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Learner’s Material
9
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Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 9 Learner’s Material
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Management Team: Dr. Lolita M. Andrada, Jocelyn DR Andaya, Bella O. Mariñas, Dr. Jose D. Tuguinayo, Jr.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1: PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES
Explore your Understanding ……….… 1
Guide Questions ………. 2 Pre-Assessment ………. 2 Self-Assessment ……… 5 Lesson 1 ………. 6 Firm Up ………. 8 Deepen ………... 10 Transfer ……….. 12 Post-Assessment ………. 14 Feedback ……….. 16
Module 2: ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET Explore your Understanding ……….. 18
Lesson 1: Needs and Wants of People ……….. 19
Lesson 2: Generating Ideas for Business ………. 20
Lesson 3: Selecting the Right Ideas……… 22
Lesson 4: Environmental Scanning ……… 23
Firm Up ……….. 24
Deepen ....……….. 24
Transfer ……….. 26
Post-Assessment ………. 27
Feedback ……… 28
Module 3: INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Introduction ……… 30
Objectives……….. 31
Pre- Assessment ……… 32
Lesson 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR INSTALLATION ……….. 33
1.1 Safety Measures: OHS Policies and Procedures……… 33
1.2 Understanding Computer System……… 37
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1.4 Network………..………. 57
1.5 Materials, tools, equipment and testing devices………….. 61
Lesson 2: INSTALL EQUIPMENT / DEVICES and SYSTEMS ……….… 65
2. 1 Safety Precautions………..……… 65
2.2 System Specification..………. 69
2.3 Installation of Hardware components and other peripherals…… 73
2.4 Installing Operating System ……….…… 91
2.5 Windows 7 installation ……….. 107
2.6 Basic Computer Configuration Set- up ……….. 119
Lesson 3: CONDUCT TEST ON THE INSTALLED COMPUTER SYSTEM ……. 127
3.1. Testing Installed equipment/devices/system……….. 127
Summative Test ……….. 134
Post- Test ………. 138
Glossary of Terms.……….. 139
Acronyms ………. 141
References ……….. 143
Module 4: DIAGNOSE AND TROUBLESHOOT COMPUTER SYSTEM …. 145 Pre- assessment ……… 147
Lesson 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM.. 145
1.1 Safety Precautions ……… 148
1.2 Types of Computer System Error …..……….. 151
1.3 Diagnosing Computer Systems ……….. 153
Lesson 2: DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS……… 158
2.1 Safety Precautions ……….………. 158
2.2 Basic Concepts of Electricity……… 159
2.3 Techniques for Testing Computer System………. 165
2.4 Tools for Testing Computer System..………. 177
2.5 Troubleshooting Computer System Network ………... 180
2.6 Computer System and Network Configurations ………….. 186
Lesson 3: DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS ……….. 195
3.1 General Safety Tips and Reminders ……… 196
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3.3 Upgrading your Computer Components ………. 203
3.3 Basic Network Errors ……….. 211
3.4 Award BOS / CMOS Setup ……… 220
Lesson 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS……….. 230
4.1 Testing Computer System ……….. 230
4.2 Error Beep Codes ………. 236
Post Assessment ………. 245
Summative Test ……….……. 247
Glossary ……….. 252
1
Technology and Livelihood Education Entrepreneurship
Module 1: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Have you ever thought running your own business? Entrepreneurship has brought great success to some, but it's not a career path for all. Do you think you can handle the stress and hard work that go with running a small business enterprise? The key to succeed in a small business enterprise is your entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results. Before embarking on your first business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own preparedness for entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own personality and compare it with the Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a successful entrepreneur. Ask yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business. If your answer is yes, take this reminder: “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs”.
EXPLORE Your Understanding
Essential Question
- How does one ensure success in a chosen career? Content Standard
- The learner demonstrates understanding of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs)
2 - The learner prepares an activity plan that addresses his/her development areas
based on his/her PECs and improves further his/her areas of strength.
Guide Questions:
1. Why is there a need to assess ones personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits?
2. What are the personal entrepreneurial competencies of a successful entrepreneur? 3. Why is it necessary to compare ones personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles,
skills and traits to the personal entrepreneurial competencies of a successful entrepreneur?
