Direct to TOEFL iBT Answer Key

(1)

INTRODUCTION

Skimming and Scanning (pg. 16) Sample Answers

Practice 1 (pg. 20)

1. biology, mimic, plants, animals, copy, technology, science

2. French, influence, painting, biography

3. different kinds of languages, dialects, countries Practice 2 (pg. 20)

1. seed, sticks to clothes, hooks, attach, inspiration from nature

2. artist, painting, paint, art, canvas, easel, palette, brushes

1. leaves, seeds, trees, changes, variety, making things, new ideas

2. shoes, clothes, ideas, invention, seeds 3. nests, flying, study, figure out, design

4. shapes, raincoat, waterproof, rubber, plastic, protection, water-resistant

5. insects, mounds, building, person

6. heating and cooling, building design, insects, save, conserve

7. cars, safety, speed, rubber

8. painting style, different from Impressionists 9. subjects he painted, descriptions of his

paintings, scenes, nature, objects

10. work style, alone, self-motivated, not valued, dedicated

11. Cezanne’s influence on artists and art movements, experts, followers, professors 12. kind of language, different groups of people,

need to communicate, definition of pidgin language

13. reasons for communication, what pidgins and creoles are, how they develop

14. explanation of how Hawaiian Creole developed from a pidgin language

15. explanation of the development of the Gullah language, origin

16. explanation of the development of Haitian Creole, where spoken, from French

17. explanation of the development of Tok Pisin,

1. railroad, tracks, fly, speed, quiet, sound, invent, modern, engineer

2. building, heating and cooling, insects, damp, design problems, architecture

3. influences, painting style, subjects

4. work style, influences, art movements, famous artists, Europe

5. description and history of Hawaiian Creole, vocabulary, grammar, who speaks it, where it is spoken, current

6. different groups of people in Papua New Guinea, influence from other places, geography, when, fighting

Adding Details (pg. 24) Sample Answers

par. 1 Evolution – array of designs in nature

A. animals, plants, insects – developed ways to perform a variety of feats

B. designers and engineers copy nature’s designs – “biomimicry”

par. 2 Velcro fasteners – inspired by burrs A. George de Mestral saw hooks on burrs B. copied design to make a fastener C. burr efficient for seed dispersal par. 3 Eiji Nakatsu – bird watching solved

engineering problem.

A. complaints about sonic boom from fast train B. kingfishers – birds that move from air to water easily

C. based train design on kingfishers head and beak - train was more efficient and quieter par. 4 Lotus leaves repel water.

A. leaves have tiny cracks that cause drops to form

B. design copied to make fabrics and paints water and stain resistant

par. 5 Architect inspired by termite mounds. A. termites maintain constant temperature in mounds

(2)

par. 6 Pearce copied termite mounds system to control building temperature.

A. fans move cool air through vents

B. uses less energy than conventional system par. 7 Tire design inspired by nature.

A. tree frogs toes – can climb smooth surfaces B. design copied for tires

par. 1 Paul Cézanne - French painter - father of modern art

A. comfortable life in Aix-en-Provence B. not part of Paris art world

par. 2 Not part of Impressionist movement

A. knew Impressionist painters, but didn’t agree with focus

B. Impressionist focus - impermanence, light, individual people

C. Cézanne’s focus - permanence, color, planes, forms, composition

par. 3 Painted from nature

A. landscapes without people or animals B. still-lifes of fruit

C. paintings of people – composition, not personality

par. 4 Painted every day, little encouragement A. experimented with new approach B. work not recognized until his fifties par. 5 Why father of modern art?

A. inspiration to Picasso in cubist phase B. influence on Matisse

par. 1 Pidgin- communication between language groups

A. develops from superstrate (dominant) language and substrate languages

B. creole- more complex pidgin becomes primary language

par. 2 Pidgins and creoles – contact languages, trade languages

A. “pidgin” - from language used by British traders in China

B. developed from contact through slavery or colonization

par. 3 Hawaiian Creole – example of pidgin developed into creole

A. based on English, U.S. missionaries, businessmen - contact with Hawaiians B. influenced by workers from other countries C. became primary language

par. 4 Gullah – descendents of slaves A. used in slave trade

B. used for communication among slaves C. based on English, influenced by African languages

par. 5 Haiti – French-based creole

A. communication among slaves, masters B. now national language of Haiti

par. 6 Tok Pisin – a national language of Papua New Guinea but originated elsewhere A. New Guinean workers in Australia, Pacific islands

B. 800 different languages in New Guinea, Tok Pisin used for communication between language groups

(3)

r

e adIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Establishing Context (pg. 31) Sample Answers Practice 1 (pg. 33) 1. Speaker(s): professor Setting: classroom Purpose: lecture

2. Speaker(s): librarian, student Setting: library

Purpose: library information 3. Speaker(s): professor

Setting: classroom Purpose: lecture

4. Speaker(s): professor, student Setting: office

Purpose: meeting Practice 2 (pg. 35)

1. novel - Moby Dick, author - Herman Melville 2. library card, check out, student ID

3. history – New York, Brooklyn Bridge – construction

4. research project - can’t decide what to write about

1. author, novel, whaling ship, sea captain 2. Melville, novels, whaler, farm, cabin boy,

Polynesia

3. librarian, borrow some books, library card, subscribe, magazine, locate, restricted books 4. restricted books, first floor, second, third, fourth 5. class, read, magazine, check out, magazines,

get, library card

6. history, New York City, building, Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling family, bridge construction 7. skyscrapers, describe, New York City, explain,

Brooklyn Bridge, compare, building

construction, bridge construction, example, landmarks

8. John Roebling, injured foot, the bends, ability to talk, died of tetanus

9. choosing, research topic, complete, assignment, research project, due, finding books and journals

10. due, two weeks, three weeks, next month, end of semester

11. copy of journal article, list of topics, project outline, journal subscription

Adding Details Sample Answers Practice 1 (pg. 38)

idea 1 Overview of Melville’s work A. Moby Dick – not first novel B. best known now but not in his life C. based on experiences at sea idea 2 Early life

