flp M u n o p a fl MapjaHOBnti « EpaHKO ByKOcaB/beBnti
O C H O B E
E H E P r E T H K E
3a II pa3pefl MamnHCKO-eHepreTCKe iiJKoae
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3aBO,q 3a yy6eHHKe n HacTaBHa cpeflCTBa Beoroaa. 2004.
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Mp AneKcaHflap T>ecapeBnfc, 3aje,qHm4a jyrocnoBeHCKe eneKTpo- npnBpeqe, Beorpaq
Thxomhp BypnHCKH, npocfDecop ManiHHCKe LUKone - Hobh Caq
Mmap Kpx<nh, neqaroiiJKn caBeTHMK n npocfDecop MaiiiMHCKe LUKone Beorpafl ypeflHMK flp Mnnopafl MapjaHOBnti OflroBopHM ypeflHHK jt flp neTap rinjaHOBnti Jf 3a H3flaBana PaflOcnaB neTKOBnti,
flnpeKTop n rnaBHH ypeflHMK
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npocBeTHM caBeT Peny6nnKe Cp6nje ofloćpno je OBaj yp6eHHK
3a M3flaBai-be n ynoTpe6y 3a II pa3pefl MaiunHCKO-eHepreTCKe LUKone CBojmvi pemehbeM 6poj 650-51/88 Ofl 24. II 1988. roflHHe.
ISBN 86-17-1127
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Yy6eHMK OcHOBe eHepreTMKe nncaH je npeMa HacTaBHOM nnaHy m nporpaMy npeflMe- Ta OcHOBe eHepreTMKe, Kojn y II pa3pefly cpeflhbe oiKone cnyiuajy y4eHnqn cbmx o6pa30BHnx npocjjnna MaujMHCKO-eHepreTCKe CTpyKe.
ripnnnKOM nncaH>a yy6eHMKa m n3naraHsa MaTepnje, ocnaHaann cmo ce Ha caflpx<aje Kojn ce napanenHO peann3yjy m Kpo3 npeflMeTe cpM3MKa m ocHOBe eneKTpoTexHMKe. LjenMHe Koje yneHMflM o6pa30BHMx npocpnna M3ynaBajy fleTarbHO y OKBMpy flpyrMx npeflMeTa mnpaKTMHHe HacTaBe, flaTe cy MHCpopMaTMBHO Kao yBOfl y MaTepMjy KOja tie ce npoynaBaTM (KOTnoBCKa nocTpojeHsa, Typ6MHCKa nocTpojeHja, nyMne, KOMnpecopM, npeHOLuenje eHeprMje flo noTpoLuana), 3a pa3nMKy ofl ohmx caflp>Kaja KOje yneHML4M Hehe y HacTaBM fleTa/bHO ysMTM, Te ce Kpo3 OBaj npeflMeT fleTanjHO npoynaBajy (ropM- Ba Kao M3BopM eHeprMje, flpyrM M3BopM eHeprMje, motopm ca yHyTpamhbMM carope- Bai-beM, HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe, cyHHeBa eHepmja, BeTpert>aMe).
TaKolje je BeoMa 3HanajHa HMhbeHMLia fla cy yneHMi4M cTeKnM o,qpet)eHa npefl3Han>a y I pa3pefly Kpo3 npeflMeTe MaiuMHCKM MaTepMjanM m xeMMja.
M3nox<eHa MaTepnja y obom yp6eHMKy, npMnMKOM MHTepnpeTai^Mje yneHML4MMa Mopa fla ce noTKpenM 6pojHMM cnMKOBMTMM npMMepMMa, 36or nera je HeonxoflHO kopmctmtm lueMe, 3MflHe cnMKe, rpacpo-cponMje, cnajflOBe m MOflene.
CRflF>KHJ
npeflroBop 3
1 . Y B O A 7
1.1. OCHOBHM nOjMOBM o eHeprnjn 7
1.2. 3Hanaj eHeprnje 3a >k h b o t m pa3Boj ,qpyujTBa 8
1.3. Pe3epBe eHeprnje n noTpouihba 11
2. M3BOPH EHEPrHJE
152.1. TopMBa Kao M3Bop eHeprnje 15
2.1.1. flojaM ropMBa n hbnxoBa cBojcTBa 15
2.1.2. BpcTe ropnBa 15
2.1.3. EaeMeHTapHM cacTaB ropnBa 16
2.1.4. Ton/iOTHa Moti ropMBa 17
2.1.5. KapaKTepncTMKe ,qoMatiMx ropnBa 18
2.1.6. TpaHcnopTOBahte m CKjiaflmiJTeHDe h b p c tm x, TenHnx m racoBMTMx ropnBa 19
2.2. HBpcTa ropnBa 23
2.2.1. BpcTe h bpctm x ropnBa, KapaKTepncTMKe nojeflMHMX BpcTa 23
2.2.2. f1ocTyni4M onjieMehbMBaHDa m npepafle hbpctm x ropMBa 25
2.2.3. rioflpyHja npMMeHe hbpctm x ropMBa 26
2.3. TenHa ropMBa 28
2.3.1. BpcTe TeHHMX ropMBa 28
2.3.2. flpMpoflHa TenHa ropMBa 28
2.3.3. CMHTeTMHKa TeHHa ropMBa 28
2.3.4. npepa^eHa Tenna ropMBa 29
2.3.5. noflpynja npMMeHe tohhm x ropMBa 30
2.4. TacoBMTa ropMBa 31
2.4.1. BpcTe racoBMTMx ropMBa 31
2.4.2. npMpoflHa racoBMTa ropMBa 32
2.4.3. ripepal^eHa racosMTa ropMBa 32
2.5. HyKJieapHa ropMBa 33
2.5.1. BpcTe, CBojcTBa m ođjnacT npMMeHe HyKaeapHMx ropMBa 33
2.6. ApyrM M3BopM eHeprMje 35
2.6.1. EHeprMja Boqe 35
2.6.2. EHeprMja cyHqa 38
2.6.3. EHepmja BeTpa 40
3. TPAHCOOPMAL4MJA EHEPrMJE l/l IIOCTPOJEhbA
3ATPAHCOOPMAL4MJy
423.1. TpaHCCjDopMapMja eHeprnje 42
3.1.1. llpMHMMn TpaHCcfciopMaLjMje eHeprnje, uy\rb m 3Hanaj TpaHCCpopMapMje 42
3.2. llocTpojehba 3a TpaHCc}DopMaMMjy eHepmje 43 3.2.1. OCHOBHe BpCTe, KOHCTpyKL\Hja M npMHLJMn Cj3yHKL4MOHMCai-ba 43
3.3. KoTTiOBCKa nocTpojehba 48
3.3.1. Kottiobm cneL4MjanHe KOHCTpyKi4Mje 52
3.4. Typ6MHCKa nocTpojehba 54
3.4.1. !1apHOTyp6MHCKa nocTpojehba 55
3.4.2. racHOTyp6MHCKO nocTpojeHbe 57
3.4.3. XMflpoTyp6MHCKa nocTpojehba 58
3.5. Motopm ca yHyTpaLUH3MM caropeBaHseM 61
3.5.1. KnMnHM motopm GYC 62
3.5.2. Mna3HM nponyn30pM 67
3.6. l1yMne 70
3.6.1. l4eHTpMcjDyranHe nyMne 70
3.6.2. flponenepHe (ocHO-aKCMjanHe) nyMne 71
3.6.3. KnMrme nyMne 72
3.6.4. Cnei^MjanHe nyMne 74
3.7. OcTana nocTpojeHaa 3a TpaHCcj3opMaL4Mjy eHeprMje 75
3.7.1. IlojaM MaiiiMHe 3a ca6MjaLbe Ba3flyxa, npMMeHa m BpcTe 75
3.7.2. KoMnpecopM 76
3.7.3. BeHTMnaTopM 79
3.8. HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe 80
3.8.1. OcHOBHa uieMa eneKTpane 80
3.8.2. HyKneapHM peaKTopM 81
3.9. CyHHeBM KoneKTopM, KOHL^eHTpaTopM m 6aTepMje 83
3.9.1. CyHHeBM KoneKTopM 83
3.9.2. CyHHeBM KOHLjeHTpaTopM 86
3.10. BeTpeHaane 88
4. nPOLUMPEHDE TOflJlOTHE EHEPTMJE flO nOTPOLUAHA
904.1. TonnMCjDMKaL(Mja M TOnnMCjDMKaLlMOHM CMCTeMM 90
4.2. TonnoflaneKOBOflM 91
4.3. TonnoTHe noflCTaHMLie 94
4.4. KytiHM pa3BOfl 94
5. yLUTEflA EHEPTMJE M hbEHO PAL4MOHAJ1HO KOPmUTiEhbE
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1.1. O C H O BH M nO JM O B M
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llojaBe m npoL(ecn KOjn ce fleiuaBajy y npnpofln npeflCTaBrbajy pa3/iMHHTe očonKe KpeTaKta MaTepn- je mTpaHccj3opMai4Mje eHeprnje. Obm 060v\uy\ KpeTa- hba Be3aHM cy 3a oflroBapajyfcn bMfl eHeprnje: pa- 3narai-be MaTepnje 3a xeMMjcKy eHeprnjy, KpeTaH^e MoaeKyna y Teny 3a TonnoTHy eHeprnjy, KpeTaHse eneKTpoHa 3a eneKTpMHHy eHeprnjy, KpeTanbe Tena 3a MexaHMHKy eHeprnjy.
EHeprnja ce MO>xe npeBOflMTM M3 jeflHor oč/iMKa y flpyrn, ann ce He MO>xe yHmuTMTM nnn ctbopmtm hm M3 nera. Obo flecpMHMLue m o6jawi-baBa 33koh 0 Oflp>KaH5y eHeprMje no3HaT y o6nMKy:
E = const.
ripoL(ecM npeBotjehba eHeprMje M3 jeflHor o6nMKa y flpyrn npMK33aHM cy Ha cnMflM 1.1.
y npMpoflM eHeprMja pa3HMM npoflecMMa npejia3M M3 jeflHor oćnMKa y flpyrM. Y3mmmo 3a npMMep ao6m- jart>e ejieKTpMHHe eHeprnje y TepMoeneKTpaHaMa. V ropMBy Koje caropeBa, xeMMjcKa eHeprMja npena3M y TonnoTHy, fla 6mce y caMOM K O T n y TonnoTHa eHep- rMja npoflyKaTa caropeBaHDa npeflana BOflM, tbkofla eHeprMja npena3M y noTeHL(MjanHy eHeprMjy nape. EHeprMja nape, Koja je mflajte TonnoTHa, y napHoj Typ6MHM TpaHCcjDopMMLue ce y MexaHMHKy eHeprMjy Koja noKpetie paflHO Kono Typ6MHe mpoTop reHepa- Topa, TaKo fla ce y renepaTopy Ta MexaHMHKa eHep- rMja TpaHCC^iopMMLue y eneKTpMHHy.
TpaHccjjopMapMja, Kao npoqec npenacKa jeflHor 06- nMKa eHeprMje y flpyrM, Mo>Ke 6mtm noBpaTHa m
He-HyKJlEAPHA EKCflJ103MJA
CnnKa 1. - ripoflecn npeBot^ehba eHeprnje H3 jeflHor oćnnKa y flpyrn
noBpaTHa (jeflHOCMepHa). MexaHHMKy eHeprnjy MO>Ke- mo naKO npeBecTM y eneKTpnHHy, m eneKTpMHHy y MexaHMHKy. npeBotjerbe xeMnjcKe y TonnoTHy eHep- rnjy je pe/iaTMBHO jeflHOCTaBHO, 3a pa3JiMKy ofl o6pHy- Tor npofleca KOjn ce fliipeKTHMM nyTeM Bpno TeujKO MO>Ke M3BeCTM.
EHeprnja je flaHac Bpoo 3HanajHa 3a >kmbot, Te fla 6mcmo je npaBMjiHO m noTnyHO mckopmctmtim, noTpe- 6ho je fla je y noTnyHoc™ yno3HaMO, Kao m fla yno- 3H3MO cBe BtiflOBe hteHe TpaHccjjopMapnje.
ripmiMKOM TpaHccjsopMaflnje jeflHor o6nnKa eneprn- je y flpyrn, >KejteHM o6jimk floea3M flo ,,pacnnai-ba“ jeflHor fleoa eHeprnje, Tj. TpaHccfJopMaflnje y HeKM flpyrn He>KerbeHM o6jimk eHeprnje. Mepa TpaHCcjDop- Mai^nje jeflHor oćJiMKa y flpyrn >KejbeHM oćjjmk Ha3M- Ba ce CTeneHOM KopncHor flejcTBa Kojn je yBeK Ma- hbM Ofl jeflaH.
fla 6m ce eHepmja TpaHccpopMMcajia, noTpećHa cy nocTpojerba m MaujMHe Koje tie tom3bpujmtm, a to je npeflMeT npoynaBaiba MaTepnje M3Jio>KeHe y obom yy6eHMKy.
l . E . S H f l H f l J E H E P r M J E s f l : + :m e o t m p a s e o j . □ P L - ' L U T E f l
McTopnjaT Kopmiitieiba eHepreTCKMX M3Bopa Be3aH je 3a pa3B0j jbyflCKor flpyuiTBa. y npBOĆMTHoj 3ajefl- hhl(M HOBeK je KopncTMO concTBeHy eHeprnjy, eHeprnjy cBojnx MMLUMtia, snja je TpajHa CHara 6mia 50 flo 60 W. KacHMje je noneo fla kopmctm CHary MMLLIHtia flOMatiMX >KMBOTMrba KOja je M3H0CMJia 600 flO 700 W.
riOTpoLiJiba yrjba je Be3aHa 3a flBa nepnofla. rio- 3H3T0 je fla ce yrajb eKcnjioaTncao y Kmhm
1000 roflHHa npe Hame epe, a y TpHKoj n noflpyn]y l/lTajinje 400 roflMHa npe Harne epe.