4. How do you relate your PECs to the PECs of a successful entrepreneur?
5. Based on the data that you have gathered from the interview with the successful entrepreneur in your community, how do you develop your PECs?
6. Can you prepare an action plan that addresses your areas of development and strength based on your PECs?
7. How does your action plan help sustain your strong areas and or address your development areas based on your PECs?
Hello there! Are you ready to assess yourself to become a successful entrepreneur in the future? As honest as you could, please answer the pre-assessment below.
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions: Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct definition of terms listed in Column B.
3 1. Hardworking 2. Self-confident 3. Profit-Oriented 4. Goal-Oriented 5. Persistent 6. Responds to feedback 7. Willing to listen 8. Committed
9. Reliable and has integrity 10. Risk-taker
a. Ability to set realistic targets. b. Interest in money generation.
c. To succeed, one must believe in one’s self.
d. Working diligently and industriously. e. Being able to listen to the advice of
others.
f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice from others.
g. Being patient and strives to achieve the goal.
h. Ability to take measured or calculated risks.
i. Being honest, fair and trustworthy. j. A major priority in the entrepreneur’s
life.
Are you done? This time you will do another set of pre- assessment
which could give you a better understanding of what this module is all about. Are you ready? So, let’s begin!
B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes the entrepreneurial
characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the letter of your choice in your assignment notebook or in the answer sheet provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful operationalization of a business that she has in mind. Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
4 1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the quality of
her product? a. Patience b. Hardworking c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur? a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will she maintain?
a. Commitment b. Goal oriented c. Futuristic
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno? a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity c. Open to feedback
d. Persistent
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno? a. Hard work b. Persistence c. Self-confidence d. Risk- taking
5 This time evaluate your own personal entrepreneurial
characteristics to determine whether you too, can become an entrepreneur. If you are ready, you may begin!
C. Self- Assessment
Directions: Below is a list of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a
successful entrepreneur. Put a check mark on the 2nd column that indicates your strong PECs. The check mark on the 3rd column are those PECs that need to be developed.
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of an
Entrepreneur
My Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Strength Needs to be Developed
Hardworking Self-confident
Builds for the future Profit-oriented Goal-oriented Persistent
Copes with failure Responds to feedback Demonstrates initiative Willing to listen
Sets own standards Copes with uncertainty Committed
Builds on strengths Reliable and has integrity Risk-taker
6 Did you enjoy examining yourself? You can become a successful entrepreneur someday. Please don’t feel bad when you discover that there are still to be developed. Continue your exploration to find answers to these underdeveloped PECs.
Lesson1. Important Entrepreneurial Traits
The following are the fundamental characteristics of an entrepreneur:
1. Hard working: If you are determined to run your own business, you must concentrate on your work either as a producer or a seller. The success of your business depends on how much time and effort you will spend on it.
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the problems that you will encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented: Once a person enters in a line of business, you must understand that you are in a non-stop contract that an entrepreneur should understand. It may take several years to build up a business to a reasonable standard. The goal for most successful business people is to build a secure job and stable income for themselves based on their own ability.
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you are looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and butter not only for you but also for your family. Therefore, you must see to it the business can generate income. Another plan of action is to expand your own business through the use of your generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented: An entrepreneur is forward looking. You have an advanced preparation for your business. You set a long-term goal for the activities that are needed, an extensive preparation for the production process and procedures that you need to go through to acquire, human and non-human resources. Everything in
7 your business will have to be set clearly, organized, and planned depending on the goal you want to achieve.
6. Persistence: Differences in opinion and judgment. Your opponent can be a part of the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As an entrepreneur, you must be firm, strong-willed, and stick or follow your own belief.
7. Copes with Failure: “Learn from your mistakes”. As an entrepreneur, you must learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures instead, turn these into productive learning experiences.
8. Responds to Feedback or Open to Feedback: You must be concerned to know how well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must obtain useful feedback and advice from others.