A. father died, he left school B. worked on ships

C. spent time in Polynesia, first novels based on this

idea 3 Return from sea

A. Moby Dick written on farm, not a big success B. continued writing through 1850s

C. got job in New York, wrote poetry D. last novel published after death Practice 2 (pg. 38)

idea 1 Check out library books A. library card – not required B. show student ID

idea 2 Restricted books A. check-out – one week B. recommend reading list C. on third floor

idea 3 Magazines

A. current issues – no check-out, on second floor

B. back issues – can check out, on fourth floor Practice 3 (pg. 39)

idea 1 Construction of Brooklyn Bridge A. completed – 1883

(4)

idea 2 Designer-John Roebling

A. Roebling already designed several large bridges

B. innovation – steel instead of iron C. Roebling died of tetanus early on

idea 3 New supervisor – son Washington Roebling A. supervised underwater work in caissons (large boxes)

B. got the bends

C. wife, Emily, took over supervision Practice 4 (pg. 40)

idea 1 Help with research project A. can’t get started

B. can’t choose topic idea 2 Project due date

A. end of the month B. that’s in 3 weeks idea 3 Topic list

A. likes first one (economic conditions leading to war)

B. professor gives article on topic C. article has outlines and bibliography Pace (pg. 41) Reading Speed Practice 1 (pg. 42) 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D Practice 2 (pg. 44) 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. D READING SKILLS (pg. 56) Skill 1 (pg. 56) 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C Skill 2 (pg. 58) 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B Skill 3 (pg. 61) 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B Skill 4 (pg. 63) 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C Skill 5 (pg. 66) 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D Skill 6 (pg. 68) 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D Skill 7 (pg. 70) 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D

(5)

r

e adIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Skill 8 (pg. 73) 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C Skill 9 (pg. 76) 1. A, C, F 2. B, C, E Skill 10 (pg. 81) 1. 1st Phase: D, F 2nd Phase: B, G 3rd Phase: C 2. Australian Aboriginals: A, E Navajos: C, F, G

READING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 86) Passage 1 (pg. 86) 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. Deductive: B, C, G Inductive: D, F Passage 2 (pg. 90) 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. B 11. D 12. B 13. A, D, E Passage 3 (pg. 94) 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. B, C, F

READING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 98) Passage 1 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A, C, E Passage 2 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A

(6)

10. B 11. B 12. C 13. B, E, F Passage 3 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. A, D, F

(7)

L

IstenIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

LISTENING SKILLS Skill 1 (pg. 116) 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D Skill 2 (pg. 117) 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. C Skill 3 (pg. 118) 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B, D 5. A 6. D Skill 4 (pg. 120) 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A Skill 5 (pg. 122) 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. A Skill 6 (pg. 124) 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B Skill 7 (pg. 125) 1.

Interview Not Interview

Students X Trustees X University president X Faculty X Staff X 2. D 3. B 4. YES NO Perennial grasses X Shade-loving shrubs X Tree seedlings X Mature trees X

(8)

5.

YES NO She wrote about working and living conditions among

poor people. X

She focused largely on the middle and upper classes. X

She only wrote novels. X

She was interested in beauty and nature. X She wanted to portray life realistically. X

6.

Jean Piaget Renee Baillargeon Described four stages of cognitive development. X

Believed that object permanence develops around 4 months

of age. X

Believed that object permanence develops around 9 months

of age. X

Did an experiment using toys hidden behind a curtain. X

Did an experiment using objects moving across a screen. X Skill 8 (pg. 127) 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. B

LISTENING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 129) Lecture 1 (pg. 129)

1. A 2.

YES NO The lake’s crescent shape X The age of the lake X The isolation of the lake X The condition of the lake’s water X The length of the lake X 3. B

4. D 5. B, C 6. D

(9)

L

IstenIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Lecture 2 (pg. 130) 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B Lecture 3 (pg. 131) 1. B 2. C 3. C 4.

Autobiography only Memoir only Both It is the story of the

author’s life. X

It focuses on facts. X It aims to describe

feelings and themes. X

It covers the author’s

entire life. X

It uses writing styles

often found in fiction. X

5. A 6. D Lecture 4 (pg. 132) 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. D Conversation 1 (pg. 133) 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C

(10)

5.

YES NO

Reference books X

Reserve books X

Back issues of journals X

Current issues of magazines X

DVDs X Conversation 2 (pg. 134) 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C

LISTENING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 136) 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. The Adventures of

Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Both Books

Took place on the Mississippi River X

Had characters based on people from

Twain’s hometown X

Was about small-town life X

Dealt with slavery and freedom X

Caused a lot of controversy X

12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. B, C 18. D 19. D

(11)

L

IstenIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

20. B 21. A 22. C 23. YES NO

Its hard shell X

Its special body shape X

Its method of molting X

Its ability to go for a year without eating X Its tolerance of temperature changes X 24. A 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. YES NO Test scores X Grade transcript X Recommendations X

Financial need statement X Application fee X 29. A 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. A 34. B

(12)

SPEAKING SKILLS Answers will vary. Skill 1 (pg. 154)

1. Activities: relaxed on the beach, went sailing, went dancing

Description: Most of the time we spent relaxing on the beach, enjoying the sun and swimming a bit. A couple of times we rented a boat and went sailing in the bay. In the evenings we usually went dancing at one of the clubs along the beach.

2. Activities: walking, cooking, eating

Description: Both of us enjoy walking a lot, and we often take long walks together. We also enjoy cooking. We like to prepare big, fancy meals and then invite a lot of people over to eat with us. When the weather’s cold, we go to the movies, then we spend time afterwards talking about the movie, what we liked and didn’t like about it. 3. Activities: visit relatives, eat, play games

Description: We always go to my grandmother’s house on this day, and we get together with almost all of my relatives. We eat a big dinner, which my grandmother cooks. It’s mostly food that is traditional for this holiday. Afterwards we play traditional games with the younger children. Skill 2 (pg. 155)

1. Opinion: The mayor of my city is an admirable person.

Supporting Detail 1: first woman mayor Supporting Detail 2: worked hard to get there Supporting Detail 3: stands by her beliefs

2. Opinion: I would prefer to live in the capital city of my country.

Supporting Detail 1: study and work opportunities

Supporting Detail 2: interesting people Supporting Detail 3: variety of activities

3. Opinion: My laptop computer that I will need in college was important to buy.

Supporting Detail 1: writing and research Supporting Detail 2: stay connected with people Supporting Detail 3: can take it anywhere

4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important person in my life.