HacjJTa ce nonejia eKcnnoaTncaTn 6000 - 8000 roflMHa npe Harne epe. Bofla n Ba- 3flyx Kao enepreTCKM M3B0pn nonejin cy ce eKcnjioaTncaTM oko xm bafly roflHHa npe Haiue epe, a 6hjim cy no3Ha™ n y l/lHflnjn, ErnriTy n Kmhm. BeTpeHaana ce y EBponn nonejia kopmctmtm y XII BeKy.
y XVII BeKy CaBeHM je KOHCTpyncao npBy ynoTpe6jbMBy napHy MamnHy 3a Lipnjbejbe BOfle M3 pyflapcKnx OKaHa. To je 6mia HepeHTa6wjiHa MauinHa m HMje 6nna HajmK Ha flaHaujfbe. BaT je 1769. M3yMeo npBy MaujMHy Koja je eKOHOMMHHO npeTBapaoa TonnoTHy eHeprnjy y MexaHMHKM pafl. flpBa
napHa MauiMHa neMa B3tobom n3yMy KOHCTpyiicaHa je 1877. roflMHe m npeflCTaBJbajia je npeKpeTHMpy y pa3Bojy HOBenaHCTBa.
l/lHflycTpMjcKa npMMeHa Hacjrre Be3aHa je 3a XVIII BeK Kafla cy M3BpuieHe npBe flecTMJiaflMje HacpTe y L]MJby floćMjarba yjba 3a ocBeTjberbe. ripBO 6yujerbe 3eMJbe y pMJby flo 6Mjart>a Hacj>Te M3BpiueH0 je 1859. roflMne y neHCMJiBaHMjM. O fl Tafla noTpomrba Hacj>Te CTajiHO pacTe, HaponMTo ca pa3B0jeM TonjioTHMx MOTopa y >Kejie3HML(M m 6poflapcTBy.
ripefl Kpaj XIX BeKa flOJia3M flo ceH3aL(M0HajiHMx OTKpMtia MOTopa ca yHyTpamrbMM caropeBaibeM m to: OTO-MOTopa (1867) m flM3eji-MOTopa (1892), KojM cy caMO nocnemMJiM noTpomiby HacjJTe Kao eHepreT- CKOr M3B0pa.
ripBa eneKTpaHa Koja je npoM3BOflMJia ejieKTpMHHy eHeprMjy M3rpat5eHa je y C A fl 1881. roflMHe m MMana je cHary ofl 1 kW.
fla jb e ycaBpmaBarbe je OMoryhMjio CTBaparbe MJia- 3hmx MOTopa (1930. roflMHe O. BajT).
y Harnoj 3eMJbM noneTaK ejieKTpMcjjMKapMje Be3yje ce 3a 1886. roflMHy m M3rpafliby npBe xMflpoeJieK- TpaHe Ha pepn LjpHMflM KOfl rtapahMHa, a 33.twm M3rpafliby XMflpoejieKTpaHa ,,rpaflan" koa BarbeBa m „TbeTMrbe" KOfl y>KMpa 1900. roflMHe. l/l3m e fl aKy- MyjiapMOHor je3epa npMKa3aH je Ha cjimljm 1.2. EjieKTpoeHepreTCKa cvnya\\v\\a y Peny6jiML(M Cp6v\- jM (pacnopefl eneKTpaHa m BMcoKOHanoHCKa npe- HocHa Mpe>Ka) npMKa3aHa je Ha chmam 1.3a. Ha cjim- KaMa 1.4. m 1.5. npMKa3aHa je CTpyKTypa npoM3BOfl- rbe eoeKTpMHHe eHeprnje m CHara eneKTpaHa Koje yjia3e y cacTaB EnC-a.
y Ta6enaMa 1.1. m 1.2. npMK33aHM cy npoM3BOflHM KanaL(MTeTM EI"IC-a m npoM3BOflHDa ejieKTpMHHe eHeprMje y Cp6MjM.
GWh
35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 9000 1970. 1980. 1990. 1999. 2000. 2001.1 ~ 2 -T E -T O rac n teHHa ropnBa
MW
8000
6000
4000
2 0 0 01970.1980.1990.
1999.2000. 2001.
1 - T E yrarb 2 - T E - T O rac n TenHa 3 - XE ropuBa
1
Ta6ena 1.1. - npou3BOAHM KanaLfHTeTM EflC-a Ta6ena 1.2. - ripon3BOAH>a eneKTpiiHHe eHepmje
E/IEKTPAHA CHAPA Ha E/IEKTPAHA GWh
npary MW T E HHKO/IA TEC/IA A 7 591
T E HHKO/IA TEC/1A A 1 502 T E HHKO/IA TEC/IA 5 7 592
T E HHKO/IA TEG/IA 5 1 160 T E KO/1V5APA 426
T E KO/iy5APA 245 TEM O P A B A 541 T E MOPABA 108 T E KOCTO/1AI4 A 383 T E KOCTO/IAH A 281 T E KQCTdJlAL4 5 2 440 TE KOCTO/1AL4 5 640 TE K O C O B O A 1 123 T E KOCOBO A 617 TE K O C O B O 5 1 481 T E K O C G B O B 618 TBfcMbEJlEKTPAHE 21 577 TEPMOEJ1EKTPAHE 5 171 T E -T O H O B H C A fl 444 T E -T O H O B H C A f i 208 T E -T O 3PEhbAHHH 26
T E -T O 3PEHbAHHH 100 T P .T fl f'PPMPk'A TWIMTDARMI IA A
T E -T O CPEMCKA MHTPOBMLJA 45 TEPMOEJ1EKTPAHE - TOn/IAHE 466 TEPMOEJIEKTPAHE-TOn/lAHE 353 XE "BEPflAn 1 5 665 XE BEPflAfl 1 1 058 XE TbEPflAn II 270 XE TbEPflAn II 1 492 XE BJIACHHA 140 XE B/IACHHA 129 XE nH PO T 39 XE nH P O T 80
XE 5AJHHA BALLITA 364 XE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA 1 547
PXE 5AJHHA BAlilTA 614 PXE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA 734
XE 3BOPHHK 92 XE 3BOPH14K 497
XE E/IEKTPOMOPABA 13 XE E/IEKTPOMOPABA 53
XE JIHMCKE 211 XE /1HMCKE 455
XMflPOEJlEKTPAHE 2 831 XMflPOEJlEKTPAHE 10 622
E/IEKTPAHE EnC-a 8 355 EJIEKTPAHE EnC-a 32 665
XE flHBA 342 XE riMBA 748
XE TA31/IBOflE 35 XErA3HB0flE 71
T O BEOrPAfl 84 T O BEOrPAfl 0,3
OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE 461 OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE 820
GWh
1.3. P E S E P B E E H E P r H - J E
M n O T P O L U h b f l
npnnnKOM pa3MaTpahba eHepreTCKnx pe3epBn Mopa~7 ce BOflMTn panyHa o TOMe ,qa cy noflapn o hbnxoBHM pe3epBaMa penaTMBHM, jep ce anconyTHO Tanne pe3epBe He Mory yTBpflHTH. noTponiHDa ce CBaKO- flHeBHO Mei-ba na cy penaTHBHM n noflapH Kojn ceJJ Jj/iory HatiM y CTpysHoj nMTepaTypi/Lj
nioTponiHba eHeprnje y CBeTy je nopacna 3a Bnuje ofl 30 nyTa 3a nocneflhbnx 100 roflMHa. \
rioTpoiiJhba Hocnnaifla eHeprnje HMje paBHOMepHO pacna, TaKo fla je noTpomhba HBpcTor ropnBa no- pacna 3a 24%, a Hacjrre npeKO 100%. Ca nopacTOM noTpomrbe Merbana ce n CTpyKTypa noTpouihbe. Oko 1880. roflMHe yrarb je Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ynecTBO- Bao ca 95%, HacjDTa ca oko 5% , flOK flaHac MO>xeMO y3eTH fla yrarb ynecTByje Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ca 35%, Hacjrra ca 43%, a ocTane npopeHTe nonaKO ocBajajy HyKneapHa n xnflpoeHepmja.
CBe M3Bope eHeprnje MO>KeMO CBpcTaTM y flBe rpyne:
- o6HOBTbMBe (HencflpnHe) M3Bope eHepmje n - Heo6HOBTbMBe (ncppnHe) M3Bope eHeprnje. yrajr>, HacpTa n npnpoflHn 3eMHH rac npeflCTaBTbajy HeočHOB/bHBe nnn ncppnHe Hocnope eHeprnje. Ofl o6HOBTbMBnx M3Bopa eHeprnje flo cafla ce jefln- ho MHTeH3HBHo kophcth xnflpoeHeprnja - eHeprnja BOfleHMX TOKOB3.
^Tp e č a MMaTn y BMfly fla y flocaflamhboj npaK cn ro - pnBM ujKpnnaflM myn>aHM n e u jn a p Hncy nM ann 3Ha- najHMje M ecTO, Met)yTi/iM, Ha noM o n y eH epreTC K e Kpn3e ohm fločnjajy 3HanajHnje M ecTo 6 n n o fla ce flnpeKTHO K o p n cTe , 6nno fla ce n p e pa tjyjy y Hacj3Ty. llp e Tn o c Ta B Jb a ce fla 6m ce npepaflOM ropnB nx
5000
O 1990 m 2001
CnnKa 1.7. - MeceMHa noTpotuhba eneKTpMHHe eHeprnje
ujKpnTbana n yjbaHMX neujnapa y Hac|)Ty Morna flo- 6mti/ioko rpn nyTa Betia KonnsMHa HacjjTe, Hero uito cy hbeHe flaHauirbe pe3epBaJ.
HocMope eHeprMje y 6yflytiH0CTM Tpeča Tpa>KMTM y TepMOHyKneapHoj eHeprMjM cyHL(a - conapHoj eHep- rMjM, eHeprMjM pacnafla aTOMa y yHyTpaujhbocTM 3eMTbe - reoTepMCKa eHepmja m eHeprMjM KpeTaiba nnaHeTa - eHeprnjM nnnMe m oceKe.
OcTBapeHa nponsBOfliba pacnono>KMBe eHeprMje npn- Ka3aHa je Ha cnnpM 1.6 a MeceHHa noTpouiiba eHep- rnje y Peny6nnpH Cp6njM npMKa3aHa je Ha cnnpH 1.7.
PaflM 6oTbe MnycTpai4nje eHepreTCKor 6MnaHca Pe- ny6nMKe CpćMje Ha criMqn 1.8 npnKa3aHa je pa3MeHa eHeprnje y TOKy 2002. roflMHe ca HeKaflamibMM nna- HMpaMa eHepreTCKor CMCTeMa JyrocnaBMje.
Ha cnMKaMa 1.9 m 1.10 npMKa33HM cy MeceMHa npoM3BOflhba eneKTpaHa m CTpyKTypa noTpouiibe eneKTpMHne eHeprMje y Peny6nMflM CpćMjM.
MaKCMManHO caTHO onTepetieibe m flHeBHa 6pyTO noipouihba eneKTpMHHe eneprMje npMKa3aHe cy Ha cnMKaMa 1.11 m 1.12. GWh 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII CnnKa 1.6. - Pacnono>KMBa eHeprnja
MATbAPCKA f 1 . . PYM yHHJA 2 8 5 XPBATCKA 223 B y r a p c k a L(PHA TOPA 1764 101 AJIBAHHJA 1503 MAKEflOHHJA C/iHKa 1.8. - Pa3MeHa eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje ca cyceflHMM flp>KaBaMa
GWh 4000
1 - TE yrarb 2 - TE TO rac m renHa ropnBa 3 - npoTOHHe XE 4 - aKyiviynaL(H0He XE
CjiHKa 1.9. - MeceHHa npon3BOflhba eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje y Peny6nnL(n Cpđnjn
r
r
c
GWh 35000 25000 15000 5000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19992000 2001
1 - floMatiMHCTBa 2 - nH.qycTpi.ija 3 - ocTano 4 - ry6nqn qMCTpn6yisnje 5 - ry6wqn npeHOca
CcnKa 1.10. - CTpyKTypa noTpoiarbe eneKTpiiHHe eHeprnje y Pen^em-mn Cp6njn
MW
7000
6000
1970 1980 1990
C/iHKa 1 . 1 1 . - MaKCHMa/iHo caTHO onTepetieHje
MW 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CnnKa 1.12. - flnjarpaM qHeBHe 6pyTO noTpomrbe eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje
n H T O h f c - O H
1. Ksko rnacM BaKOH o o,qp>Kahby eHeprnje?
2. OđjacHn flođnjahbe ejieicrpnHHe eHeprnje y TepMoejieKTpaHaMa, 3. Kojihkm je aaaHaj eHeprnje 3a >kmbot n pa3Boj flpyaiTBa? 4. Koja ropMBa yčpajaMO y očHOBJbHBa, a Koja cy HeođHOBJbMBa?