9. Take the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must put yourself in a position where you personally are responsible for the failure or success of your business.
10. Willing to Listen: Take time to listen to the advice, suggestions, and recommendations of fellow entrepreneurs. It will help your business grow.
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, step-by-step plans to reach the goals, or offering evaluation alternatives, monitoring progress, and switching to successful strategies for the goal you want to achieve. To be a successful entrepreneur you must take into consideration that sales and production depend on your own standards.
12. Copes with Uncertainty: Pursue your vision to be a successful entrepreneur, you should know how to handle unusual events that may happen in the business which include problems in managing the workers, problems on the delivery of goods and services, and the problems on demand and production. You must be patient in dealing with these uncertainties.
13. Committed: You should know that in your business, personal needs, attachment to your friends, families and relatives are set aside. You must separate the money for your business from the amount that you need to spend for personal obligations and lifestyles.
8 14. Builds on Strengths: Successful business people base their work on strengths.
Use your manual skills, knowledge in creating products or services, knowledge in trade and industry, ability to make and use of a wide network of contacts to build your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation, possess the courage to do the right thing, do what you say, walk your talk, be loyal, and be fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker: Risk sometimes cannot be anticipated. When misfortunes happen, consider these as challenges and work them out and set good alternatives. Risks may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
FIRM UP your Understanding
Activity1: Aligning one’s PECs
Directions: Choose from the list below the characteristics and traits that best describe
your own personal entrepreneurial characteristics. Find ways on how to align them according to the personal entrepreneurial characteristics of an entrepreneur which were discussed earlier. Write your answers in the activity sheet provided.
Creative Resourceful Persistent Organized Independent Confident Risk taker Observant Competent Trustworthy Optimistic Passionate Flexible Sensitive Committed Dynamic Efficient Hardworking Decision-maker Reliable Knowledgeable Persevering Decisive Strong–minded Courteous
9 Example: My PECs
Try to design a concept map that indicates your traits, characteristics and skills that you need to possess in order to become a successful
entrepreneur.
Activity 2. My PECs that need to be further improved
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that you are already strong at, and write them down on the blank arrows on the left side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the negative characteristics that need to be further improved.
My PECs My simple definition
Things to do to align with PECs of a successful entrepreneur 1. Creative
2. Organized 3. Competent 4. Observant
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DEEPEN Your Understanding
Lesson 1 Strengthening your Identified PECs
Here are your guides on how to strengthen your own PECs. 1. React positively to criticisms and open to feedback.
2. Always demonstrate positive attitude to achieve a desired goal.
3. Always project strong and well-balanced behavior.
11 5. Avoid being too passive and too aggressive.
6. Don’t let anyone worsen your business life.
7. Prioritize your business goal rather than personal goal in order to become a successful entrepreneur.
8. Acquire specific skills for creating and maintaining a conducive work environment. 9. Be responsible in everything you do in your business.
10. Always observe business ethics in putting up a business.
Hello! I’m here once again reminding you whether you have achieved a certain point that you could honestly tell that you are already successful in strengthening your own PECs.
Let’ s see!
Activity 1: My techniques to strengthen PECs
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you would
strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel that you still need to focus on to strengthen these.
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TRANSFER Your Learning
Preparation of an Action Plan
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a short list of PECs that you need to
strengthen. From this activity, prepare of an action plan that requires further development. You may opt to follow the suggested format below. You may improve or change it as long as it suits your own plan of action.
Sample Action Plan
Self-confidence
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Specific Purpose Statement: ( Your vision of your future)
Ex. Developing self-confidence in retail business.
Focus Area Current Situation Goal Measures of Success Actions Required Time Frame Reward/ Recognition My PECs I need to develop my undefined characteris -tics need for my retail business. such as: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ - To exercise my own PECs during selling and producing products/ services -To become proficient in my chosen skill. Achieve 100% completion of development of my own PECs through selling and production of products, proper manner when dealing with people. -Selling finished products derived from culminating activities in any of chosen career. -Participate in skills competition sponsored by the NGO and GO -During culminating activities -After learning the principles, theories, process and of any chosen career -Earns expected income -Outstanding performance in selling and promoting products and services Post-Assessment
14 Answer the post assessment below to determine whether there is significant increase in your understanding of PECs. The feedback to this post assessment is appended on page 16.