Supporting Detail 1: have known each other all our lives

Supporting Detail 2: can talk to her about anything

Supporting Detail 3: enjoy a lot of the same activities

Sample Responses

1. In my opinion, the mayor of my city is a very admirable person. She’s the first woman mayor of my city, which is a huge accomplishment in itself. She worked very hard to achieve this position, and she never gave up even when she had setbacks and failures. She still stands by her beliefs and works hard to accomplish her plans for our city. She has many opponents, but she doesn’t let them get in her way.

2. If I could choose anywhere to live, I would prefer to live in the capital city of my country. To my mind, it’s the best place to live. It’s a very big city, so there are a lot of opportunities there for both study and work. Whatever career you want to pursue, you can do it there. There are also a lot of interesting people living there, so you can make friends with all kinds of people. There is also a large variety of activities you can do there. There are clubs, theaters, museums, parks, and a lot of different cultural events. I think anybody can find useful and interesting things to do in the capital city.

3. I bought a laptop computer that I will need as a college student. Even though it was expensive, I believe that it was very important to buy. I will need it to do research and writing for my classes when I’m in college. I feel that this is the most important reason to have it, but there are other reasons, too. When I am away at college, I will use my computer to stay connected with friends and family at home. Also, since my computer is a laptop, I can take it with me when I go home on visits. That way I can still study even when I go away, and I can stay connected with people wherever I go.

4. If I had to say who was the most important friend in my life, I would say it’s my cousin Mary. Mary and I have known each other our whole lives, and there is nobody who knows me and

(13)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Mary, and I feel that I can talk to her about anything. She listens to what I say and never tells my secrets to anyone. Besides that, Mary and I enjoy doing many of the same things, so we always have a good time together.

Skill 3 (pg. 157)

1. She has a lively personality and enjoys doing a lot of different things.

2. The characters in the movie seemed very real, and I was really concerned about what would happen to them.

3. There are several nice cafés near the university as well as some good stores for shopping and a few movie theaters.

4. I’ve lived in this neighborhood ever since I was five years old.

5. This gift meant a lot to me because it showed how much she cared about me.

Skill 4 (pg. 158)

1. Similar Different

be with people number of people types of activities General Idea Just like going to a party, spending

time with friends means being with people.

General Idea I generally prefer being with fewer people.

General Idea A party has party activities only; friends can do a variety of activities. 2. Similar Different

at least some pleasant variety/no variety weather

cold weather can be pleasant

General Idea Every part of the world has pleasant weather at least some of the time. General Idea Places with distinct seasons have

variety, while places without distinct seasons can be boring.

General Idea Just like springtime, a cold winter can be nice, too.

3. Similar Different

food is good variety/no variety cook/don’t cook

clean up/don’t clean up General Idea The food at home is just as good as

the food at restaurants.

General Idea However, there is more variety of types of food available at restaurants than there is at home.

General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have to help cook or clean up.

4. Similar Different shelter size

cost

neighbors near/far General Idea Apartments are generally smaller

than houses.

General Idea Apartments also usually cost less than houses.

General Idea In an apartment, you live closer to your neighbors.

Skill 5 (pg. 160)

1. General Idea Just like going to a party, spending time with friends means being with people. Specific Information At a party, I can see a lot of

friends and acquaintances. Specific Information Or, I can call a few friends

and spend time with a small group.

General Idea I generally prefer being with fewer people, and for this reason I don’t often go to parties.

Specific Information I can spend time really talking to my friends this way.

Specific Information It’s more relaxing.

General Idea At a party you can only do party activities, but with a group of friends you can do a lot of different things.

(14)

Specific Information At a party you dance, eat, drink, and have some conversations.

Specific Information You can do these same things with friends, and you can do a lot of other things, too. You can go to the movies, play music, or watch a soccer game, for example.

2. General Idea Every part of the world has pleasant weather at least some of the time.

Specific Information In some places, the weather is pleasant most of the year. Specific Information In other places, the weather

can be too hot or cold or wet sometimes, and pleasant at other times. General Idea Places with distinct seasons

have variety, while places without distinct seasons can be boring.

Specific Information In places with distinct seasons, the weather changes throughout the year and that’s pleasant and interesting.

Specific Information In places without distinct seasons, the weather doesn’t change much and that’s boring. That’s why I prefer places with distinct seasons.

General Idea Just like springtime, a cold winter can be nice, too. Specific Information A cold winter has lots of

snow.

Specific Information Snow is pretty and snow sports, like skiing, are fun. These are the reasons why I don’t mind cold winters. 3. General Idea The food at home is just as

good as the food at restaurants.

Specific Information The food at restaurants is prepared professionally and is usually very good.

Specific Information Since my mother is a very good cook, the food she prepares is just as good as food you can get at any restaurant.

General Idea However, there is more variety of types of food available at restaurants than there is at home.

Specific Information At home we can only learn to cook some kinds of food. Specific Information Each restaurant, on the

other hand, has its own specialities, so I think it’s more interesting to eat at restaurants.

General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have to help cook or clean up. Specific Information At home, I have to help my

mother with the cooking and cleaning up.

Specific Information At a restaurant, the chef cooks my food and the waiter brings it to me, and all I have to do is eat it. For this reason, I prefer eating at restaurants.

4. General Idea Apartments are generally smaller than houses. Specific Information Apartments usually have

fewer rooms than houses, and the rooms are generally smaller.

Specific Information Houses often have garages, basements, attics, and gardens, but apartments don’t have these things. General Idea Apartments usually cost less

than houses.

Specific Information Because they are smaller, apartments also usually cost less than houses.

Specific Information One reason I prefer to live in an apartment is that I don’t have enough money for a house at the moment.

(15)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

General Idea In an apartment, you live closer to your neighbors. Specific Information I like living close to my

neighbors.