5. y KojMM eHeproTCKMM M3BopnMa Tpeča Tpa>KMTM 6yflyhe HOCMOfle eHeprMje? 6. lilTa MO>Keai petiM o pa3MenM eHepnije Peny6jiMKe CpčMje ca flpyrMM flp>KaBaMa? 7. KaKO roflMLUhbe flo6a yTMHe Ha noTpoujHiy eHeprMj'e?
l
*
M S B O P H E H E P r M J E
- fla cy ocnočo^eHH npoflyKTM caropeBai-ba 6e30- nacHii;
- fla Hncy ziaKo 3anarbHBa; 5 . 1 . r O P M B f t K f t O M 3 B O F
E H E P r M - J E
a .i.i. n o jf t M r o P M B f l
M h b -M X O B fl C B O J C T B f l
TopnBa cy MaTepnje Koje caropeBaibeM ocno6atjajy oflpe^eHy KonnnnHy TonnoTe npn seMy ocTajy npo- flyKTM caropeBai-ba. CaropeBahbe M0>KeM0 cMaTpa- th npoMecoM 6ypHor cjeflMHDaBahba ca KnceoHHKOM. riouJTO nocTOje MHOre MaTepnje Koje pearyjy Ha onn- caH HaMHH, nofl ropnBOM y y>KeM cMncny noflpa3y- MeBaMO caMO 0He MaTepnje Koje caropeBajy ncK/by- mhbo pafln ocnoćaljaHDa TonnoTe. flpeMa TOMe ro- pnBa npeflcTaB/bajy ochobhmn3Bop TonnoTHe eHep- rnje n hbnxoBa npnMeHa je rnnpoKa: flOMahMHCTBa, eHepreTCKa nocTpojenba, motopm c y c , M/ia3HH n paKeTHM noroH.
ripaKTMHHa npnMeHa ropnBa 3aBncn ofl cnefletiMx 3axTeBa:
- fla cy HaerOBa Hana3miJTa y npnpofln y flOBO/bHHM KO/iMHMHaMa;
- fla y TOKy npopeca caropeBaHba ocnoćofln Oflpe- tjeHy (ujto Betiy) KonnHnny TonnoTe;
- fla caropeBart>eM He 3aratjyjy OKonMHy.
TopnBO Koje 6m 3aflOBO/bMno CBe OBe 3axTeBe, y npaKCM He nocTojM, Te je KBanMTeTHMje oho ropMBo Koje 3a flaTM cnynaj McnyhbaBa BMine HaBefleHMX 3a- xTeBa.
a.1.5. B P C T E rO P M B ft
ropMBa ce Mory noflenMTM Ha BMiiie HanMHa:
- noflena ropMBa npeMa arperaTHOM CTahby Ha HBp- CTa, TenHa m racoBMTa m
- noflena ropMBa npeMa CTeneHy npepafle Ha npM- poflHa, npepatjeHa m CMHTeTMHKa ropMBa.
riofl npMpoflHMM ropMBOM ce noflpa3yMeBa oho Koje ce MO>Ke KOpMCTMTM OHaKBO K3KBO je y npMpOflM, OflMax nocne oflCTpaibeiba rpy6Mx npMMeca. ripo- M3BefleHa m npepatjeHa ropMBa flo6Mjajy ce npepa- flOM ropMBa. Flopefl oBor npepat^eHa ropMBa mo- >KeMO noflenMTM Ha:
- npMMapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep HacjJTa) M
- fla je eKcnnoaTaflMja ropMBa eKOHOMMHHa mpena- tmbhonaKa;
- fla y ce6M caflp>KM ujtoMaibe 6anacTa - HeropM- bmxMaTepnja;
- fla je LjeHa npoM3BefleHe - ocno6ot)eHe TonnoTe npMXBaT/bMBa;
- fla je ropMBO nocTojaHo npn TpaHcnopTy mcxna- flMmTerby;
- ceKyHflapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep 6eH- 3MH).
ripMpoflHa ropMBa cy:
HBpcTa - flpBO, TpeceT, yra/b, ropMBM ujKpM/bflM, y/bHM necaK,
TeHHa - Hacj>Ta, racoBMTa - 3eMHM rac.
npepatjeHa ropnBa cy:
HBpcTa - flpBeHM yrarb, čpnKeT, kokc,
TeHHa - 6eH3HH, neTponeyM, flH3en-ropnBa, Ma3yT, anKoxon,
racoBHTa - pacf)MHepMjcKn rac, flecTnnai4MOHM rac, reHepaTopcKn rac.
Ilopefl rope HaBefleHe onurre noflene, ropnBa ce mo- ry noflennTn n Ha cnefletin HaHHH:
- npeMa 3ana/bMB0CTM - caM03anajbHBa n HecaMO- 3anarbHBa,
- npeMa nocTojaHOCTM Ha TonnoTy - TonnonocTO- jaHa n TonnoHenocTojaHa,
- npeMa KapaKTepy noTpoibHbe - eHepreTCKa n Te- XHonouuKa ropnBa.
a . 1 3 . E J H E M E H T f l P H M C R C T f i E : r O P M B f i
no3HaeahbeM cacTaBa ropnBa n KberoBnx ocoČMHa MO>xeMO npaBnnHO fla oflpeflMMO MorytiHOCT i-bero- Be npnMeHe, Kao n KonwHHHy TonnoTe Kojy mo>k6 fla ocno6ofln npn caropeBahby.
ll03HaBaH3e eneMeHTapnor cacTaBa ropnBa OMory- tiaBa fla oflpeflHMO hm3 noflaTaKa: noTpeĆHy Konn- HUHy Ba3flyxa 3a noTnyHO caropeBahbe, KonnHMHy n cacTaB npoflyKaTa caropeBai-ba, TonnoTHy Moh ro- pnBa n TeMnepaTypy caropeBahba.
y eneMeHTapHM cacTaB ropiiBa yna3e:
ropiiBM eneMeHTM - yrrbeHMK C, BOflOHMK H m cyM- nop S,
HeropnBii eneMeHTii - KiiceoHMK O m a30T H, 6anacT - MtiHepanHe npiiMece A m BOfla W.
yrxbeHMK. - npeflCTaBjba HajBa>KHMjy KOMnoHeHTy ropnBa M3 flBa pa3nora. npBM je Taj ujto ra y ropnBy MMa HajBmue, flpyrM jep ce hberoBMM caropeBaHseM ocnoćat^a HajBetia KonMHMHa TonnoTe. Y ropMBy Mo>xe 6mtmm flo 95% yrnbeHMKa. CaropeBai-beM 1 kg Mace yr/beHMKa ocno6oflM ce 33,829 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprMje, npM neMy je MaKCMManHa TeMnepaTypa caropeBahba 2 573 K.
BoflOHMK. - BoflOHMK y ropMBy noTMHe M3 npaMaTe- pnje Kao myrrbeHMK. y ropMBy ce MO>Ke jaBMTM Be- 3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa (HBpcTa mTenHa ropM- Ba) mnecTO y MemaBMHM ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa KOfl racoBMTMX ropMBa. y hbpctom ropMBy MMa 5-6% BOflOHMKa, a y TenHOM 8 -1 2% . llpM caropeBai-by 1 kg BOflOHMKa ocnoćal^a ce 142,014 MJ TonnoTHe eHep- rnje, a to je npeKO 4 nyTa BMme nero KOfl carope- Bahba yrrbeHMKa. MaKCMManna TeMnepaTypa caro- peBahba BOflOHMKa je 2 508 K.
KMceoHMK. - KMceoHMK HMje ropMBM eneMeHT, anM noTnoMa>Ke mOMorytiaBa caropeBahbe. KonMHMHa km- ceoHMKa y ropMBy CMahbyje noTpe6Hy KonMHMHy km- ceoHMKa M3 Ba3flyxa. Kofl hbpctmx ropMBa caflp>Kaj KMceoHMKa je penaTMBHO BenMK, aok ra KOfl TenHMX ropMBa npaKTMHHO HeMa. y ropMBMMa ce KMceoHMK Hana3M Be3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa, ocmmy raco- bmtmmropMBMMa rfle ce Hana3M y cnoćoflHOM CTaiby. A30T. - y ropMBy ce Hana3M y KonMHMHaMa 0,7-1,3% mto Hajnemtie y cacTaBy cno>KeHMX opraHCKMX jeflM- hbeiba. y hbpctmm m TeHHMM ropMBMMa MMa ra MaH=e Hero y racoBMTMM ropMBMMa. A30T 3ajeflHO ca km- ceoHMKOM hmhm yHyTpamhbM 6anacT ropMBa.
CyMnop. - l/lMa ra HapoHMTO y hbpctmm ropMBMMa 1-2,5 na mflo 7%. CyMnop ce y ropMBy MO>Ke jaBM- tm y caropMBOM m HecaropMBOM BMfly. ripMnMKOM caropeBahba npena3M y neneo. CaM cyMnop y ropM- By flenyje kopo3mbho, a npoflyKTM caropeBaiba cy mTeTHM. ripMcycTB0 cyMnopa y ropMBy je Heno- >KejbHO M3K0 oh cBojMM caropeBarbeM ocnoćat^a 9 296 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprMje rio 1 kg.
MMHepanHe npmviece. - Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx npM-
Meca y ropMBy je pa3nMHMT o fl 1 % flo 2% koa flpBe- Ta, na m flo 90% KOfl mKpMJbafla. MMHepanHe npn- Mece ce cacToje M3 npMMapHMx, ceKyHflapHMx m Tep- qMjapHMx HenMCTOtia. ripMMapHe HeHMCTotie HacTa- ne cy jom y npaMaTepnjM m paBHOMepHO cy pacno- pel^eHe yHyTap ropMBa t3ko fla ce BeoMa TemKO Mory oflCTpaHMTM. CeKyHflapHe npMMece cy y ropM-
boflomne y TOKy hberoBor HacTajarba, a TepflMjapHe npMMece y npoflecy HjeroBor Bat^eiba m TpaHcnopTa. MMHepanHe npMMece y ropMBy cy BeoMa mTeTHe jep OTe>KaBajy caropeBarbe, M3a3MBajy ry6MTaK topmbmx eneMeHaTa na TMMe m TonnoTe, CMaibyjy yfleo ro- Pmbmx MaTepMja y ropMBy, noBetiaBajy TpomKOBe TpaHcnopTa m npjbajy nocTpojerbe, OTe>KaBajy ite - roBO o,qp>KaBarbe m cMan>yjy iberoB BeK.
Bnara. - Bnara je Heno>KejbHM cacTaB ropMBa m hmhm TaK03B3HM cnojbHM 6anacT. YMahbyje TonnoT- Hy Moti ropMBa m CMaibyje TeMnepaTypy npoflyKaTa caropeBaHja. Bnara ce Hana3M y pa3nMHMTMM ko- nMHMHaMa y pa3HMM BpcTaMa ropMBa o fl 2% na flo 80% (KOfl TpeceTa). npMnMKOM npaKTMHHMX npo- panyHa y3MMa ce y o63Mp fla ce Bnara jaBjba y flBa o6nMKa: rpy6a Bnara W G m XMrpocKonHa Bnara W H. - fpy6 a Bnara je nocneflMfla KBamehba ropMBa bo- flOM M3 cnojbamrbe cpeflMHe npnnMKOM flo6Mja- H>a, TpaHcnopTa m ycKnaflMmTeHja. OHa ce necTO Ha3MBa m cnojbamrba, noBpmMHCKa MnM cnoćofl- Ha Bnara.
- XMrpocKonHa Bnara ce Hana3M y nopaMa HBpcTor ropMBa m Ha3MBa ce yHyTpamH>a MnM KanMnapHa Bnara.
YKynHa Bnara W y ropnBy npeflCTaBrba 36np rpy6e Bnare WG n xnrpocKoriHe Bnare WH, ujtoce MO>xe npeflCTaBMTM M3pa30M:
w = w G + w H .
a .i.H . T o n n o T H R
m o t=.
t o p h e r BennHHHa Kojy flecjDHHmjjeMo oahocom HacTane ko- nnHHHe TonnoTHe eHeprnje npn noTnyHOM carope- Banby n KonnHHHe ropnBa Koja je Ty TonnoTHy eHeprnjy ocno6oflnna, Ha3MBaMO TonjiOTHOM Mohn ropnBa. OHa je BeoMa 3HanajHa KOMnoHeHTa npn npopanyHMMa, a yjeflHO je n Haj3HanajHMja KapaK- TepncTHKaropnBa.TonnoTHa Moti ce o6ene>KaBa ca H n H3pa>KaBa y J/kg 3a HBpcTa ropMBa, y J/m3N 3a racoBMTa n J/dm3 3a TenHa ropnBa.
l1pepaHyHaBahbe 3anpeMMHCKe TonnoTHe Motin Ha MaceHy TonnoTHy Moh Bpiun ce M3pa30M:
H . O - . H kg
kJ , kg
m3N m3N
C o63npoM Ha ycnoBe y KojnMa ce npopec carope- Baiba oflBnja nocTojn
- TOnnOTHa MOti npH KOHCTaHTHOM npnTMCKy n - TonnoTHa Moti npn KOHCTaHTHoj 3anpeMMHn.
rioiJjTO ce BpeflHOCTH TonnoTHe Motin flo6njeHe npn KOHCTaHTHOM npHTHCKy H KOHCTaHTHOj 3anpeMMHM BeoMa Mano pa3nMKyjy, to ce ycnoBM nocećHO m He HarnaiuaBajy.
SHasajHa m npaKTMHHO yBeK npncyTHa noflena, c o63npoM Ha TonnoTHM hmbo npoflyKaTa caropeBa- rba, je roprba Hg mflorba Hd TonnoTHa Moti.
Tophba TonnoTHa Moti (Hg) npeflCTaBTba KonnHMHy TonnoTe KOja HacTaje noTnyHMM caropeBaHDeM jeflMHnpe Mace ropnBa, nofl ycnoBOM fla ce nocne caropeBaHDa npoflyKTM, HacTann npn caropeBarby, oxnafle Ha noneTHy TeMnepaTypy (20°C) m fla ce BOfla cTBopeHa caropeBaHDeM Hana3M y tohhom CTaHjy.
floHba TonnoTHa Moh (Hd) npeflCTaB/ba KonMHMHy TonnoTe Koja ce flo6wja noTnyHMM caropeBaH>eM jeflMHMLie Mace ropnBa, npn neMy ce CTBopeHa BOfla y TOKy caropeBaHaa Hana3M y o6nnKy BOfleHe nape. TonnoTHa Moh ce MO>Ke oflpeflMTM eKcnepnMeHTan- ho nnn panyHCKM. EKcnepnMeHTanHO ce oflpet)yje TonnoTHa MOh Ha flBa HaHMHa: 3a HBpcTa m TenHa ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy ca 6om6om, a 3a racOBMTa y
npoTOHHOM KanopnMeTpy. CyaiTMHCKa pa3nnKa je y TOMe ujtoce y npBOM cnynajy npopec caropeBaH>a oflBnja npn CTanHoj 3anpeMHHH, a y flpyroM npn CTanHOM npnTMCKy.