Good Luck!
A. Matching Type
Directions: Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct definition of terms listed in Column B.
Column A Column B 1. Hardworking 2. Self-confident 3. Profit-oriented 4. Goal-oriented 5. Persistent 6. Responds or open to feedback 7. Willing to listen 8. Committed
9. Reliable and has integrity 10. Risk-taker
a. Ability to set realistic targets. b. Interest in money generation.
c. To succeed, one must believe in one’s self. d. Working diligently and industriously.
e. Being able to listen to the advice of others. f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice from
others.
g. Being patient and strives to achieve the goal.
h. Ability to take measured or calculated risks. i. Being honest, fair and trustworthy.
j. A major priority in the entrepreneur’s life.
15 B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes entrepreneurial characteristics.
Then answer the question by writing the letter of your choice in your assignment notebook or in the provided answer sheet.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful operationalization of a business she has in mind. Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the quality of her product?
a. Patience b. Hardworking c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur? a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will she maintain?
a. Commitment b. Goal oriented
c. Futuristic or future-oriented d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity c. Responsive to feedback d. Persistent
16 5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to find
a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno? a. Hard work b. Persistence c. Self-confidence d. Risk- taking Feedback
Pre-assessment/ Post- assessment A. Matching Type 1.d 6. f 2.c 7. e 3.b 8. j 4.a 9. i 5.g 10. h B. Multiple Choice 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b
17 Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
Module 2: Environment and Market
One of your greatest dreams in life is to become a successful entrepreneur. As a person, you are capable of developing your character and personality and how to respond to some business challenges and opportunities. You can make things happen by identifying the opportunities around you. You may ask yourself these questions: What do people need? What products and services are available in the market today? Can they be improved? How are they made or delivered? Can things be done better? cheaper? faster? cleaner? Can a product which is used for specific purpose be also used for some other purposes?
You slowly find answers to these questions as you decide to do the first step in launching a business enterprise. Be cautious however, that you should develop a habit of identifying opportunities around you. Only then, you will find the activity both exciting and easy.
18 EXPLORE your Understanding
Essential Question
How does one select an entrepreneurial activity? Content Standard
- The learner demonstrates understanding of environment and market that relates with the career choice.
Performance Standard
- The learner formulates a business idea based on the analysis of the environment and market
Guide Questions:
1. How does one determine the product to be produced or services to be offered and delivered to the target market or customers in a particular community?
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
3. How can one respond effectively to a business enterprise?
Hello there! Are you ready to assess yourself if you are ready to generate potential business ideas? Let’s try by answering the succeeding pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
1. The following are examples of peoples’ basic needs, except: a. Recreation
b. Clothing c. Shelter d. Food
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2. Which of the following should be considered first by a prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location for his/her store?
a. Types of merchandise
b. Access of the target customers c. The attractiveness of the store layout d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
3. Thong plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following will help him determine a successful plan for setting up of his business?
a. Survey of consumer associations
b. Checking for similar business to avoid competition c. Getting feedback on the quality of service
d. Conduct a SWOT analysis
4. Ceasar studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to – a. identify his would be “suki”.
b. predict his biggest buyer. c. select his favorite costumers.
d. determine whom to sell his product or service.
5. When an entrepreneur improves and alter products to make it more appealing to target consumers, he/she is doing an --- of the product.
a. alteration b. invention c. innovation d. improvisation
Lesson 1 Needs and Wants of People
Everyone has his or her own needs and wants. However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every individual cannot do without in a society. These include:
1. Basic commodities for consumption 2. Clothing and other personal belongings, 3. Shelter, sanitation and health
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4. Education and relaxation
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas.
Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and an expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual which are non- basic needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant; watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that they belong.
Lesson 2 Generating Ideas for Business
Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business.
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is made to the way it is packed and sold? You can also improve the materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’ many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old one.
Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside by the community. Very often, these products are sold in a form that can still be enhanced or improved.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
21
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For example, a town will have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of electrically- powered or generated business such as xerox copier, computer service, digital printing, etc.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or service, and these may be people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments, organizations, or government agencies.
There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolutely no supply to a pressing market demand.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or skills are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started out of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copra-producing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available as “waste” products. These can be collected and made into coco rags/doormat and charcoal bricks and sold profitably outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to the next generation. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce blankets, as well as decorative items and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-generating
22
activities. With your skills, you may also tinker around with various things in your spare time. Many products were invented this way.
5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products
and techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up new business
ideas from Newsweek, Reader’s Digest, Business Magazines, Go Negosyo, KAB materials, Small- industry Journal. The Internet serves as a library where you may browse and surf on possible businesses. It will also guide you on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time.
Listing of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available from banks or local non-government organizations.
Lesson 3 Selecting the Right Idea
Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you will eventually see that there are many possibilities that are available for you. It is very unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once. Which one will you choose?
You have to select the most promising one from among hundreds and one ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your ideas to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide which business idea worth pursuing.
In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?
2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the need (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met (supply)? 4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this particular
business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable government regulation?
23
Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones from among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
Lesson 4 Environmental Scanning
There is a need to conduct environmental scanning to identity the needs and wants of people, the niche for your business mission, and to give attention to trends and issues. This may also serve as an evaluation of the type of the entrepreneurial activity appropriate in the community.
Environmental scanning is defined as a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating.
Environment in the community can be viewed according to its technological, political, economic, and social aspects. For example, in the past, people in the community used personal computers but the transmission of development in terms of technology was interrupted because people were not satisfied with what they have today. They still look for the changes in their life and the corresponding in their environment.
As a future entrepreneur, you must be well-versed in this kind of advancement and progression of your environment particularly in technology so as to secure the success of your future business. Always think of something new, something novel, authentic, reinvent the existing ones, and create your new version of goods/products, and services. For instance, your own hair straightening is herbal, while in the other salons it is made of synthetic chemicals. This kind of changes being made will effect the existing principles in business and industries that can be easily adapted to the changes in producing the products/services to meet the needs and wants of people in the community.
24 FIRM UP Your Understanding
In generating business idea, you should first identify what type of business is suited to your business idea. You should analyze and scan the potential environment, study the marketing practices and strategies of your competitors, analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and the Threats in your environment to ensure that the products/goods and services you are planning to offer will be patronized within the
easy reach by your target markets/consumers.
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business when conducting SWOT analysis.
SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business is today, and where it could be in the future.
SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better than or worse than your competition.
Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
DEEPEN Your Understanding
People keep on searching for new things, new trends, and new issues. For these reasons, an entrepreneur hurriedly responds to these needs and wants of people.
As generations come and go, another set of new trends will come or will exist. In order to adapt to the rapid changes in the business environment, the existing industries need to improve their products and services. But how can you generate business ideas with those strong competitors? There are three main sets of decisions that you need to make - what to produce, how to produce, and how to share or sell out the product to the market.
25 Activity 1 Mini survey
Directions: Conduct a mini survey in your immediate community. Gather
pertinent data on population across age brackets as suggested in the matrix b e l o w . O p p o s i t e
each age group, indicate their probable needs and wants.
Age Bracket Population Needs Wants
Example: 5 and below
35 Toys, coloring books, pajama
Wooden toys, glossy coloring books, etc. fashionable pajama 6- 10 years old 11-15 years old 16-20 years old
26 A
ctivity 2 Screening business ideas
Directions: After filling out the chart above, try to list down all the probable business opportunities which you may wish to venture in. Remember to consider the ideas and suggestions discussed in Lesson 3. Use the suggested matrix below to indicate your choice. Write your answers in your notebook.
Example: Selling wooden toys
Positive Factors Negative Factors Strengths Opportunities Weaknesses Threats
TRANSFER Of Learning
Now that, you have all the information, are you ready to test your ability to generate your own business idea? If your answer is yes, start studying the sample vicinity map of a community with a population of two
21-25 years old 26-35 years old 35-45 years old 46-55 years old 56-65 years old 66 and above
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thousand people. A new housing project will be constructed adjacent to Daang Hari St, close to Old Molino St., its main road. This housing project targets the homeowners who are young couples with two kids.