Specific Information I prefer living in an

apartment since I don’t like to feel like I’m alone. Skill 6 (pg. 163)

1.

Sample Notes

(HINT: Use & or + instead of and.)

Opinion man looking forward to research project

General Idea students will be prepared to do it

Specific Information will learn how to do research

Specific Information professor will help them plan

General Idea interviewing is interesting Specific Information better than sitting in library Specific Information can go to different places &

talk to different people General Idea will learn research skills Specific Information will learn how to interview Specific Information will learn how to analyze

data Sample Response

The man is looking forward to doing the research project in the sociology class. He feels confident because he knows that the students in the class will be prepared to do the assignment. They will learn how to do research, and their professor will help them plan their projects. He also thinks that interviewing research subjects will be interesting. Instead of sitting in a library, he can go to different places and talk to different people. Finally, he likes the fact that he will learn real research skills. He will learn how to do

interviews, and he will learn how to analyze data. He thinks the research project requirement is a good idea.

2.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: Use not by itself in notes instead of isn’t or aren’t; for other verbs use the auxiliary, e.g., doesn’t, didn’t.)

Opinion woman thinks university should provide students with other places to park General Idea other places available Specific Information unused spaces in faculty

parking lot

Specific Information some visitor parking could be used

General Idea taking bus not easy Specific Information some students don’t live

near bus lines

Specific Information some have classes at night General Idea sharing rides not easy Specific Information some don’t live near other

students

Specific Information don’t always have similar schedules

Sample Response

The woman thinks the university should provide students with other places to park. In the first place, she believes there are other parking places available on campus. For example, she has noticed unused spaces in the faculty parking lot. She also thinks that some of the visitor parking areas could be used for students. In addition, she believes that taking the bus instead of driving a car isn’t easy. Some students don’t live near bus lines. Other students have classes late at night when there aren’t any buses running. Also, it isn’t always easy for students to share rides. Some students don’t live near other students, and students don’t always have similar schedules. Since there are other parking spaces available and since taking the bus or sharing rides isn’t always possible, the woman thinks the university should provide more parking places for students.

(16)

3.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: Forms of the verb be are the easiest to drop in notes. Can you find three places are was dropped in these notes? The answer is below the Sample Response.)

Opinion man agrees with the no pets policy

General Idea pets noisy

Specific Information can keep you from studying Specific Information can keep you from sleeping General Idea cause damage

Specific Information cats scratch Specific Information dogs chew

General Idea some people don’t like Specific Information some people afraid Specific Information some people allergic Sample Response

The man agrees with the no pets policy for the student dormitories. His first reason is that pets are noisy. When a dog barks, for example, it can keep you from studying. Noisy pets can also keep you from sleeping. The man also says that pets can cause damage. Cats cause damage by

scratching things. Dogs cause damage by chewing things. In addition, the man points out that some people don’t like pets. Some people are afraid of them, and some people are allergic to them. These are all the reasons why he thinks it’s a good idea not to allow pets in the dormitories.

[Pets are noisy. Some people are afraid. Some people are allergic.]

4.

Sample Notes

(HINT: For even shorter notes, use SC or Stu Cen instead of Student Center.)

Opinion woman thinks movies at Student Center good idea General Idea free

Specific Information movies usually cost money Specific Information doesn’t always have money

General Idea movies type of social event Specific Information discussion after each movie Specific Information chance to talk to new

people

General Idea movie schedule interesting Specific Information some new to her

Specific Information some old favorites Sample Response

The woman thinks that showing movies at the Student Center is a good idea. She thinks it’s great that the movies are free. She would have to pay to see a movie in a theater, and she doesn’t always have the money for that. She also likes the idea of movies at the Student Center because it’s a type of social event. There are discussions after the movies, and this is an opportunity to meet and talk with new people. Additionally, the woman thinks that the movie schedule looks very interesting. There are some movies on it that are new to her, and there are also some of her favorite movies that aren’t often shown in movie theaters. For these reasons, she agrees with the decision to show free movies at the Student Center.

Skill 7 (pg. 168) 1. Purpose (D) Details:

1. Stripes are pattern camouflage and make it difficult for predators to pick out zebras from the herd.

2. Stripes are not only for disguise—they help zebras recognize each other.

3. Stripes might have other functions—cooling, protection from sun and flies.

Sample Response

The lecturer discusses the question, “Why do zebras have stripes?” There are different possible answers to this question. One reason may be camouflage. Camouflage is when an animal’s colors and marks help it hide in the wild. There are different kinds of camouflage. Zebras’ stripes are an example of pattern camouflage. Pattern camouflage makes it hard for the predator to pick out one animal from the group because it makes it hard to see the shape of the animal.

There might be other reasons for the zebra’s stripes besides disguise. They might help zebras

(17)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

recognize each other in the dark when they are escaping predators. They might help mothers and babies recognize each other. This is possible because each zebra has a unique pattern of stripes.

Zebras’ stripes might protect them from other things, too. The stripes might protect the zebras from the heat because the black and white colors absorb and reflect heat. They might protect the zebras from sunburn, and they might keep flies from biting them. These are all different ways that stripes might protect zebras.

2. Purpose (C) Details:

1. The study was about labeling and deviant behavior.

2. There were two groups of students—one middle class and one lower class—who engaged in vandalism and other deviant behavior.

3. The lower-class students were labeled as deviant, but the middle-class students were not, even though their behavior was the same. Sample Response

The professor talks about a study of deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is when people don’t follow social norms. Deviant behavior can be committing crimes, but it could also be something like not shaking hands or talking loudly in a library. The study the professor describes was about the labeling theory of deviant behavior. According to this theory, behavior is deviant because society calls it deviant. In the study there were two groups of high school students. Both groups engaged in bad behavior such as skipping school and

damaging property. However, only one group was considered deviant. The Saints were from middle-class families. Society expected them to be good, so when they did bad things, they weren’t seen as bad. The other group, the Roughnecks, were from poor families. Society expected them to be bad, so when they did bad things, they were seen as bad, or deviant. This may have affected their future lives. When the Saints got older, the went to college and became professionals. When the Roughnecks got older, only two went to college. The others dropped out of school and became criminals.