TonnoTHa MOh ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy (cnnKe 2.1 n 2.2.) oflpetjyje ce Ha cneflehn HannH: TanHO Oflpe- IjeHa KonnHMHa ropnBa caropeBa y aTMOCcjDepn hh- CTor KHceoHHKa npn noBehaHOM npMTWCKy. Konw- hmh3 TonnoTe KOja HacTaje caropeBaHbeM npeflaje ce BOflM y KanopwMeTpy. Ako je nosHaTa Maca BOfle n hbeHa cneflMcjDMHHa TonnoTa, MepeH>eM TeMnepa- Type BOfle npe m nocne caropeBarba y3 Oflpetjene KopeKflMje 3Ćor TonnoTHMX ry6MTaKa, MO>Ke ce M3- panyHaTM KonMHMHa TonnoTe HacTana npn carope- Baiby. flenberbeM OBe TonnoTe MacoM ropMBa flOĆM- ja ce roprba TonnoTHa MOh. floHba TonnoTHa MOh Oflpetjyje ce M3 ropi-be, y3MMajyhM y o63Mp caflp>Kaje BOflOHMKa m Bnare y ropMBy.
OflpetjMBarbe TonnoTHe MohM racoBWTMx ropMBa y npoTOHHOM KanopwMeTpy pa3nMKyje ce no TOMe ujto ce caropeBarbe oflBMja y3 npwcycTBO Ba3flyxa m Ha aTMoccjjepcKOM npwTMCKy.
KaMeHM yrarb je 3acTynn3eH y MariviM KonnMMHaMa. KapaKTepncTMKe flOMaKer yrrba flaTe cy y Tačenn 2.1.
M H T
CnnKa 2.2. - Ochobhm e/ieMeHTM KanopnMeipa:
0 - oMOTan, R - TepMocTaT, P - noflMeTan, M - Meujamina, T - TepMOMeTap, K - Ka/iopnMeTapcKH cyfl, L - noK/ionai^. TonnoTHa moK ce panyHCKn Oflpe1jyje HajHemtie Ha ocHOBy no3HaTor eneMeHTapHor cacTaBa, a cy- niTHHa penor npopaHyHa cacTojn ce y eneMeHTapHOj aHann3n ropnBa, KojoM ce o,qpe1)yje eneMeHTapHM cacTaB ropnBa n TonnoTHe moKm nojeflHHnx eneMe- HaTa - KOMnoHeHTH ropnBa. MaTeMaTHHKa cf)opMy- napnja 3a M3paHyHaBaHDe TonnoTHe Motin rnacn:
Hg\ —
I
= 34 0xC + 1420r?]+
9
3
x
;
HdvkS
340xC + 1190 | H - ^ |+ 93 x S - 25 x W .
Ta6ena 2.1. - KapaKTepncTHKe yrn>a flOMatie npon3BOflhbe BPCTA y n b A TOPHdA 03HAKA TOnJlOTHA MOTi MJ/kg AOHdA TOnnOTHA MOTi MJ/kg 1 2 3 4 nHTHMT L 13,5-20 12,5-18,5 MPKM yran> M . I v 18-22 - % * _ 16-20 KaMOHM yrarb T ' K * 20-31 19-30 - MOTOpHM 6eH3MH
y JyrocnaBnjn ce npeMa nponncnMa npoii3BOfle flBe BpcTe MOTopHor 6eH3MHa:
- motophm 6eH3MH OKTaHCKor 6poja 98 - MB 98 M - motophm 6eH3MH OKTaHCKor 6poja 86 - MB 86.
Motophm 6eH3MH KopncTM ce 3a noroH CBMX
cyc
MOTOpa OCHM aBMOHCKMX. EeH3MH Ce npOM3BOflM Kao 3MMCKM m neThbM. y 3mmckom nepnofly MOpa ce o6e36eflMTw naK CTapT, a y neTHbHM MecepnMa He CMejy ce CTBapaTM napHM nenoBn. npernefl KapaK- TepncTMKa flaT je y Ta6enn 2.2.Ta6ena 2.2. - KapaKTepncTMKe motophmx 6eH3MHa i-fle cy:
C - MaceHH npopeHaT yrrbeHMKa y ropwBy, H - MaceHM npopeHaT BOflOHHKa y ropnBy, 0 - MaceHH npopeHaT KnceoHHKa y ropwBy, S - MaceHM npopeHaT cyMnopa y ropnBy, W - MaceHM npopeHaT Bnare y ropwBy.
0B3KBy ct3opMynaflMjy nocTaBno je CaBe3 HeManKMx MH>Kei-bepa 1899. roflMHe w OHa ce yrnaBHOM mcafla
KopncTM y EBponn.
a .l.E . K R P f i K T E F M C T H K E
flOM fiF.M X r O F M E f i
- yran>
npeMa flOKa3aHWM pe3epBaMa ocHOBy Hamer yrrba HMHe nnrHMT (90% ) w MpKn yrarb (10%).
KAPAKTEPMCTMKE MOTOPHH 5EH3HH
98 - 86 OKTaHCKM 6poj 98 86 caflpx<aj onoBa g/dm3 0,6 0,6 caflp>Kaj cyMnopa % 0,1 0,1 caflp>Kaj CMona mg/100 m! 6 6 - flw3en-ropwBa
npeMa nocTojetiMM nponncnMa npow3BOfle ce HeTnpn BpcTe flM3en-ropnBa:
- flM3en-ropwBO Bpno naxo - D1
- flnaen-ropnBO naxo - D2
- flM3en-ropnBO cpeflibe - D3
- flW3en-ropnBO naKO ca MannM caflp>KajeM
flM3en-ropnBO D1 kopmctmce 3a noroH 6p30xoflHMx flM3en-ivioTopa kojh pafle ca necTHM npoMeHaMa onTepe+iei-ba. fln3en-ropnBO D2 je 3a flM3en-MOTope Kojn pafle y yo6nHajeHMM ycnoBHMa pafla. D3 ce kopmcth 3a MOTope BetiMX CHara a flH3en-ropnBO D2S cny>KM mctoKao n D2, ann MMa Mai-bM npoi^eHaT cyMnopa.
flpernefl KapaKTepncTMKa flaT je y Ta6enn 2.3. Ta6ena 2.3. - KapaKTepncTiiKe flH3en-ropnBa
KAPAKTE-PMCTMKE D1 D2 D3 1 2 3 4 rycTMHa wa 15°C 0,8-0,84 0,81-0,86 0,83-0,88 BMCK03H0CT Ha 20°C (mm2/s) 1,0-6,5 1,8-9,0 5,0-25,0 TeMnepaTypa narbeHDa °C 40 55 65 cyMnop % 0,5 1,0 1,5 neneo % 0,001 0,02 0,05 L(eTaHcKM 6poj 45 45 35 'V - TacoBMTa ropnBa
Hana3HLUTa npnpoflHor raca cy y: EneMnpy, Kmkmh- fln, rinaHflmijTy (BojBOflHHa).
CacTaB n KapaKTepncTMKe npnpoflHor raca flaTe cy y Ta6enn 2.4.
3a ecjDMKacHMje KopmutieHje npnpoflHor raca y Ha- moj 3eMTbn M3rpatjyje ce Mpe>Ka racoBOfla.
Ta6ena 2.4. - KapaKTepncTHKe npnpoflH or raca
CACTAB
rACA (% ) KI/IKHHflA I KMKHHflA II
KMKI/IHflA III 1 2 3 4 MeTaH 90 66 96 eTaH 4,5 19,5 4 nponaH 1,5 6 6yTaH 1,5 5,5
TPflHCnOF TOEflhbE H
CKTIRflJMLUTEI-BE H E P C T M X ,
T E H H M X M r f l C O E M T M X
rOPMBfl
HBpcTa ropnBa Mory ce npeB03MTM OTBopeHMM nnn 3aTBOpeHMM npeB03HMM CpeflCTBMMa, flOK ce TeHHa m racoBMTa ropMBa npeB03e y cnepMjanHMM, 3a to KOHCTpyMcaHMM nocyflaMa. TaKBe nocyfle Ha3MBajy ce L^MCTepHe m Mory 6mtm KOHCTpyMcaHe y OKBMpy KaMMOHa MnM BaroHa (ayTO-L(MCTepHe m BaroH-i^M- CTepHe). Ako ce TenHO ropMBo npeB03M 6poflOM, y LbeMy Mopa nocTojaTM 3a to HaMei-beH npocTop oflroBapajytier oćnMKa 36or cTa6MnHOCTM m 6e36efl- HOCTM 6pOfla.
racoBMTa ropMBa (Hnp. 6yTaH) ce TaKotje TpaHcnop- Tyjy (y flpyMCKOM cao6patiajy) y cnepMjanHMM nocy- flaMa LjMnMHflpMHHor oćnMKa, Manor npenHMKa, a BenMKe fly>KMHe, Koje ce npeB03e no HeKonMKO ko- Mafla Ha B03Mny 3a to HaMei-beHOM. 06nMK m flM- MeH3Mje obmx nocyfla, Kao m flMCTepHM, M3BefleHM cy T3K0 fla rapaHTyjy 6e36eflHOCT y TpaHcnopTy, neMy Tpe6a nocBeTMTM HapoHMTy na>KLby fla He 6m flomno flo He>Kej"beHMX nocneflM^a.
y 33BMCH0CTM ofl arperaTHor CTaLba y KOMe ce Ha- na3e, ropMBa ce Mory TpaHcnopTOBaTM Ha pa3nM- HMTe H3HMHe.
- flpyMCKMM cao6patiajeM - KaMMOHMMa m ayTO-flM- CTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.3) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO y Mai-bMM KonMHMHaMa Ha KpaTKa m cpeflHba pacTO- jai-ba. Kopmctm ce mckjtd^hmbo 3a flonpeMarbe ropM- Ba flo noTpomana (Ha 6eH3MHCKe nyMne, y cj>a6pM-
Ke, nocTpojeba 3a rpejai-be 3rpafla m cn.) 6v\noflM-
peKTHO ofl MecTa npoM3BOflibe mom naK ofl caćMpHe CTaHML(e rfle ce flonpeMa Ha HeKM flpyrM HanMH. - >Kene3HMHKMM cao6patiajeM - BaroHMMa m Ba- roH-L|MCTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.4) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropM- bo y BetiMM KonMHMHaMa Ha cpeflHDa m fly>Ka pacTO- jaH^a, Ofl MecTa np0M3B0flrbe flo ca6MpHe cTaHMLje, OflaKne ce flanDe flo noTpoujana TpaHcnopTyje flpyM- ckmm caoćpatiajeM. riopefl Tora OBaj bma TpaHcnop- Ta MO>Ke ce kopmctmtm m Ha KpatiMM pacTojarbMMa aKO je pen o jaKO BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa ropMBa, Hnp. TpaHcnopT yrnDa flo TepMoeneKTpaHe m cn. - BofleHMM cao6patiajeM - mnenoBMMa mt3hkobm-
Ma (cnMKa 2.5) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO Ha BeoMa BenMKa pacTojai-ba y BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa mhm Ha MecTa rfle je TpaHcnopT HeMorytie M3BecTM KoriHe- hmm nyTeM. Obmm h3hmhom Hajneujtie ce npeB03M HacjjTa flo nyKe, oflaKne ce flan^e o6mhho >Kene3HM- hkmm cao6patiajeM (36or BenMKMx KonMHMHa) npe- B03M flo MecTa npepafle.
CnMKa 2.3. - Ayro-L|MCTepHa
CnnKa 2.4. - BaroH-L(MCTepHa
- Hac}3TOBOflnivia - ci/iCTeMMMa qeBOBOfla Hac})Ta ce TpaHcnopTyje k3ko ofl 6yuuoTMHa flo cačnpHnx CTa- Hnqa, t3ko n ofl htnx flo OTnpeMHnx CTaHML^a. Ha- cjrra ce TaKO^e flarbe MO>xe boamtm peBMMa flo yTO- BapHnx MecTa y npeB03Ha cpeflCTBa mjim naK Ha- cfiTOBOfl Mfle flMpeKTHO ofl OTnpeMHe CTaHMqe flo MecTa npepafle - pacjiMHepMje.
Flo flo6Mjauby M3 6yiuoTMHe, nacpTa ce flarbe MOMce TpaHcnopTOBaTM flo ca&MpHMX CTaHMfla nocećHMM HacpTOBOflMMa 3a cBaKy 6ymoTMHy mjim 3ajeflHM- HKMM HaCpTOBOflOM 3a BMtue 6ymoTMHa. llpM TOMe cy y OKBMpy meBOBOfla noTpe6He m MepHe CTaHMpe y KojMMa ce Mepe KonMHMHe HacpTe M3 nojeflMHMx 6ymoTMHa.
yo6MnajeHO je fla ce peBOBOflM 3a TpaHcnopT HacpTe nocTaBTbajy nofl3eMHO, ocmm aKO ce paflM o Kpa- tkmm pacTojahbMMa, Kafla Mory 6mtm Hafl3eMHM. 3a nonarahbe fleBOBOfla noTpeĆHO je MCKonaTM oflro- Bapajyhe KaHajie fly6MHe 0 ,6 -1 ,0 m, luto 33bmcm ofl npeHHMKa peBOBOfla m BpcTe 3eMJtMmTa. rionpeHHM npeceK KaHajia MO>Ke 6mtm npaBoyraoHM m Tpa- ne3HM. npe nocTaBjbai-ba y KaHane fleBM ce Mopajy M30JioBaTM. LjeBM ce HacTaBJbajy 3aBapMBai-beM 3a mTa je y KaHajiy Ha MecTMMa 3aBapMBarba noTpeć- ho ypaflMTM oflroBapajytia npomMpeH>a. TaKotje ce Ha MecTMMa rpaHarba peBOBOfla npaBe 6eTOHCKM maxTOBM paflM jiaKmer npMCTyna.