In this activity, you need to answer the questions that may lead to the generation of a probable business. Your answers to these questions will serve as the bases in formulating your own business ideas.
1. Who do you think are your target consumers/markets? 2. Where is the most ideal location to situate your business?
3. Which products or services would appeal to your target consumers/markets?
4. Can you say that you have seized the most feasible business opportunity?
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Post-assessment
1. The following are examples of peoples’ basic needs, except: a. Recreation
b. Clothing c. Shelter d. Food
2. Which of the following should be considered first by a prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location for his/her store?
a. Type of merchandise
b. The access of the target customers c. The attractiveness of the store layout d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
3. Thong plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following will help him determine his plan for a success setting up of his business?
a. Survey of consumer associations
b. Checking for similar business to avoid competition c. Getting feedback on the quality of service
d. Conduct a SWOT analysis
4. Ceasar studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to – a. identify his would be “suki”.
b. predict his biggest buyer. c. select his favorite costumers.
d. determine whom to sell his product or service.
5. When an entrepreneur improves and alter products to make it more appealing to target consumers, he/she is doing an --- of the product.
a. alteration b. invention c. innovation d. improvisation
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Feedback
Pre-assessment and Post assessment 1. a
2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b
29 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum
Technology and Livelihood Education
Content Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates
understanding of basic concepts, underlying theories and core
competencies in computer systems and networks.
The learner independently provides quality and marketable service in
computer hardware servicing in terms of computer systems and networks
installation and diagnose and trouble shoot computer systems as prescribed in the TESDA Training Regulation.
MODULE 3:
INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
Number of Sessions (Time Allotment): 60 Hours (2 Quarters)
Republic of the Philippines
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Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course. In this module you will have a great deal of understanding of Installing Computer Systems and Networks. At the end of this module you will be able to apply the knowledge and skills on installing computer hardware, operating system, software components and networks. Those skills are essential for you to pass the National Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing.
In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for easy understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities, showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will have a considerable knowledge and skills in installing computer systems and networks essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career option in ICT.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start exploring new things in this module.
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In this module, there will be three (3) major topics that you will encounter: (1) plan and prepare for installation; (2) install hardware and software components and operating systems; and (3) conduct test on the installed computer system. The three major topics contain sub-topics that discuss the details on installing computer
systems and networks. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS,
what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies for this module are:
LO 1. Plan and prepare for installation
Observe Occupational Health and Safety policies and procedures in planning for installation activity in accordance with requirements
Familiarize with computer hardware, software component and other peripherals in accordance with established procedures on correct operation and safety policies
Consult appropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with others who are involved in the activity
Obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with established procedures
Check the materials received against job requirements
LO 2. Install equipment/devices (hardware, software components and peripherals) and operating systems
Follow OHS procedures in installing devices, systems, networking devices, and peripherals
Comply with the requirements in installing devices,/systems, networking devices, and peripherals
Install computer systems, networking devices and peripherals in accordance with job requirements
Perform installation of devices and variety of operating systems in accordance with customer/client’s requirements
Obtain approval from appropriate personnel before implementing contingency procedures
Respond to unplanned events or conditions in accordance to established procedures
Check the quality of the work undertaken in accordance with the established procedures
32 LO 3. Conduct test on the installed computer system
Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests
Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures
Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the requirements
Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure conformity with the requirements
Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted
Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or authority on the test conducted
In order to master the above listed competencies, you must be knowledgeable of the topics under what to KNOW, perform activities required under what to PROCESS, accomplish additional meaningful tasks under what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND and finally show some evidences of your learning by transferring what you have learned in a different context under what to TRANSFER.
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous experiences about computer hardware servicing.
SKILLS TEST
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must
gain in order to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer Hardware Servicing. Read the skills carefully. Write “YES” if you are familiar with the skill and “NO” if not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your notebook.
Skills in Computer Hardware Servicing YES NO I can open a computer case.