3. Purpose (B) Details:

1. The flu epidemic of 1918 spread to many counties around the world.

2. There was a high death toll—40 million people or more.

3. It was caused by a new strain of flu which scientists are still trying to understand. Sample Response

Epidemics and pandemics are situations where large numbers of people become infected with a disease. An epidemic is limited to a city or region. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to many countries. It occurs when there is a new type of a disease that people are not immune to. The flu epidemic of 1918 was a pandemic because it spread around the world. It occurred in most parts of the world, even in the far-away South Pacific islands. One reason that it spread so far was World War I. The pandemic occurred near the end of the war, when soldiers were moving around from place to place, so they carried the disease with them. Millions of people around the world died during the pandemic. It was a new strain of flu, so people weren’t immune to it. Scientists are still studying this strain of the flu and trying to understand where it came from and how it spread.

4. Purpose (A) Details:

1. Purple loosestrife was introduced to the U.S. from Europe.

2. It spreads easily, takes over large areas, and changes the habitat.

3. It doesn’t have natural predators in the U.S. to stop it from spreading.

Sample Response

The lecturer talks about the purple loosestrife flower as an example of an invasive species. An invasive species is a plant or animal that has escaped to an area that is not its native habitat. If it has no predators in its new habitat, it can grow strong, take up space and resources, and push native species out. Some invasive species are introduced by human activity. For example, the purple loosestrife was brought to the United States from Europe as a garden plant. Purple loosestrife plants are strong and have a lot of seeds. The seeds travel easily, and the plant has

(18)

loosestrife takes over a large area and changes the habitat for the plants and animals that were living there. In Europe, purple loosestrife has predators, which are beetles that eat its leaves and roots. In the United States, it doesn’t have any predators, so there is nothing to stop it from spreading.

Skill 8 (pg. 173) 1.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: For even shorter notes, write econ instead of economics class; notice the comma to separate ideas instead of and or &.)

Problem economics class difficult, man doesn’t want to fail

Solution 1 drop class

Advantages Disadvantages won’t have to worry needs class to get about failing into grad school Solution 2 hire a tutor

Advantages Disadvantages could pass class costs money needs class for grad school still might fail Sample Response

The man is taking a difficult economics class, and he doesn’t want to fail it. The class isn’t required for his major, but it will help him get into

graduate school. One solution is to drop the class. The other solution is to hire a tutor to help him. I think the best idea is to hire a tutor. If he drops the class, he won’t have to worry about failing but he also won’t have a class that he needs to get into graduate school. If he hires a tutor, however, he will have a good chance at passing the class. A tutor costs money, but I think it’s worth it in this case if the man is serious about going to graduate school.

2.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: The modal verbs could, might, would in these notes convey important nuances in meaning.) Problem woman wants to go on field trip

with geology class, doesn’t have money

Solution 1 ask sister to lend the money Advantages Disadvantages could go on trip sister might not

have money

borrowing from

sister can cause problems Solution 2 miss trip

Advantages Disadvantages wouldn’t have to borrow would miss money learning more wouldn’t risk problem

with sister Sample Response

The problem is that the woman wants to go on the field trip with her geology class, but she doesn’t have enough money. One solution is that she could ask her sister to lend her some money. The other solution is that she could just miss the trip. I prefer the second solution. The first solution might not work because her sister might not have money to lend her. It also could lead to problems with her sister. What if she has trouble paying the money back? Her sister probably wouldn’t like that. I think missing the trip is the more responsible solution. It’s true that she would miss a good learning opportunity, but the trip isn’t a requirement for the class. And she wouldn’t risk having a problem with her sister. 3.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: Notice that he and she are kept in these notes to avoid confusing genders.)

Problem students scheduled Dr. Morgan to speak, he just canceled

Solution 1 ask Dr. Thornton to substitute Advantages Disadvantages would have speaker Dr. Thornton might

not want to she can speak on same topics people expect to

hear Dr. Morgan Solution 2 show a movie

Advantages Disadvantages covers same topics not same as a real

speaker Dr. Morgan in it

(19)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Sample Response

The problem is that the students scheduled a prominent astronomy professor, Dr. Morgan, to speak, and he canceled at the last minute. He’s the main part of their National Astronomy Week program. The woman suggests asking Dr. Thornton to speak in his place. The man suggests showing a movie. I think the first solution is the better one. Like Dr. Morgan, Dr. Thornton can talk about astronomy. She’s worked with Dr. Morgan, so she can probably talk about some of Dr. Morgan’s work, too. The most important reason, though, is that she is a live speaker. Dr. Morgan appears in the movie talking about his work, but a movie is never the same as a live speaker. I think the students will have a better program if they ask Dr. Thornton to speak in Dr. Morgan’s place.

4.

Sample Notes

(HINT: For shorter notes, use bio instead of biology; notice that the notes use book even though the response uses the more formal textbook.) Problem woman lost her biology book Solution 1 buy used one

Advantages Disadvantages cheaper than new one still expensive already paid for

book she lost Solution 2 use the book in the library Advantages Disadvantages wouldn’t have to pay has to use in library Sample Response

The problem is that the woman lost her biology textbook, and she’s especially concerned because she has a midterm exam coming up. The first solution the man suggests is to buy a used copy of the book. The second solution is to use the copy of the book that’s in the reserve section of the library. I think the first solution is the best. The woman doesn’t want to spend more money since she already bought the book once. However, she will need the book for the rest of the semester. If she uses the library book, she has to stay in the library while reading it. That would be very inconvenient for her. The used book is less expensive than a new one, so she won’t spend too much more money to buy it. It will be

Skill 9 (pg. 177) 1.