CnuKa 2.5. - Bpofl-L(ncTepHa
Hafl3eMHO nocTaBJbanbe fleBOBOfla BpmM ce Ha 6e- tohckmm mjim nejiMHHMM cTy6oBMMa, a npMMehbyje ce yrjiaBHOM y OKBMpy pacpMHepMja Kao m caĆMpHMX MJIM OTnpeMHMX CTaHMfla.
- racoBOflM TaKo^e cjiy>Ke 3a TpaHcnopT. Hacjn'a ce M3 6ymoTMHe floĆMja ca pacTBopeHMM npMpoflHMM racoM y ceĆM. Ohm ce 3ajeflH0 TpaHcnopTyjy flo OTnpeMHMX CTaHMpa rfle ce rac M3flBaja, 33tmm ce ca6Mja KOMnpecopMMa m majbe flo noTpomana fleBOBOflMMa.
npnpoflHM rac ce TaKotje floĆMja M3 6ymoTMHa Ha jie>KMUJTMMa npMpoflHor raca oflaKJie ce fleBOBOflM- Ma (OflBOjeHMM MJIM 3ajeflHMHKMM) OflBOflM flO fleH- TpajiHe racHe cTaHMpe. OBfle tobopmmo o npMpofl- hom racy c o63mpomfla je oh HajpacnpocTpahbeHMje racoBMTO ropMBO. flaKjie, noMeHyTM CMCTeM peBOBO- fla 3a TpaHcnopT raca Ha3MBa ce racoBOfl.
- MarncTpajiHM ce OfljiMKyjy BpJio BejiMKOM ,qy>KM- yBeK ce nocTaB/bajy BaH Hace/ba c 0Č3np0M Ha bm -hom (Mory 6mtm flyraHKM mnpeKO xn/bafly kmjio- coKe npMTMCKe m onacHOCT ofl eKcnno3nje. HajMa- MeTapa) m BemiKMM KanaflHTeTOM. l-t»MMa ce rac H>a flyđnHa KaHajia 3a nonaraHse flMCTpn6yTMBHnx flOBOfln y 6/JM3MHy rpaflCKor Hacejba. racOBOfla oćmhhoje oko0,8 m, flOK ce MaH>a fly6M-- flMCTPM6yTMBHM cjiy>Ke sa pasBOfl ofl MarMCTpa/1fly6M-- Ha fl03BOJbaBa C3M0 Ha KpatiMM fleoHMpaMa mto y
Hor eofla flo noTponjana (rpaflCKO nace/be, mh- M3y3eTHMM cnyHajeBMMa.
flycTPMjcKa 30Ha...). YnopeflO ca TpaHcnopTOM roPMBa jaB/ba ce m no-- Pa3B0flHM nPMnaflajy noTpomaHMMa raca. Tpe6a HaeroBor jiarepoBaHaa. floiiiTO hm npoM3BOfl-H>a hm noTpoiuH>a ropMBa HMcy cTariHe, noTpeĆHO je MarncTpajiHM m flMCTPM6yTMBHM racoBOflM M3BOfle 6jiaroBpeMeHO o6e36eflMTM OflpetjeHe 3ajiMxe (pe- ce Kao nofl3eMHM, a Tpace MarMCTpajiHMx BOflOBa 3epBe).
HBpcTa ropi/iBa ce /iarepyjy Ha OTBopeHMM nnn y 3aTBOpeHMM (nOKpMBeHMM) CKJiaflMLLJTMMa Koja MX ujTMTe ofl aTM0ccjjepcKMX yTMi4aja (KMLua, CHer). llpeMa BpcTM MexaHM3aMa KojM ce KopMCTe 3a MaHMnyjiai4Mjy ropMBOM Ha CKJiaflMiiJTy, OHa Mory 44a 6yfly:
- CKjiaflMLiiTa ca očpthmm ypetjajeM 3a cjiararbe yrjba m poTopcKMM npeTOBapMBaneM - ryceHMnapoM; - npcTeHacTa cKjiaflMLUTa ca ypetjajeM 3a cjiaraibe
m npeTOBapMBaneM KojM ce OKpetiy oko Bep- TMKanHe oce peHTpajiHor cTy6a;
- CKJiaflMLUTe ca mochmm KpaHOM m - CKJiaflMUJTe ca 6yjiflo>KepMMa.
Ha criMflM 2.6.6 npeflCTaBJbeHO je cKjiaflMiUTe ca paflMjajiHMM ypetjajeM 3a cjiarajbe m potopckmm npeTOBapMBaneM — ryceHMnapoM. Ofl MCTOBapHor MecTa yrajb ce flOBOflM Ha MecTO npecMnai-ba (1) oflaKJie ce TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepoM 6poj 1 (2) mo- x<e nocuaTM Ha noTpomHO CKjiaflMLUTe (3) mjim Tpa- KacTMM TpaHcnopTepoM 6poj 2 (4) Ha pe3epBH0 CKJia- flMiuTe (8). CKjiaflMiuTe je KanaflMTeTa flo 300 000 t mMMa paflMjanHM ype^aj 3a cnarart>e (5) KojM ce OKpetie oko BepTMKajiHe m xopM30HTajiHe oce m Ha HMjoj je cTpejiM nocTaBJbeH cTaflMOHapHM (6) m noKpeTHM (7) TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep ca MoryhHO- ujtiy npoMeHe CMepa. Yrajb ce ca cKJiaflMiuTa rnajue noMohy poTopcKor npeTOBapMBana (9) npeKO nofl- 3eMHMX CKJiaflMLUHMX 6yHKepa (10) m TpaKacTMX TpaHcnopTepa (11).
Kofl npcTeHacTor CKJiaflMLUTa ca oćpthmmypet)ajeM 3a cnaraHDe mpotopckmm npeTOBapMBaneM (cjiMKa 2.6.b) yrajb ce ca MCTOBapHor MecTa flOBOflM Tpa- KacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (1) Ha oćpTHM ypet)aj 3a cjiaraHae (2), Ha HMjoj cy cTpejiM nocTaBjbeHM jeflaH HenoKpeTHM (3) m jeflaH noKpeTHM (4) TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep. Ca ypet>aja 3a cjiaraHDe KojM ce o6phe
Cnma 2.6.6. - CKnaflMUJTe ca paflnjajiHMM ypetajeM 3a cuarahbe n potopckmmnpeTOBapnBaneM - ryceHHHapoM
6 2 4 3 1 11 5 10 9 7 10
CjiHKa 2.6.b. - npcTeHacTO CKjiaflmuTe 3a yrajr. ca o č p t h m m
ypetjajeM 3a c/iaran>e n p o t o p c k h m npeTOBapnBaneM
oko CTy6a (5) yrarb ce flOBOflM Ha cKjiaflMiuTe (6) Koje MMa oćjimk npcTeHa fpane30MflH0r npoc|3Mna. Ca CKJiaflMiuTa ce yrajb M3flaje potopckmm npeTO- BapMBaneM (7), KojM ce TaKotje OKpehe oko CTy6a (5). Yrarb ce ca CKnaflMLUTa y3MMa noMohy Kocf>M- nacTor poTopa m TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (10), KojM ce Hajia3e Ha CTpejiM m MOCTy (9), flOBOflM Ha TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep (12) KojMM ce oflBOflM y noTpoiuiby. l_(eHTpajiHM BepTMKajiHM CTy6 (5) m6e- tohckm npcTeH no yHyTpaLurbeM o6MMy CKJiaflMLUTa Ha KOMe ce Hajia3M KOjioceK (1) cy ocjioham no KojM- Ma ce bplum KpeTaibe ypet)aja 3a cjiaraibe m npeTO- BapMBana. KanaflMTeT OBor CKJiaflMuiTa m3hocm 500 000 flo 600 000 t yrjba.
JlarepoBarbe tbhhmx m racoBMTMx ropMBa mhoto je CJ10>KeHMje C 063MPOM Ha lbMXOBe 4>M3MHKe OCOĆMHe (3anajbMBOCT, eKCriJ103MBHOCT).
Hacj>Ta ce y caćnpHMM cTaHMpaMa cKjiaflMLUTM y pe- 3epBoapMMa, oflaKjie ce TpaHcnopTyje flo pacJjMHe- pnje. HaKOH npepafle, Hac(>THM flepMBaTM ce TaKot>e CKJiaflMLUTe y pe3epBoapMMa.
Pe3epBoapM 3a TeHHa ropMBa Mory 6mtm Hafl3eMHM (CHMKa 2.7) (BepTMKariHM M X0pM30HTajlHM) M yKO- naHM (cjiMKa 2.8). XopM30HTajiHM pe3epBoapM ce M3patjyjy flo 200 m3 3anpeMMHe, a BepTMKajiHM m flo HeKOJiMKO fleceTMHa xMjbafla Ky6HMx MeTapa. Vkojimko ce y pe3epBoapy nyBa toluko yjbe (Hnp. Ma3yT), Mopajy 6mtm yrpa1jeHM rpejanM 3a 3arpeBa- ibe yjba, KaKO 6m ce noBehajia bmcko3hoct momo- rytiMO HecMeTaH TpaHcnopT nyMnaMa.
fla He 6m flomjio flo pasjiMBaba ropMBa y cnynajy Keapa mum H3K nynaHja pe3epBoapa, oko rbera ce M3rpat^yje 6a3eH flOBOJbHO BenMKM fla MO>Ke npM-
xb3tmtm 4enoKynHy M3nMBeHy 3anpeMMHy.
ripM poflHM rac ce CKnaflMiuTM y nofl3eMHMM CKna- flMLUTMMa, npM neMy je rac ca6MjeH nofl oflpetjeHMM npMTMCKOM. ripMpoflHM rac ce Mo>xe flpxcaTM nofl BMCOKMM npMTMCKOM M y TeHHOM C Tahby, M to y cc(>ep- hmm pe3epBoapMMa BMcoKor npMTMCKa.
a)
\
CnnKa 2.7. - Hafl3eMHM pe3epBoapn
\
n H T d h b O H 3 Q A * L I > 1
1. HlTa je ropnBO?
2. Kano cmo noflennnn cBa ropnBa?
3. HlTa noflpa3yMeBaMO no,q eneMeHTapHMM cacTaBOM ropnBa9 4. Koje cy ropnBe KOMnoHeHTe ropnBa, a iuTa hhhh čanacT? 5. LLlTa jo TonnoTHa Mots ropnBa?
6. KaKO ce momo OflpennTM Ton/ioTHa Moti ropMBa? 7. Koje cy KapaKrepMCTMKe flOMat\Mx ropMBa? 8. KojM cy HasMHM TpaHcnopTOBai-ba ropMBa? 9. Kojm cy H3HMHM ycKnaflMtUTeHba ropMBa?
2 . 2 .
H B P C T f i r O P M B f i
a .a .l. B P C T E 'H B P C T M X
r O P M B f i , K f i P f i K T E P M C T M K E
n u J E f lM H M X B P C T f i
OcHOBHa nofleoa hbpctmx ropMBa je noflena Ha npMpoflHa m npepaljeHa ropMBa. npMpoflHa HBpcTa ropMBa ce TaKotje Mory nofle/iMTM Ha oČHOB/bMBa m HeočHOB/bMBa. OĆHOB/bMBa HBpcTa ropMBa cy OHa Koja cTa/iHO HacTajy, Tj. o6HaBJbajy ce. y očHOBJbM- Ba npMpoflHa HBpcTa ropMBa cnaflajy apbo, npoflyK- tm MexaHMHKe npepafle m očpafle flpBeTa m pa3He BpcTe ĆMJbHMX Maca. Ba>KHO je petiM fla je obmx ropMBa BeoMa Ma/io.
HeoČHOBJbMBa ropMBa cy Haora/ia flaBHo ofl ocTaTa- Ka čM/bHor m >KMBOTMHDCKOr CBeTa flyroTpajHMM
npo-LjecMMa pacnaflaH^a y noceđHMM npMpoflHMM yc/io- BMMa. Pe3epBe obmx ropMBa ce He o6HaB/bajy na hx je cBe Manbe. y OBy rpyny ropMBa cnaflajy pa3He BpcTe yr/ba, TpeceT mtopmbm LUKpM/bflM. Ha cjimljm 2.9, npMKa3aHM cy M3rpatjeHM KanapMTeTM noBpiuMH- ckmx KonoBa m pyflHMKa nofl3eMHe eKcn/ioaTaflMje. flpBO. - y cacTaB flpBeTa y/ia3e pejiyjio3a, jimjhmt (cno>KeHO jeflMHjense yr/beHMKa, BOflOHMKa m KMceo- HMKa), 33tmm cMona, BocaK, MacHotia, čenaHseBMHe m MMHepanHe npMMece.
