

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 Su b s c ri b e rs i n 000s 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 APEJ Subscribers 3G HSPA WiMAX

To address underserved broadband connectivity demand

Portability is the value proposition

Geared toward emerging markets Relevant to emerging markets today

Source: IDC’s Asia/Pacific Mobile Wireless Tracker, 3Q08

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Su b s c ri b e rs i n 0 0 0 s 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

India: WiMAX Subscriber Growth

Source: IDC Asia/Pacific, 2009

LTE; When & How?

Self Organizing Networks

“Wider pipe”

advantage

All-IP

architecture

Reduced Total Cost of Ownership

Total Cost of Ownership

LTE Deployment Scenario

LTE Spectrum Options

FemtoCell technology is part of the solution.

LTE FEMTO

Mobile Generations

Subscription forecast 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 13 11 09 07 05 03 01 99 97 95 93 91 89 87 85 83 81 M illion s GSM WCDMA LTE Analog 1G 2G 3G 3.9G 123

Relative Adoption of Technologies

Rysavy Research projection based on historical data.

2G

3G

3.9G

Expected shorter time to market

LSTI - Taking LTE/SAE from Specification to Rollout

A viable Ecosystem is the key to success

Asia-Pacific

China Mobile - China China Telecom - Chna

KDDI - Japan KTF - South Korea New Zealand Telecom - NZ

NTT DoCoMo - Japan Piltel - Philippines SK Telecom - South Korea SmarTone-Vodafone - Hong Kong Telstra – Australia . . . . Western Europe Hutchison 3 - Ireland Orange - France Telecom Italia - Italy Telia Sonera - Sweden

Telia Sonera - Norway T-Mobile – Germany

. . .

North America

Aircell - USA AT&T Mobility – USA Bell Canada - Canada

CenturyTel – USA Cox - USA MetroPCS - USA Rogers Wireless -Canada Telus - Canada Verizon - USA . . . .

Source. GSA March 2009

Global LTE Commitments

25+ Operators in over 16 countries

Global LTE Commitments

Trials • Verizon Wireless —2009 • Telstra - 2009 • MetroPCS — 2010 • CenturyTel — 2010 • Aircell — 2011 • Cox — 2011 • AT&T Mobility — 2011 • NTT DoCoMo — 2010 • KDDI — 2010 • Rogers Wireless — 2010 • TELUS — 2010 • Bell Canada — 2010

• Telecom New Zealand (operates both

CDMA EV-DO and WCDMA/HSPA networks) — 2010

• TeliaSonera (Sweden, Norway) — 2010 • Hutchison 3 (Ireland) — 2011

• T-Mobile — 2011 • Orange — 2011

• China Mobile — 2011

• China Telecom — 2011–2012

• Telecom New Zealand — 2011–2012 • SK Telecom (operates both CDMA EV-DO

and WCDMA/HSPA networks) — TBD • KT Freetel (operates both CDMA

EV-DO and WCDMA/HSPA networks) — TBD

• Piltel — TBD

• SmarTone-Vodafone — TBD

NGMN is built with strong industry consensus

A viable Ecosystem is the key to success

NGMN put into our context

Major NGMN Success Factors

Efficient backhauling – a strategic investment

LTE Deployment Options

The reuse of existing 2G and 3G sites for NGMN will

keep site cost flat

2G and 3G Coexistence

Different Deployment Scenarios for LTE

Healthy Ecosystem is Critical

Solutions that suits different needs

(mobile, fixed, broadcast, MVNO, etc.), including support for legacy solutions, reliable authentication and data security, flexible and reliable charging mechanisms, enable control point to the investing party,

Business Models Industry Commitments

Maturity and openness, global acceptance for best economics of scale, effective

standardization, clear evolution path, and wide interoperability testing

Trends

• HSPA data dominance

• HSPA dominant mobile broadband technology

• GSM voice

• LTE data expansion • New frequency bands • Laptops, high end phones • GSM voice

• LTE volume creation • Global coverage bands

• Laptops, high/mid end phones • LTE VoIP emerging

• 2G/3G replacement

• Refarming 2G/3G bands for LTE • All categories, all price points

INDUSTRY TRENDS

Many vendors to offer commercial LTE chipsets

First deployments on FDD bands LTE FDD+TDD expected to become

the industry norm

– USB modems and CPE open the market

– Smart media handsets, PDAs and internet tablets to follow

– Applicable also in voice centric low cost devices

– Consumer Electronics and machine-to-machine to expand market

DEVICE TRENDS

Growing Consumer Trends Worldwide

Media Downloads Video Streaming Online Gaming Social Networking VoIP Instant Messenger Email Search

Anytime, anywhere and on any device

100

million

videos viewed / day

You Tube

200

million

users MySpace

54

million

unique monthly visitors in January 2009 Facebook

5

billion

Songs downloaded Apple iTunes

31

billion

daily Google Search

~65

billion

“minutes” in 2008 Skype 139

What’s Happening in Mobile Internet World

Device Providers

Radio capabilities in Nokia devices are evolving…

…and creating the next mainstream

Three user scenarios

Work

Mobile

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