I can connect the mouse. I can connect the keyboard. I can connect the monitor.
I can apply occupational health and safety precautions while working. I can remove the system fan.
I can detach the power supply from the system unit. I know how to remove the RAM from the motherboard. I can remove the hard drive from the system unit. I can install the power supply.
I know how to install the motherboard.
I can install the internal drives in a system unit. I know how to attach RAM in the memory socket. I can install CD / DVD drives.
33 I know how to install an operating system
I know how to configure a hardware components and its related software I know the procedures in testing the installed computer components
The following topics will enable you to be familiar with planning and preparing for installation, install equipment and devices, and conduct test on the installed computer system. All you need to do is to read carefully all the topics and apply the skills you’ve gained through the distinct activities provided in this module.
LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR INSTALLATION
This lesson is intended to develop your skills in planning and preparing for installation of computer devices and operating system. At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
Observe OHS policies and procedures in planning for installation activity in accordance with requirements
Familiarize with computer peripheral/ devices/systems in accordance with established procedures correct operation and safety
Consult appropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with others who are involved in the activity
Obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with established procedures
Check the materials received against job requirements
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Policy – An Information and
communication technology (ICT) student should know how to behave when working in the computer laboratory, as well as implement a safe way of accomplishing every task. Safety practices should be learned early and always adheres in working with any electrical and electronic device, including personal computers and its peripherals. This is for your protection as well as to the people working with you,
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and for the devices that you are using. The basis for this process begins with Occupational Health and Safety Policies.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a planned system of working to prevent
illness and injury where you work by recognizing and identifying hazards and risks. Health and safety procedure is the responsibility of all persons in the computer and technology industries. You must identify the hazards where you are working and decide how dangerous they are. Eliminate the hazard or modify the risk that it presents.
Occupational Health and Safety standards
Each student has a responsibility to their colleagues and their organization to report and act upon any potential workplace hazard. Students need to be aware of the type of hazards that are possibly present in their work environment.
Procedure
1. Identify the hazard
2. Clear the area close to the hazard
3. Partition the hazard off or clearly identify the area to protect other people from harm
4. If the hazard is easily and safely cleared, then do so
If not…
5. Report the hazard to the appropriate person (such as teacher in charge, principal etc.) to obtain assistance
6. Following clearing of the hazard fill out the correct documentation to assist in identifying improved practice to reduce further incidence of hazards.
All hazards must be reported using Accidental Report form. This enables us to track the kinds of hazards we have in our workplace, and take action where necessary to make it safer for all student and clients.
Accident reports
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents happened in the laboratory during experiments.
Accident reports contain the following details: Name of the person injured
Date and time of the accident Type of injury
First aid given
35 Accident report sample form
Form No: Accident Report Form
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
Type of Injury Cause of Injury Remedy
Hazardous substances
If the workplace hazard appears to be dangerous to staff and clients and professional assistance is required:
A. Call the supervisor or manager and advise them of the problem and the urgency of the matter.
B. Depending on the risk it may be called as an evacuation. C. Follow the evacuation procedure.
D. The supervisor or manager will call in the fire brigade or specialized personnel who will deal with the spill.
Fire exits
All fire exits should be kept clear of from obstacles. All students have a responsibility to make sure that chairs, empty boxes or any other type of obstacle are not placed in or near fire exit doorways.
All corridors also need to have equipment stored on one side only to ensure that in the event of an emergency there is a clear exit.
Fire Safety Procedure
Each work area has a designated fire warden, who in the event of a fire will take charge. They are recognized by the wearing of a red hard hat.
36 If you find the fire
Assess the danger prior to doing anything.
If it is safe to move assist anyone in the vicinity of the fire away from danger.
If it is possible close the door to the fire area.
Call for assistance. Verbally call FIRE, FIRE, in a loud and clear voice.
Break the glass section of the fire alert call point.
Call to the switch; ensure you know where the fire is, any other details that may be of assistance to the fire brigade. Details could be size of the fire, cause or type of fire, any people hurt or trapped, has anyone tried to put it out.
If safe to do so, attack the fire with the correct extinguisher or fire hose.