OpraHCKM cacTaB flpBeTa je pa3nMHMT m 33bmcm ofl BpcTe flpBeTa, a Hajneiutie je to cnefletiM npnćnM- >K3H OflHOC: yr/beHMK 50%, KMCeOHMK 43%, BOflO- hmk 6% , a30T 1 % . noLUTO y flPBeTy HeMa cyMnopa, to ce iberoBa opraHCKa Maca MO>Ke CMaTpaTM m ropM- bom MacoM. Caflp>Kaj enare y flpBeTy Kpetie ce y rpa- HnpaMa ofl 20% flo 65%, a caflpx<aj nenena flo 2%. TonnoTHa Moti flpBeTa je 18,4 MJ/kg. KopMintieH>e
Kony6apa floibe E> florbe^ TaMHdBd i/lcioK l l j S l TaMHaea 3anafl 3 1 $ 1 i i 1 2 _ 2 1 KocTonai^ KneHOBHMK 1 \2 TtMpMKoeau11 KOCOBO Zio6po Ceno 6enafiesaq i 1HO fmm, -\ o 10 20 30 A0 50 60 '■*■**:*' 'l 2
yrarv> - nnnMOHa t OTKpHBKa MMHMona m3 mbpctoMace
CnMKa 2.9. - M3rpat}eHM KanaL|HTeTH pyflHMKa n noBpujMHCKMX KonoBa
95%, npn Meiyiy ce cyuieHaeM Ha Ba3flyxy caflpx<aj B/iare MO>Ke CMaHbMTM Ha 40%. Ca,qp>Kaj nenena je flo 5%, Hajneujtie je naKO Ton/bHB, llito OTe>KaBa eKcnjioaTaL|njy. floHoa ToruiOTHa moK je 11,75- 12,58 MJ/kg. JlaKO ce nann, n BeoMa je ckjioh caMO- narbeHby. Topn flyrnM njiaMeHOM. lloroflaH je 3a eKcrmoaTaflnjy Ha MecTHMa y 6jih3mhh Hana3muTa. Mo>Ke ce npepaljMBaTM, a iiotom kopmctmtm y BMfly čpnKeTa.
y ra /b . - OpraHCKy Teopnjy o HacT3HKy yrjba flecpn- Hncao je rnH čeji KpajeM XIX BeKa n no Hroj yrarb BOfln nopeKjio HajBetiHM flejiOM M3 čnjbHe npaMa- Tepnje, a caMO MajiMM flejiOM M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbotmhd- ckmx opraHM3aMa. OcTaTaK 6mbHe npaMaTepnje, 6e3 o63npa fla jimje na cyBOM mjimy BOfln, Hanafla- jy ćaKTepnje, nnjnM flenoBarbeM HacTaje TpeceT. TpeceT tokom fly>Ker BpeMeHa 3acnnajy necaK n Myjb. noujTO HacTajin cnojeBM pacTy, pacTe n npn- TncaK, flona3n flo n3flBajaHja racoBa, Te caflpx<aj yrjbeHMKa pacTe. OBa Maca nofl npviTMCKOM noMepa ce cBe fly6jbe y cjiojeee rfle cy m npnTncaK m TeM- nepaTypa 6mjimCBe BetiM, a y c jie fl ra ra ce CTBapao yrarb. OBaj npoqec Tpaje BeoMa flyro jep je 3a 1 m cnoja npaMaTepMje noTpeĆHO 3 000 roflMHa. OflHoc nojeflMHMX opraHCKMX cacTojaKa 33bmcm Ofl BpcTe yrrba.
Ha cjimhm 2.10 npMKa3aH je CTeneH npoM3BOflibe yrjba, a y Ta6enM 2.5 npMKa3aHa je ocTBapeHa npo- M3B0flrba yrrba.
APBeTa Kao ropMBa HMje onpaBflaHO, Te HberoBy npn- MeHy Tpeća carneflaTM y flpyrMM TexHonoLUKMM npo- ujecMMa.
TpeceT. - l1pBy c}>a3y y npoL(ecy TpaHCCpopMagMje 6nrbHe MaTepMje y yrarb npeflCTaBjba TpeceT, Ma- Tepnja cMBe flo CMBOLjpHe 6oje. TpaHccpopMaLjMja Mox<e fla 6yfle y p33jimhmtmm CTaflMjyMMMa na ce pa3nnKyje:
BnaKHacTM TpeceT - cacTojM ce M3 HepacnaflHyTMx ocTaTaKa ĆMibHor pacTMiba; 3eMJbacTM TpeceT - floinno je flo TpaHccpopMaLjMje
y TaK03B3Hy TpeceTHy Macy ca MaibMM flenoM HepacnaflHyTor ĆMjbHor pacTMba;
CKOnacTM TpeceT - cacTojM ce M3 xoMoreHe Tpece- THe Mace Koja He caflp>KM hm- KaKBe ocTaTKe 6MjbHe npaMa- Tepnje.
LUtoje BetiM cTeneH TpaHccpopMagMje, m KBanMTeT TpeceTa je 6orbM. TpeceT ce HapoHMTO jaBJba y MOHBapHMM npeflenMMa. hberoBy opraHCKy Macy ca- HHhbaBajy: yrrbeHMK 5 0 -6 0 % , KMceoHMK'9 0 -4 0 % , BOflOHMK 4 -6 % , a30T 1 ,5 -3 % , cyMnop 0,3%. Ca- flpx<aj Bnare ce Kpebe y rpaHML(aMa ofl 80% flo
MMnMona
CcnKa 2.10. - flp0M3B0fli-ba yrrba
llpeMa CTeneHy yrrbeHMcaHOCTM, yrajb ce flenM Ha BMLue rpyna.
JlnmMT. - flo cbom cacTaBy MO>Ke 6mtm flpBeHacTM, 3eMJbacTM m xyMycHM..JlMmMT y CLir je HajHemtie xy- MycHM moćmhho ce Hana3M Ha Manoj fly&MHM flo He- KonnKO fleceTMHa MeTapa, t3ko fla ce eKcnnoaTMme noBpiuMHCKMM KonoBMMa. Caflp>KM 60-65% yrjbe- HMKa, 20-30% N mO m4 -6 % H, Bnare 40-60% a nenena flo 18%. florba TonnoTHa Mob nnrHMTa je 5-9 MJ/kg. JImthmt je yrnaBHOM CKnoH caMona- JbeH>y.
Ta6e/ia 2.5. - OcTBapeHa npon3Bo,qhba yrn>a
JABHO nPEfly3ET,E n/iAH OCTBAPEHO OCTB./n/lAH
Kony6apa 26 379 000 25 334 450 96,0
KocTonafl 6 572 000 5 164 648 78,6
Kojiy6apa + KocTonag 32 951 000 30 499 098 92,6
Kocobo' 6 102 000 4 681 170 76,7
YKynHo noB. eKcnn. 39 053 000 30 499 098 78,1
riofl3eMHa eKcnn. 705 000 554 841 78,7
yK yriH O E n c 39 758 000 31 053 939 78,1
MpKH yran>. - TaMHiije je 6oje ofl TpeceTa n y nope^ehby ca h>mm MMa Befcy rycTHHy, ann je 3aT0 MaH>e xnrpocKonaH. y 3aBMCH0CTM ofl CTeneHa yrn3eHMcaH0CTM, mpkm yrarb MO>Ke 6mtm jinrHHTHe, 3eM/bacTe n CMonacTe CTpyKType. y opraHCKii cac- TaB MpKor yrrba yna3e: yrjr.eHHK 65-76% , KnceoHMK
17-28% , a30T 17 -28% , BOflOHMK 5 -6 % n cyMnop oko 5% . HMa 5 -4 5 % nenejia n 20 -5 5 % BJiare. MpKn yrarb caropeBa flyrnM nnaMeHOM, npn HeMy ce ocjioćatja TonnoTa nnja je florba TonnoTHa MOti
29,3 MJ/kg.
KaMeHki yran». - V nope1)eHby ca mpkhm yrn>eM, KaMeHn yran> je MaH>e xnrpocKonaH, a noceflyje Betiy rycTMHy m HBpcTOtiy. OpraHCKM cacTaB je cne- fletiM: yrrbeHMK 75-90% , BOflOHMK 4 -6 % , KMceoHMK 2-28% m cyMnop 5%. Caflp>Kaj nenena Kpetie ce y
rpaHMflaMa ofl 10-20%, a Bnare 3-15% . flohba TonnoTHa MOti je y MHTepBany Ofl 20,9-29,3 MJ/kg. KaMeHM yran> je xeMMjcKM cTa6nnHnjn, penaTMBHo nocTojaH, a nojeflMHe BpcTe cy CKnoHe caMona-
Tbei-by.
AHTpaflMT. - AHTpaflMT je yraTb KOfl Kora je npoqec TpaHccjjopMaflnje 6nTbHe npaMaTepnje y yraTb Haj- BMuje M3pa>KeH. OpraHCKM cacTaB aHTpapnTa je: yrrbeHMK 9 7 -9 8 % , a ocTaTaK HMHe CBe ocTane MaTepnje. Caflp>KM 8 -2 0 % nenena moko 6% Bnare. floH>a TonnoTHa Moti je 21,1-27,2 MJ/kg. AHTpaflHT je BeoMa cTa6nnaH npn cKnaflmiJTeH>y, BennKe je rycTMHe, a Bpno Mane xnrpocKonHOCTM.
ropnBM uiKpiin>flii. - HacTajy M3 opraHCKor Myjr.a pacnaflaH>eM 6mjt>hmxm >kmbotmh>ckmxopraHM3aMa, Hajneujtie 6e3 npMcycTBa Ba3flyxa. TopMBM ujKpMn>L(M cy y CTBapM cTeHe npo>KeTe opraHCKOM MacoM. l-bMX0B opraHCKM cacTaB je: yrn>eHMK 70%, boaohmk9,5%, cyMnop 4,5%. Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx MaTepMja je 70%, a Bnare 20%. TonnoTHa MOti je 27,2-33,5 MJ/kg.
2 . 2 . 5 . n O C T v n U M O n . n E M E H a - M B f i l - b ' R M
n F E P R f l E H B P C T M X T O P M B h fla 6m ce yrarb ecpMKacHO m 6kohommmho eKcnnoa- TMcao, noTpeĆHO ra je npe ynoTpe6e Ha oflroBapa- jytiM HasMH npMnpeMMTM - onneMeHMTM. hocTynflM npMMeHe yr/ba flene ce Ha:
- OflCTpahbMBarbe rpy6nx MexaHMHKMx npMMeca, - flpo6jbeH>e m cMTtbeH>e,
- peujeTart>e m KnacMpaH>e no BenMHMHM, - flenMMMHHO 0flCTpaH>eH>e Bnare.
Ocnoćat^arte yrn>a ofl rpy6nx MexaHMHKMX HeHM- cTotia Ha3MBa ce m cjjnoTaflMja m npeflCTaB/ba jeflHy ofl Mepa 3a no6ojbiiiaH>e KBanMTeTa ropMBa. Oboje cno>KeH npoflec HMjM je koh3hhm uy\n* OflCTpaH>ert>e MMHepanHMx npMMeca mh>mxobo cBot^eibe Ha Haj- Man>y Moryt.y Mepy. JeflaH ofl nocTynaKa cj>noTaflM- je je m nocTynaK no3HaT nofl MMeHOM MOKpa cena- paflMja. CyiiiTMHa nocTynKa je y KopMiutiett>y pa3nM- Ka y rycTMHM, n cacTojM ce y TOMe fla ce yrarb noTa- na y B0fly o6oratieHy necKOM, TaKO fla ce flOĆMja cycneH3Mja Koja v\ua Betiy rycTMHy ofl yr/ba. MMHepanne npMMece M3 yrn>a 36or Te>KMHe naflajy Ha flHo ypet)aja, flOK yran> nnMBa no noBpibM cy- cneH3Mje. ypetjajM y KojMMa ce oflBMja oBaKaB npo- flec no3H3TM cy nofl MMeHOM cenapaTopM, a Mory 6mtm qeHTpMcf>yranHM m rpaBMTaflMOHM.
f l f O E . t E I - b E M C H T h b E H b E
V n t r F lflpo6n>ett>e je npogec cMan>MBaH>a KOMafla yrn>a flMpeKTHMM flenoBatt>eM MexaHMHKe cnne m oho MO>Ke 6mtm:
- npMnpeMHO (y flMJby 0flCTpaH>MBaH>a MMHepanHMX npMMeca mbpujm ce Ha BetiMM KOMaflMMa) m
- 3aBpujH0 (aKO cy npo,qyKTM npnnpeM/beHn 3a yno- Tpe6y y BennHMHM Ha KOjy cy n3flpo6/beHn). CaM npoflec ce peann3yje Ha HeKonnKo HannHa, Kao iiito cy rtbesehbe, yflap, flenatbe, a necTO ce npn- Metbyjy n KOMĆMHOBaHM nocTynpn. y 3aBMCH0c™ ofl KpynHotie npoflyKaTa flpoćjbetta pa3JiHKyjeMo: - rpy6o flpoćjbeibe (KOMaflM ofl 100-200 mm), - cpefltbe flpo6jbehbe (25-8 0 mm),
- c{)mho flpo6jbeibe (3 -2 5 mm),
- rpy6o cnTibeibe - MjieBeibe (0 ,5 -3 mm), - <J)mho cnTHjeibe - MJieBehbe (ncnofl 0,5 mm). flpo6njinfla ca HeKMtiHMa cnafla y pefl 6p30xoflHnx MaiunHa n pafln Ha npnHqnny yflapa yflapHnx Tena o MaTepnjan Kojn ce flpoćn. CacTojn ce ofl poTopa Kojn je y cyujTMHM BpaTMJio ca flBa ocjiOHna Ha KOje cy nocTaBJbeHa yflapHa Tena. Ha yjia3y y flpoćn- Jinpy Hajia3M ce pemeTKa pafln cnpenaBaiba yjiac- Ka BejinKnx KOMafla, a Ha M3Jia3y flpyra pemeTKa ofl HMje BejlMHMHe OTBOpa 3aBMCH Cf)MHOtia flpOĆJbeiba. y cjiynajy BejiMKe cjjnHotie flpoćjbeiba Bjia>KHor yrjba flOJia3n flo 3aTBapaiba pemeTKe Ha H3jia3y, 36or nera 3H3tho onafla KanaflMTeT flpo6nnnfle. flpo6miML(e ca BarbflHMa cy cnopoxoflHe MamnHe n Mory 6hth ca jeflHHM n flBa BajbKa, a KopncTe ce 3a ycuThbaBatbe tbpamx n cpeflrbe tbpahx yrjbeBa. no CBOjMM paflHMM KapaKTepMCTMKaMa Matbe cy yHM- Bep3anHe Ofl npeTxoflHMx.