Sample Notes

(HINT: After you write saguaro or saguaro cactus the first time and are sure of the name, use sag or cac) Main Idea A saguaro cactus has adapted

to harsh desert conditions Supporting Detail 1 adapted to little rainfall Supporting Detail 2 adapted to strong sunlight Main Idea B saguaro adapted to little

rainfall

Supporting Detail 1 shallow roots gather rainwater quickly

Supporting Detail 2 fleshy stems absorb + hold water

Main Idea C saguaro adapted to strong sunlight

Supporting Detail 1 cactus seedlings grow near nurse trees

Supporting Detail 2 by time they’re tall ready to survive in sun

Sample Response

The professor describes how the saguaro cactus has adapted to harsh desert conditions. The saguaro has adapted to the lack of rainfall in the desert, and it has also adapted to the strong desert sunlight.

The saguaro cactus has a root system that is adapted to little rainfall. The roots are shallow. They’re near the surface of the sand so when it rains, they can get the water quickly. The saguaro also has large fleshy stems. These stems absorb the water and hold it for a long time.

The saguaro cactus has adapted to the strong desert sunlight. It gets protection from nurse trees. The cactus seedlings grow near these trees and are protected by the shade. By the time the young cactuses are taller than the nurse trees, they can survive in the strong sunlight.

(20)

2.

Sample Notes

(HINT: Use auto in your notes even if you use automobile in your response.)

Main Idea A auto has changed American landscape

Supporting Detail 1 in past people traveled over dirt roads

Supporting Detail 2 roads and businesses built to accommodate autos Main Idea B new, better roads built Supporting Detail 1 paved roads

Supporting Detail 2 U.S. highway system and interstate highways Main Idea C new businesses built

Supporting Detail 1 in past everything in towns and cities

Supporting Detail 2 new kinds of businesses on highways for drivers

Sample Response

The lecture is about how the automobile has changed the way the American landscape looks. In the past, people traveled by horse and wagon on dirt roads. For long trips, travelers took trains. Then many people started driving automobiles. Because of this, new roads were built and new businesses appeared.

Since there were so many automobiles, more roads were built and they were paved. Now there are two million miles of paved roads in the United States. In 1925, a system of numbered highways was developed. In the 1950s, interstate highways were developed. This was a system of high-speed highways that replaced the older numbered highways.

Because of automobiles, new businesses were built. Before people had automobiles, businesses were in towns and cities. When people started driving, they didn’t have to do everything in a town or city. They could travel anywhere. New businesses appeared along the highways for automobile drivers. They included motels, shopping centers, drive-in movies, and fast-food restaurants.

3.

Sample Notes

(HINT: For continents, use abbreviations like South Amer. or SA and Eur. in your notes.)

Main Idea A potato originated in South Amer., taken to Europe Supporting Detail 1 was staple food in Andes for

Incas

Supporting Detail 2 at first Europeans didn’t eat, then became important Main Idea B people in Eur. didn’t eat

potatoes

Supporting Detail 1 grown as food for livestock Supporting Detail 2 considered poisonous and

evil

Main Idea C people in Eur. started eating Supporting Detail 1 high-yield crop, high in

nutrition

Supporting Detail 2 at same time potatoes became popular, large population growth Sample Response

The lecture is about the potato and how it became a popular food in Europe. The potato originated in South America and was taken to Europe by Spaniards in the 1500s. In South America, it was a staple food among the Incas who lived in the Andes Mountains. When it first arrived in Europe, people thought it was inedible, but later, in the 1800s, it became an important food.

At first, Europeans wouldn’t eat potatoes themselves. Farmers grew potatoes as food for livestock, and the only people who ate them were starving people. Another reason people didn’t eat potatoes was because they considered potatoes to be poisonous. Some people even thought they were evil and connected to devils and witches. Over time, people started eating potatoes, and in

the 1800s they became very popular. This was because potatoes were a high-yield crop. Before that, grains like wheat were the staple food, but there were frequent crop failures. Potatoes were a protection against these crop failures. Also, potatoes have a lot of nutrition. At the same time potatoes became popular, there was a population

(21)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

growth. Historians talk about whether the potato caused the population growth or whether its popularity was a result of the population growth. 4.

Sample Notes

(HINTS: Use numbers instead of words in your notes; once you are sure you have correctly heard a long word, such as Impressionism/Impressionists, shorten it, e.g, Impr. or Impr-ism. and Impr-ist.)

Main Idea A Impressionism: style of painting from 19th century Supporting Detail 1 famous Impressionist

painters

Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists changed the way artists painted

Main Idea B Impressionists painted different subjects

Supporting Detail 1 Before Impressionism, artists painted people, historical events, religious themes

Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted ordinary things and outdoors

Main Idea C Impressionists had different style

Supporting Detail 1 before Impressionism, paintings realistic & soft colors

Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted light & feeling, bright colors & quick brush strokes Sample Response

The professor talks about Impressionism. This was a style of painting from the nineteenth century. There were a number of famous Impressionist painters including Monet, Renoir, and many others. Impressionists changed the way artists painted. They changed both the subjects that were painted and the style of painting. Impressionists painted different subjects from the

artists before them. Before, artists painted rich and famous people. They painted pictures of historical events, and they painted religious themes. Impressionists painted scenes of

also preferred to paint outdoors because they were interested in light.

Impressionists had a different style of painting from the artists before them. Before

Impressionism, paintings were realistic. They were often painted indoors, so they had soft colors. Shadows were painted with grays and neutral colors. Impressionists did not try to make their subjects look real. They tried to paint light and feeling. They used bright colors. They used quick brush strokes to show reflecting light. They painted shadows with purples and other colors. They were always interested in light.

Skill 10 (pg. 181)

1. inform information inform informative informatively

2. believe belief believe believable believably

3. adore adoration adore adorable adorably

4. argue argument argue arguable arguably

5. attract attraction attract attractive attractively

6. master master y master masterful masterfully

7. simple simplification simplify simple simply

8. rhetoric rhetoric rhetorical rhetorically

9. sense sense sense/sensitize sensitive sensitively

10. apathy apathy apathetic apathetically

Skill 11 (pg. 182)

1. The students feel that the class assignment is too difficult.

2. It isn’t easy to find a place to park on campus. 3. If he doesn’t study harder, he could get a failing

grade.

4. The food in a restaurant is usually delicious but often expensive.

5. There are still many questions abut bird migration.

(22)

Skill 12 (pg. 182)

R

T

1. First, the student parking regulations aren’t fair.

R

2. However, the man doesn’t agree with the

T

woman’s opinion.