If the designated fire officer is not present, someone quickly needs to take responsibility and:
1. Locate the source of the fire. 2. Locate any people.
3. Remove all people from the building. 4. Once outside do a head count? 5. Notify the authorities.
Personal Safety While Working with PC’s
Computer equipment can be dangerous, and you or others can be injured or even killed if you don’t follow proper safety guidelines when working along with PC’s. The following are some precautionary measures to take before working with any computer equipment:
Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of being shocked or seriously injured in an electrical accident.
Do not work on components that are plugged into their power source.
Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when it is turned on.
Remove jewelries when working inside any computer related equipment.
Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.
Applying OH&S Policies
1. Group yourselves into six members.
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3. The performance will be rated according to the following:
Performance Criteria: 5 - Have shown five OHS policies in different areas 4 - Have shown four OHS policies in different areas 3 - Have shown three OH&S policies in different areas 2 - Have shown two OH&S policies in different areas 1 - Have not shown any OH&S policies
UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER
A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we were able to achieve storage and processing of huge amounts of data; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for storing information. Due to computers, we have been able to speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work. Computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing power and size of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us look at the classification of computers.
Different Types of Computers
Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog, digital and hybrid computers.
Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a
digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.
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Figure1. Different Types of Computer
Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two
states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. They are programmable. Digital computers are either general purpose computers or special purpose ones. Special purpose computers, as their name suggests, are designed for specific types of data processing while general purpose computers are meant for general use.
Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog
computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.
Classification of Computers
The following are the classification of the different types of computers based on their sizes and functionalities:
Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical
applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small servers.
Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in
39
systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers.
Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a
computer network. They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors. Running on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like memory and time to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and resistant to crash.
Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively
performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.
40 Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit
it is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove to be the best choice for single-user tasks.
Personal computers come in different forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants (refer to Figure 3). Let us look at each of these types of computers.
Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of
a desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in the workplace and households.
Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and
optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries.
41 Netbooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively
smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular laptops, at the time they came into the market.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly
known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.
Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They
use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPod redefined the class of tablet computers.
Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the
creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation without user intervention.
Direction: Identify the type of computer being described in the following sentences
and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. These are mobile computers that are very handy to use.
2. They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a
computer network.
3. They are also called mid-range systems or workstations.
4. A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit.
5. They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in
size.
6. A type of computer which is intended be used on a single location.
7. They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits
0 and 1.
8. Computers that have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and
operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small servers.
9. It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop.
10. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of
42 COMPUTER SYSTEM, DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS
As an aspiring computer technician, it is very important to know the system that runs your computer and different devices attached to it. Each device plays an important role, without each other computer system will not work properly.
What is an Operating System?
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different program and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows:
o Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time.
Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
Linux Unix
Windows 2000
o Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
Linux Unix
Windows 2000
o Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows multi point
o Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.
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Linux Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows 7
o Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on which other application programs can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.
What are the devices of a computer?
The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer are called the hardware which is composed of different devices attached to the computer.
The following list represents a basic set of devices found in most Personal Computers.
1. System Unit- The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis. It
includes the following parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion Slots and Cards.
44 2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board- The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
Figure5. Modern Motherboard
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The processor is the main “brain” or “heart” of a
computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through a computer.
Figure6. Examples of CPU (Intel Core 2 Duo and AMD Athlon)
4. Primary storage- (internal storage, main memory or memory) is the computer's
working storage space that holds data, instructions for processing and processed data (information) waiting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary storage is a collection of RAM chips.
45 Two (2) Types of Memory
a. ROM – (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even when the power is ON or OFF.
b. RAM – (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
Figure 7.Examples of RAM
5. Expansion Bus - A bus is a data pathway between
several hardware components inside or outside a computer. It does not only connect the parts of the CPU to each other, but also links the CPU with other important hardware.
Figure 8.Expansion Bus
6. Adapters- Printed-circuit boards (also called interface
cards) that enable the computer to use a peripheral device for which it does not have the necessary connections or circuit boards. They are often used to permit upgrading to a new different hardware.