P E L U E T R H b E M K / l R C M F R h b E t T J b R - C O P T M P R H b E i - T . l t -R
OBaj nocTynaK ce npMMeHDyje y L(MJby floĆMjatba yrjba OflroBapajytie BenMHMHe noTpeĆHe 3a oflpe- 1^eHM eHepreTCKM npoqec, oahocho nocTpojetbe. no- CTynaK pemeTatba je hmcto MexaHMHKM nocTynaK KojM ce y ochobm cacTOjM y copTMpatby yrrba no Be- jimhmhm, npMMeHOM oflroBapajytiMx CMTa m pemeTa (CJlMKa 2.11). riomTO npOflyKTM flOĆMjeHM OBaKBMM nocTynKOM yBeK MMajy 0flpe1)eHe flMMeH3Mje Koje 3aBMce Ofl OTBopa Ha CMTy, Ha3MBajy ce Knace, a m caM nocTynaK - nocTynaK KjiacMpaiba.
ll03HaTa je cjiefletia nofleaa Ha Kjiace: KOMafl - yrajb BetiM ofl 60 mm,
K0L(Ka - yrajb BetiM ofl 30 mm flo 120 mm, opax - yrajb BetiM ofl 15 mm flo 65 mm, rpax - yrajb BetiM ofl 5 mm flo 35 mm, npamMHa - yrajb BetiM ofl 0 mm flo 20 mm.
X2J— 'isT - — U-, . o ______ !o o o O O O I o o o o o o j o o o
(AJUUl
0000 0000 ( n n nn X
(VTJnL'□ m
CnnKa 2.11. - BpcTe cnTa m peiueTa
y eKcnnoaTaflMjM ce flejiMMMHHO OflCTpatbyje Bjiara Ha BMme HanMHa:
- npMpoflHMM cymerbeM,
- flpeHMparbeM (npMpoflHO OflCTpaHaeHDe BOfle nofl yTMpajeM concTBeHe Te>KMHe),
- L(eHTpMCj)yrMpaibeM, - Cj)MJlTpMpaibeM.
5.a.3.
n P M M E H E
H E P C T M X TOPMEfi
Yrarb ce kopmctm:
- 3a flMpeKTHy ynoTpe6y (Kao ropMBO) y jio>KMmTMMa netiM M KOTJlOBa,
- 3a npepafly y flpyre KBajiMTeTHMje BMflOBe HBp- CTMX, TeHHMX MJIM raCOBMTMX TOpMBa.
[IpMJiMKOM npepafle yrrba y flpyre BMflOBe eHeprMje pa3JiMKyjeM0 npMMapHe mceKyHflapHe npoL(ece npe- pafle. ripMMapHM npoi^ecM cy 6pMKeTMparbe mMJie- Berbe yrrba y npax, a ceKyHflapHM npopecM npefl- CTaBJbajy flOĆMjatbe flpyrMx hbpctmx, tbhhmx mjim
racoBMTMxropMBa.
MneBeibe yrjba y npax je npMMapHM npoLiec npe- pafle yrjba. npMMeibyje ce paflM flo6Mjaiba yrjba y cnpameHOM CTarby, Koje flaHac npeflCTaBJba ochob- hmh3hmhcaropeBaiba y no>KMmTMMa KOTnoBa T e p -
MoeneKTpaHa.
Ochobhm 3aflaMM MnMHa y npopecy npnnpeMe yrjbe- Hor npaxa cy:
- ycMThbaBaHDe yrjba flo cmthmx HecTMqa paflM 6o- jber m 6p>Ker caropeBaba,
- cymetbe ynba flo Oflpel^eHe Bna>KHOCTM,
- o6e36et)MBaibe noTpeĆHe 6p3MHe necTMLia caMne- BeHor yrjba Ha yna3y y ropMOHMKe.
CnnKa 2.12. - BeHTnnaTopcKM m/imh
Mjimhobm Mory 6hth pa3/iMMMTe KOHCTpyKL\nje, a HajHeiiitie ce npnMeHayjy BeHTnnaTopcKn mjimhobm (cnnKa 2.12).
E P H K E T H P f l h b E
BpnKeTnpan^e je npoL(ec KOjnM ce ofl cnTHnjnx flenntia yrn3a, yrnaBHOM npaniMHe, cnen/bMBaHbeM no,q npnTncKOM fločnjajy KOMafln npaBnnHor oćnn- Ka - 6pnKeTM, Hnja Maca MO>xe 6mtmofl 1 kg flo 8 kg.
CaM nocTynaK ce ocTBapyje y npecaMa. y npoflecy
ćpnKeTnpai-ba kophctm ce n Be3HBHi/i MaTepnjan
opraHCKor nnn HeopraHCKor cacTaBa. Kopnmtiehbe opraHCKMix MaTepnja Kao Be3MBHnx cpeflCTaBa je
6o/be, jep noBefcaBajy TonnoTHy mo1t m noćonDiJua-
Bajy caropeBahbe. yTML|aj Be3HBHor cpeflCTBa je 3Ha- najaH n 3a BennnnHy paflHor npnTncKa npn
caćn-jaHsy. BpnKeTnpai-be OMorytiaBa n ncKopniiiTaBaHae yrn>eHe npainnHe Koja ce nHane He 6h Morna mcko- pncTHTM. EpnKeTM oMorytiaBajy paBHOMepHMjy Ba- Tpy jep cy n ohm caMH npn6nn>KHe, na n ncTe Be- nMHMHe. BpnKeTn cy nocTojaHM Ha CKnaflniiiTy, TpaHC- nopT je eKOHOMnnaH n hhct.
n o c T ^ n R K c l-'b e .o e c t m j i r u m j e nocTynaK cyBe flecTnnaflnje je ochobhm ceKyHflap- hm npoflec npepafle yr/ba Kojn ce cacTojn y pa3na- raHay yr/ba 6e3 npncycTBa Ba3flyxa. no3HaTO je fla npn 3arpeBahby HeKe HBpcTe MaTepnje - r o p n B a , y nocTopy ca HeflOBO/bHOM KonnHMHOM Ba3flyxa, nnn 6e3 Ba3flyxa, flona3n flo i-beHor pacnaflaHsa Ha BI/ILLie HBpCTHX, TeHHMX MnH raCOBHTHX npO H3B O fla. Haj3HaHajHnjn je Ofl cbhx CBaKaKO kokc.
r l H T G h b O H 3 a . q O I J P
1. LUTa cy MBpcTa ropkiBa m KaKO ce ,qene?
2. HaBefln KapaKTepncTMKe m očnacT npmvieHe flpBeTa. 3. LLlTa 3Hai±i o TpeceTy?
4. HaBefln BpcTe yrrba, ocHOBHe oco6nHe n npmvieHy nojeflMHiix BpcTa yrrba. 5. HaBeflM m onmun nocTynKe onneiviehbMBaFba ynrba.
6. LLlTa 3Ham o nocTynL(mvia npepafle yr/ba? 7. Koja cy noflpynja npmvieHe hbpcthx ropnBa? 8. Kojmvi nocTynKOM ce no6nja kokc?
2 .3 . T E ' H H R r O P M E R
2
.
3
.
1
. E F 'C T E T E H H H X rO F 'M E R
TenHa ropnBa mviajy npeflHOCTn y 0flH0cy Ha HBpcTa ropnBa: Befca TonnoTHa ivioti, Marbn caflp>xaj 6ana- CTa, 6ofbe caropeBaHDe n eKOHOMHHHMje eKcnnoaTM- caHae.
noLUTO cy HeflOCTapn TeHHnx ropnBa - naKa 3ana- HdMBOCT M eKCnn03MBH0CT, OTpOBHOCT M CnHHHO,
3H3THO Mahbn Hero LUTO je yTM L(aj fl06pnx 0C06MHa,
TenHa ropnBa MMajy mnpoKy npnMeHy y MHflycTpnjn, cao6paTiajy n eHepreTnpn.
TenHa ropnBa ce flene npeMa nopeKny Ha npnpofl- Ha, npepa^eHa n cMHTeTMHKa.
2
.
3
.
2
. nFM PO.DJHR T E H H R
r O P M E R
HacjjTa je npnpoflHO TenHO ropnBO m no cacTaBy je cnox<eHa CMema BennKor 6poja yrrbOBOflOHMKa pa3nnHMTor xeMnjcKor cacTaBa, cyMnopa, Knceonn- xa m a30Ta. OpraHCKy Macy nacjDTe HMHe: yrrbeHHK
83-87%, BOflOHMK 11-14% , a30T 0,5-1,5%, KMceo-
hmk 0,1-1% , cyMnop 0,1-0,5% . Caflpx<aj MMHepan-
hmx npMMeca je oko 0,1-0,3% , a Bnare flo 2%. TonnoTHa moK HacpTe je 42-43 MJ/kg. Hacjrra ce He eKcnnoaTMme y CTarby y k3kbom ce Hana3M y npn- poflM, BeK ce npepat>yje y hm3 flpyrnx ropMBa m M33MBa. TycTMHa HacjDTe Kpetie ce y rpaHMflaMa ofl
0,82 flo 0,92 g/cm3.
nocToje TeopMje o opraHCKOM m HeopraHCKOM nope- Kny HacpTe. TeopMja o opraHCKOM nopeKny je flaHac npM3HaTa m BetiMHa HayHHMKa roBopM o HacT3HKy HacpTe M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbmx opraHM3aMa flyroTpajHMM
cno>KeHMM npopecoM.
HacpTa ce flOĆMja 6ymerbeM 3eMibe flo fly6MHe ofl 5 000 m na m Bniue, rfle ce HacpTa o6mhho Hana3M. HacpTa MCTMHe M3 6ymoTMHa nofl npMTMCKOM KOjM Bnafla y fly6MHM myHyTap 6ymoTMHa Kao nocneflM- pa pacTBopeHor raca y HacpTM. y TOKy eKcnnoaTa- flMOHor nepMOfla npMTMcaK ce y 6ymoTMHM nocTe- neHO cMarbyje, na ce HacpTa noTMCKyje nyMnaMa
mhm yflyBaBarbeM raca MnM BOfle nofl npMTMCKOM y Hana3MmTe HacpTe. npM noBpmMHM ce M3flBaja pacTBopeHM rac M3 HacpTe, t3ko fla ce flo6Mja CMe- ma HacpTe mraca Koja ce OflBOflM y cenapaTope, rfle ce TenHa cpa3a oflBaja Ofl racoBMTe y 3ace6He pe3- epBoape. H3 obmx pe3epBoapa HacpTa ce Ha pa- 3nMHMTe HaHMHe (peBOBOflMMa, TaHKepMMa, flMCTep- HaMa) TpaHcnopTyje y pacpMHepMje. PacpMHepnje cy nocTpojeiba y KojMMa ce HacpTa npepapyje y oflro- Bapajytie npoM3BOfle.
2.3.3. CHHTETMHKR TE'HHR
rOF'MER
To cy TeHHa ropMBa floĆMjeHa npepaflOM M3 hbpctmx ropMBa. nocTynpM OBaKBe npepafle cy flaHac BeoMa MHTepecaHTHM jep cy pe3epBe HacpTe BeoMa Mane, 3a pa3nMKy ofl pe3epBM yrrba Kora 3a cafla MMa y flOBorbHMM KonMHMHaMa. CymTMHa obmx npopeca je y o6oratiMBai-by yrrba boaohmkom, a no3HaTa cy flBa npopeca mto xMflpMparbe m CMHTe3a.
riocTynaK, koJm ce M3B0flM nofl npMTMCKOM ofl 2 MPa y TeMnepaTypHOM MHTepBany ofl 300 flo 500°C, Ha3MBa. ce xMflpMpai-be m cacTojM ce y 3arpeBaiby yrrba Ha oko 350°C, npM neMy ce M3flBajajy racoBM- tm npoflyKTM m HacTaje nonyKOKc. npM OBOMe ce flOBOflM BOflOHMK KOjM 3ay3MMa npa3Ha MecTa y Be- 3aMa - pemeTKaMa, mtbko ce yrarb 6oraTM BOflOM.
CnHTe3a npeflCTaBjta flpyrn nocTynaK 3a fločnjai-be TeMHMX ropnBa H3 hbpcthx ropnBa, a OflBnja ce y HeKoni/iKO c}3a3a.
- npeKO y>KapeHor KOKca npeBOfln ce BOfleHa na- pa, npn neMy HacTaje BOfleHM - cmht63hh rac
c + h 2o = c o + h 2. - 3aTMM ce oflCTpahbyje cyMnop n HacTaB/ba ce
yBOtjei-be BOflOHMKa
C O + 2 H 2 = ( C H 2) + H 20 . - Ha Kpajy ce Bpmn cnajaibe CH-rpyna, npn neMy
HacTajy y/ba BeoMa crmHHa HacjiTM, Koja ce fla/be npepat>yjy Beti HaBefleHMM nocTynL|HMa.
5 . 3 . H . n P E P R T ^ E H R T E H H f l r O P M B f l
ripepatjeHa TeHHa ropnBa ce flo6njajy npepaflOM npnpOflHor ropnBa, npe CBera HacjDTe. MMajytiH y BHfly CBe Behy HecTamnfly mnoTpe6y 3a papnoHan- HnjnM Tpome+ieM Hacj^Te, flaHac ce CBe Brnije Te>KM flo6njaH3y tghhmx npepatjeHnx ropMBa M3 hbpctmx ropnBa, HapoHHTo yrrba.
CyuiTHHa npepafle npnpoflHe Hacj>Te y npepatjeHo TenHO ropnBO cacTojn ce y c})M3MHkom nocTynKy pa3naraHaa - pa3flBaja+>a HacjJTe Ha hm3 KOMnoHe- HaTa, llito OMorytiaBa HMibeHMfla - fla je Hacjrra
ca-cTaBjbeHa M3 BennKor 6poja pa3nMHMTMx yrnDOBO-flOHMKa. riOLIITO CB3KM yrJbOBOflOHMK MM3 CBOjy TeM- nepaTypy ,,ncnapaBaHDa“, to he ce nocTeneHO jeflaH no jeflaH yrjbOBOflOHMK M3flBajaTM. CBaKy rpyny yrrbOBOflOHMKa Ha3MBaM0 cfrpaKpnja, a caM nocTy- naK cf>paKflwoHMcaibe. XnatjeH>eM yrrbOBOflOHMKa, KOjn cy ce M3flBojnnn, flo6njajy ce oflroBapajyhn npon3BOflw - ropnBa, Ma3MBa, Ma3yT.