R

front yards. The yards are small because it’s a city neighborhood, but the people have filled these small spaces with flowers. It’s an especially beautiful place in the spring. This neighborhood is also in a very convenient location. It’s not too far from downtown, where many offices and stores are. Major city bus lines run right through the neighborhood, so it’s easy to get downtown, to the university, to the airport, and other important places. Of course, since it’s so nice and convenient, it’s also expensive to live there. Maybe some day I’ll be able to afford it. Question 2: Sample Response

I think that the answer to this question depends on where you live. Since I live in a big city, I believe that using public transportation is better than using a car. The reasons are expense and convenience. It’s true that you have to pay every time you ride the bus or subway, and you pay even more for taxis. However, the expenses of owning a car are much more. After you buy the car, you still have to pay for insurance, gasoline, repairs, and parking. When you add it all up, I think that public transportation is cheaper. Public transportation is more convenient, too. In a big city you’re almost always near a bus stop or subway station and if you aren’t, you can call a taxi. If you drive a car, on the other hand, you’re always worrying about finding a parking space or getting caught in a traffic jam. You don’t have these worries when you use public

transportation.

Question 3: Sample Response

The woman agrees with the policy to charge fines for overdue books. In fact, she thinks that the fines should be higher because she thinks overdue books are a big problem. In the first place, many times the books she has wanted have been unavailable. This is because people keep books out past the due date. The woman believes that if people have to pay fines, they’ll start bringing the books back on time. In addition, many library materials have been lost. The woman says that probably people will be more careful with their library materials now that they’ll have to pay fines. She hopes that the money collected from overdue fines can be used to replace some of the library materials that have been lost.

(23)

s

pe akIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

A phobia is when a person has a severe fear of something. Some examples are fear of heights and fear of flying. The fear is so great that the person is prevented from doing normal, everyday things. It also causes physical reactions like shaking and difficulty breathing. One of the best treatments for phobias is called exposure therapy. It is a therapy that exposes the patient to the thing he or she fears, but little by little so that the person can get used to it. First, the patient looks at pictures of the feared object and then reads about it. Then the patient looks at it from a distance. Little by little the patient gets closer to it until he or she can touch it. Modeling could also be part of the therapy. The patient watches other people holding the object that is feared. There are also other kinds of treatments. Hypnosis is one kind, and medications are also used. But exposure therapy is used by many therapists and is very successful.

The man had a roommate to help pay for his apartment, but the roommate has gone away for the year. The man can’t afford to pay for the apartment by himself. One solution is to live in the student dormitories, which are cheaper than an apartment. The other solution is to advertise for a new roommate. I prefer the second solution. I think the first solution would make the man unhappy because he really wants to live in his apartment. Also, it’s not certain that he’ll be able to get a room in the dormitories. There might not be any left. If, on the other hand, he advertises for a roommate, he has the chance of staying in his apartment. I think he might not have a hard time finding a roommate. Around most

universities there are always students looking for a place to live. I think the second solution will make the man much happier.

The professor talks about the cotton gin and the effects it had on the American economy. The cotton gin was invented in the late 1700s. It was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton. Using the machine was fifty times faster than doing the job by hand. Because of this, cotton became a valuable cash crop.

The cotton gin had some good effects. Before, there were economic problems in the southern

cotton and selling it all over the world. A lot of families became rich. Also, there were more farms because cotton could be grown anywhere. It didn’t need any special kind of soil.

The cotton gin also had some bad effects.

Growing cotton required a lot of labor. Because of this, slavery increased. In addition, the price of land went up because everyone wanted to grow cotton. Since land was expensive, towns and cities didn’t grow. So the South was an agricultural region, but the North became an urban and industrial region. These two parts of the country were very different from each other.

SPEAKING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 186) Question 1: Sample Response

Something I own that is very special to me is a book. It’s a children’s story book, and it’s special because it once belonged to my grandmother. When I see it on the shelf, I remember my grandmother. I remember her reading this book to me when I was a child and the fun times we had talking about the stories. When I read the book myself and look at the pictures, I think of the time when my grandmother was a little girl. It’s interesting to think about what life was like at that time, and what my grandmother was like when she was a child. This book is one of my treasures. I’m very happy to have something that meant so much to my grandmother. It isn’t worth a lot of money like gold jewelry or fine china, but it has another kind of value.

I always listen to music when I study. It gives me the energy I need to keep going, and it also helps me stay focused. When I study, I listen to different kinds of music, depending on my mood. If I’m tired, I play fast, energetic music. It helps me feel awake and energetic. Even if I’m not so tired, I like to play upbeat, cheerful music because it helps me maintain the level of energy that I need to get my work done. Some people find this hard to understand, but listening to music actually helps me stay focused on my work. This is because it keeps me company. When there’s no music, when everything is quiet, I start

wondering where everybody is. I start thinking about my friends and wondering what they’re

(24)

listen to music, I can stay focused on my work instead of thinking about a million other things. Question 3: Sample Response

The man believes that closing the Student Center lounge for renovations is a good idea. In the first place, he feels that the lounge really needs some renovations because it’s in such bad condition now. In addition, he thinks that the summer session is the best time to do this work because it will be less disruptive. There aren’t as many students on campus then, so places like the cafeteria are less crowded. Students can meet their friends there while the lounge is closed. Also, since the weather is nice during the summer people don’t tend to use the lounge then

anyhow. They prefer to spend time outside. He’s looking forward to seeing the renovated lounge in the fall.

The lecturer describes research into the bystander effect by Darley and Latane. The bystander effect describes how people behave when they witness an emergency. If there are other people present, they tend to not respond to the emergency. On the other hand, people who are lone witnesses to an emergency tend to respond more frequently. People became interested in this effect after a woman was attacked in New York City in 1964 and nobody helped her. One experiment by Darley and Latane involved a room filling up with smoke. They looked at the response of study subjects in three different situations. Some study subjects were alone in the room, and 75 percent of the time they reported the emergency. Sometimes three study subjects were together in the room, and they had a response rate of only around 30 percent or so. The lowest response rate, around 10%, was when a study subject was in the room with two other people who had been secretly told not to respond to the emergency. Darley and Latane did other similar types of experiments and got similar results. People respond to an emergency when they’re alone, but they respond much less often when other people are around.