HajcTapnjn nocTynaK 3a flo6njaHbe obmx npoflyKaTa je 0paKL(MOHa flecTnnaflnja HacjDTe. CywTMHa OBor nocTynKa je y nocTeneHOM 3arpeBaHDy HacjDTe, i+eHOM ncnapaBaH3y m K0HfleH30BaHjy. CaBpeMe- HMjn nocTynfln npepafle ce 3acHMBajy Ha nocTeneHoj KOHfleH3apnjM Koja MO>Ke fla 6yfle jeflHocj3a3Ha m flBocj>a3Ha.
Hacj>Ta, KOja je ocnoćotjeHa BOfle, conn m Mexa- hmhkmx npnMeca, noTMCKyje ce nyMnaMa. flarbn no- cTynaK npepafle ce cBOfln Ha yBot5ert>e Hacj>Te y TaK03B3He cj>paKL\MOHe cj>a3e, rfle ce nocTynKOM 4>paKflMOHMcaH>a flo6njajy cneflehn npon3BOfln: - racoBMTa ropMBa, - 6eH3MHCKe cjjpaKflMje, - cjjpaKflMje neTponeyMa, - cjjpaKflMje flM3en-ropMBa, - yrba 3a no>KeHbe, - Ma3MBa yrba m - 6MTyMeH.
ripMMep flBOCj>a3Hor nocTynKa npMKa3an je Ha meMM BaKyyM flecTMnapMje (cnMKa 2.13).
< 30 °C MeTaH 5% Ba«yyM nyMna npeflrpejan florpejan TeiiJKO yrbe 3a no>Kehbe Ma3yr 6MTyMeH CnMKa 2.13. - BaKyyM-flecTnnaL|i/ije
Ilopefl npwviapHMX nocTynaKa npepafle, nocToje n ceKyHflapHki nocTynL(M npepafle.
Pa3rpaflHba yribOBO,qoHMKa (KpeKOBahbe) je nocTy-
naK r,qe ce M3 Te>Knx yrjbOBOflHMKa flo6njajy naKian. Kao cnpoBMHa kopmctm ce ocTaTaK nocne npBe c{oa3e cjjpaKflMOHncahba, a Kao npon3BOfl fločnja ce 6eH3MHCKa cjspaKflnja.
M3rpaflHaa ym>OBOflOHHKa (nonmviepii3aflkija) je cynpoTaH nocTynaK npeTxoflHOM, rfle ce M3 Bmne MoaeKyna naKrner CTan>a flo 6nja jeflaH MoneKyn
BMLuer pefla. Kao cnpoBMHa KopncTe ce racoBMTM yrnjOBOflOHMfln, a Kpajrbn uy\rb je flo 6njahbe 6eH-
3MHCKe cjjpaKflnje.
KoHBep3nja yrjbOBOflOHMKa (pecpopMncafbe) je no-CTynaK rfle je cnpoBHHa 6eH3MHCKa cjjpaKflnja, a m flo- 6nja ce 6eH3MHCKa ctDpaKflnja, ann ca 3H3tho no6on>-
LuaHMM ocoĆMHaMa 3a npMM6Hy ko a oTo-MOTOpa.
YrpaflH>a yrn»OBOflOHMKa je nocTynaK KojM ce CBOflM Ha yrpafltt>y yrnDOBOflOHMKa koa cbmx npeTXOflHMX nocTynaKa: KpeKOBai-ba, nonMMepM3aqMje m pecjDopMM- caba.
S .3 .E .
n P M M E H E
T E H H M X r O P M B f l
TenHa ropMBa ce npMMeHbyjy y o6nMKy pa3nMHMTMx BpcTa ropMBa.
MOTOPHM EEH3MHM
Obm 6eH3MHM ce KopMCTe 3a noroH OTO-MOTopa ca yHyipaiiJH3MM caropeBai-beM. Ochobhm cacTOjflM cy cfjpaKflMje HacpTe, HMja je TanKa Kn>yHaHba flo 200°C.
6eH3M HM Kao ropMBa, nopefl ochobhmx, MOpajy fla ncnyHe m flBa cneflMcjDMHHa 3axTeBa: fla naKO mc- napaBajy (HeonxoflHO 3a o6pa30Ban>e CMeme) mfla He caropeBajy fleTOHaTMBHo (lutoje BeoMa 3HanajHO 3a nponec caropeBarba).
y 3EBMCHOCTM Ofl OKTaHCKOr 6pOja, Kao HajBaMCHMje KapaKTepMCTMKe 3a oqeHy KBanMTeTa 6eH3MHa npe- Ma fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby, 6eH3MHM ce y Hamoj 3eMn>M flene Ha:
- motophm 6eH3MH 98 OKTaHa (cynep) m - motophm6eH3M H 86 OKTaHa (perynaTop).
OBa KapaKTepMCTMKa ce McnMTyje Ha cneflMjanHMM jeflHOflMnMHflpMHHMM MOTopMMa, npM HeMy ce yno- pe^yje npoqec caropeBarba 6eH3MHa, KojM McriMTyje- mo, ca npoflecoM caropeBaH>a yrn>oBOflOHMKa (C8H18) - M300KT3H m HopManHor xenTaHa C7H16. l/l300KTaH je M3BaHpeflHO OTnopaH npeMa fleTOHa- tmbhom caropeBan>y na je y3eT Kao Mepnno KBa- jiMTeTa ca oqeHOM cto (100), flOK je xenTaa BeoMa CKnoH fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby mohje y3eT Kao
Mepnno ca oqeHOM Hyna (0). OTnopHOCT 6eH3MHa npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBan>y MCKa3yje ce npeKO oKTaHCKor 6poja KojM je 6pojHO jeflHaK npo- fleHTHOM yHemtiy M3ooKT3Ha y CMeaiM ce xeKTaHOM.
rOPM BH 3 li □ H S E .n -M O TO P E
OBa ropMBa ce npMMett>yjy 3a noroH flM3en-MOTopa, k3ko6p30xoflHMx, t3kom cnopoxoflHMx (to cy cjjpaK- flMje HacjDTe Koje y npoqecy pacjDMHMcarba ncna- paBajy y rpaHMflaMa ofl 220-350°C).
flM3en-ropMBa Mopajy mm3tm floćpe ocoĆMHe caro- peBarba, fla naKO McnapaBajy m fla cy npoTOHHa (npe CBera Ha hm>kmm TeMnepaTypaMa).
KBanMTeT flM3en-ropMBa ce Oflerbyje y nornefly KBa- nMTeTa ynan>MBOCTM mbplum ce Ha cneqMjanHMM je- flHOflMnMHflpMHHMM flM3en-MOTOpMMa. OfleHa KB3- nMTeTa ce cacTojM y ynopel5MBaH3y ynan>MBOCTM ofl- pe1>eHor flM3en-MOTopa ca cMeiuoM C 16H34 qeTana m HacjDTanMHa C ^ H ^ . LjeTaH npnnafla napacjDMH- ckmm yrjbOBOflOHML|MMa m BeoMa je ynan>MB, tbko fla je y3eT 3a eTanoH ynan>MBOCTM ca OfleHOM cto (100).
Ca flpyre CTpaHe MeTMn-HacjDTanMH je y3eT ca oqe- hom Hyna (0). LJeTaHCKM 6poj je OfleHa ynarbMB0CTM flM3en-ropMBa m 6pojHO je jeflHaK 3anpeMMHCKOM npoqeHTy qeTaHa y CMemM ca MeTMn-HacjjTanMHOM. CBa flM3en-ropMBa MO>xeMO cbpct3tm y cneflet>e rpyne:
- flM3en-ropMBO B p n o naK O - 3 a 6p30X 0flH e flM- 3 e n -M O To p e , M OTope nyTHMHKMX B03Mna;
- flM3en-ropMBO naKO - D2 3a flM3en-MOTope TpaHc- nopTHMX B03Mna, Kao m 3a cTa6MnHe MOTope (ćpoflOBM, >Kene3HMqa).
TopMBa 3a Mna3He MOTope npMMerbyjy ce 3a noroH aBMOHa m npeflCTaBJbajy cJjpaKflMje Koje ce M3flBaja- jy M3Mel5y 6eH3MHCKe m flM3enMOTopcKe cjjpaKflMje Ha TeMnepaTypM Ofl 140°C flo 280°C. 36or CMryp- hoctm neTenMfle m 6e36eflHOCTM nyTHMKa m TepeTa, KojM ce npeB03M, OBa ropMBa Mopajy MMaTM oflpe- tjeHe otoćMHe.
rio HaujMM CTaHflapflMMa nponMcyjy ce flBe BpcTe Mna3HMxropMBa:
- TMn 1 - GM1 - ropMBO 3a Mna3He MOTope, neTpo- nejcKe c|DpaKL(Mje,
- TMn 4 - GM4 - ropMBO 3a Mna3He MOTope inMpoKe cjjpaKL(Mje.
Yn>a 3a no>KeH>e ce KopMCTe KaKO 3a KOTnoBe pa- 3nMHMTMx HaMeHa, t3kom 3a noroHe flM3en-MOTopa BenMKMX cHara, a Mannx 6pojeBa o6pTaja. l-bMX0Be ocoćMHe Mopajy OflroBapaTM 3axTeBMMa y nornefly caropeBarba, o6pa30BaH>a cMeuue m npoTOHHocTM.
Y/ba 3a no>Kei-be ce flene npeMa bmcko3hocth, a OHa je 3HanajHa kbko 3a o6pa30Bahbe cMeuue, tbko h 3a caropeBaHae. UJto je bhcko3hoct yjba Betia, yjbe ce jnoujnje pacnpcKaBa, a caMMM tmm jioujnje m caropeBa. Bmcko3hoct ce MeH>a ca npoMeHOM TeM- nepaType, na ce CTora npenopyHyje npeflrpeBaibe yjba npe ynoTpeče. OBa 3aBMCHOCT je npMKa3aHa Ha c j i 2.14.
CnnKa 2.14. - ripoMeHa bmcko3hoctm 3a npoMeHOM TeMnepaType
Ham CTaHflapfl npM3Haje cjiefletie BpcTe jio>K-yjba: EL - eKCTpa jia K O yjbe 3a noKejbe (kopmctm ce 3a 3arpeBaibe cTaM6eHnx npocTopnja - HacjDTapmje), L - J ia K O yjbe 3a jio>Keibe (npnMeibyje ce y MHfly-
cTpnjn 3a fleHTpajiHO rpejaibe a y nojbonpnBpefln MMa Lunpy HaMeHy),
S - cpeflhbe yjbe 3a jio>KeHbe (ynoTpe6jbaBa ce y
MHflycTpnjn m eHepreTMflM 3a nocTpojeiba Man>er KanaflMTeTa),
T - TeujKO yjbe 3a jio>Kehbe (kopmctmce Kao ropMBO y BejlMKMM MHflyCTpMjCKMM nOrOHMMa M BetiMM eHep- reTCKMM o6jeKTMMa - TepMoeoeKTpaHaMa),
LS - cneflMjajiHO yjbe 3a jio>Keibe (kopmctm ce Kao ropMBO 3a ćpoflCKe MaoiMHe, a npBeHCTBeHo 3a njiOBHe oćjeKTe MopHapMfle),
TM1 m TM2 - TeiuKa MeTaoypujKa yjba 3a jio>KeH>e (KopMcre ce y MeTajiyprMjM, Kao m y cbmm nocTpo- jerbMMa rfle ce Tpa>KM mbjim caflp>xaj cyMnopa).
a.H. T R C O E H T R TO P M E R
a . H . l . E P C T E r f i C O B M T M K r O P M E f ir acoBMTa ropMBa cy CBe 3HasajHMjM eHepreTCKM m - Bop y nope1)eiby ca TeHHMM mhbpctmm ropMBMMa. r acoBMTMM ropMBMMa ce JiaKiue pyKyje, peryjiaflMja npofleca caropeBarba je jeflHOCTaBHMja, caropeBajy noTnyHMje m ca 3H3tho Marbe otpobhmx KOMnoHeHTM Hero Apyra ropMBa. TacoBMTa ropMBa MMajy BeoMa Mano 6anacTa (BJiare m nenejia), ajiM cy jiaKiue 3a- najbMBa, eKcnjio3MBHa cy m 3axTeBajy MaKCMMariHy onpe3HOCT m npM TpaHcnopTy m pyKOBarby.
llpeMa HanMHy flo6Mjarba racoBMTa ropMBa MO>KeMO noflenMTM Ha npMpoflHa mnpepatjeHa, a npeMa ca- CTaBy Ha:
- eneMeHTapHa (boaohmk),
- xoMoreHa jeflMrberba (MeTaH, 6yTaH) m
- MeuiaBMHe ejieMeHaTa mjim jeflMhbeiba (npMpoflHM rac).
n H T O h b - O H 3 O . C I . 'j L I . H 1. LLlTa H33M BaM 0 TeHHMM TOpMBMMa? %
2. LLlTa je HacpTa?
3. LLJTa cnafla y npepatjeHa TeHHa ropMBa? 4. HlTa cy cMHTeTMHKa tchh3 ropMBa? • 5. Koje cy ofljiMKe motophmx 6eH3MHa? 6. LLlTaje okt3hckm 6poj?i
7. Koje cy KapaKTepMCTMKe flM3en-ropMBa? 8. HlTa je peTaHCKM 6poj?
9. HaBeflM BpcTe ropMBa 3a MJia3He MOTope. 10. HaeeflM BpcTe