The woman needs to do some research in the public archives, but the archives have been moved out to the suburbs. The woman doesn’t have a car, so she needs to find another way to get there. One solution is to take the bus. The

other solution is to ask a classmate for a ride. I think the second solution is better. The first solution is difficult because the bus schedule is inconvenient and the ride is so long. She would have to spend an hour and a half getting to the archives and an hour and a half on the return trip. She would also have to wait until later in the afternoon for the return bus to leave. So she would have to devote an entire day to her research, and that might not fit in well with her schedule. If she rides with a classmate, on the other hand, they can plan the trip to suit their schedules. She says she doesn’t really know any of her classmates, but this might be a good way to get to know someone, and they could become study partners.

The lecturer talks about why the Erie Canal was built and the effects it had on U.S. society. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, people wanted to connect the cities of the Atlantic coast with the interior of the country. In 1816, they had a route planned to connect Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to the Hudson River by canal. The canal was necessary because at that time it was difficult to travel overland. The roads weren’t good and travel was slow and expensive. Crossing the Appalachian Mountains was especially difficult. After the Erie Canal was built, many things changed. Freight and passengers could travel much faster on the canal than they could over roads. It became much less expensive to

transport freight. New towns were built along the canal. Also, a lot of people went to live in the Midwest. They could farm there and then send their produce to the cities by way of the canal. In addition, because of the canal, New York City became an important port.

(25)

W

rItIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

WRITING SKILLS

Integrated Writing Task Answers will vary. Skill 1 (pg. 196) Sample Notes 1.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Parental involvement in education is important because it improves school performance. 2. Parents can be involved in different ways at

school.

3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at home.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage parental involvement.

2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to involvement in education.

3. Schools should work to encourage parental involvement because it is very important. 2.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing health conditions and improving mood.

2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and

relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. 4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways,

depending on the type of ailment.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that aromatherapy is effective.

2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils. 3. There was little or no effect.

3. Reading Main Ideas

1. There are both natural and human causes of forest fires.

2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level. 3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet

high.

4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the balance of nature.

2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches. 3. Surface fires are controlled with water.

4. Crown fires are controlled from the air. 4.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high crop yields.

2. Planting the same crop in the same place every year attracts pests.

3. Planting the same crop in the same place every year depletes the soil.

4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a

Lecture Main Ideas

1. Organic farming works with natural resources, not chemicals.

2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops. 3. Different methods are used for pest control. 4. Different methods are used for disease control.

(26)

Skill 2 (pg. 201) 1.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Parental involvement in education is important because it improves school performance. 2. Parents can be involved in different ways at

school.

3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at home.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage parental involvement.

2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to involvement in education.

3. Schools should work to encourage parental involvement because it is very important. 2.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing health conditions and improving mood. 2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and

relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. 4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways

depending on the type of ailment.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that aromatherapy is effective.

2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils. 3. There was little or no effect.

3. Reading Main Ideas

1. There are both natural and human causes of forest fires.

2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level. 3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten

feet high.

4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the balance of nature.

2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches. 3. Surface fires are controlled with water.

4. Crown fires are controlled from the air. 4.

Reading Main Ideas

1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high crop yields.

2. Planting the same crop in the same place every year attracts pests.

3. Planting the same crop in the same place every year depletes the soil.

4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a plant are grown.

Lecture Main Ideas

1. Organic farming works with natural resources, not chemicals.

2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops. 3. Different methods are used for pest control. 4. Different methods are used for disease control.

Skill 3 (pg. 202) 1. A

2. A 3. B 4. B

(27)

W

rItIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

Skill 4 (pg. 204)

(HINT: You can save time by making some notes in shorthand. In these sample notes the main ideas are sentences and the details are in shorthand.)

Sample Notes 1.

Reading Main Idea

Parental involvement in education is important. Supporting Details

1. positive effect on student achievement 2. lower drop-out rates

3. improved academic performance Main Idea

Parents can be involved in different ways at school. Supporting Details

1. participation in school events

2. volunteering in classroom or at special events Main Idea

Parents can be involved in different ways at home. Supporting Details

1. can help children with homework & talk about school activities

2. can read to children & take them on special trips

Lecture Main Idea

The attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage parental involvement.

Supporting Details

1. some don’t believe in importance of parental involvement

2. some believe parents not interested

Main Idea

Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to involvement in education.

Supporting Details 1. some busy at work

2. some don’t speak or read English Main Idea

Schools should work to encourage parental involvement because it is very important. Supporting Details

1. teachers can be trained

2. homework assignments can encourage parent participation

3. meetings can be scheduled at different times 2.

Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing health conditions and improving mood.

Supporting Details

1. uses essential oils distilled from herbs 2. common oils—lemon, lavender, rosemary,

peppermint Main Idea

Essential oils can be used like medicines. Supporting Details

1. some doctors use for antibacterial & antifungal

There is no evidence to prove that aromatherapy is effective.

Supporting Details

1. not shown it to be effective in scientific studies

Main Idea

A research study tested the effect of essential oils. Supporting Details

(28)

2. some doctors use to treat pain

Main Idea

Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.

Supporting Details

1. massage therapists use for aching muscles 2. massage therapists use for stress & anxiety

2. response to pain, wound healing, & effects on immune system tested

3. participants answered questions about mood & stress

Main Idea

There was little or no effect. Supporting Details

1. no effect on pain, wound healing, or immune system

2. lemon oil had positive effect on mood 3.

There are both natural and human causes of forest fires.

Supporting Details

1. lightning most common natural cause

2. human causes: smoking, camping, trash burning

Main Idea

Ground fires burn at or below ground level. Supporting Details

1. roots and rotting vegetation are fuel 2. can smolder for a long time

Main Idea

Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet high.

Supporting Details

1. burn shrubs and grasses

2. some trees adapted to protect themselves from surface fires

Main Idea

Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees. Supporting Details

1. most dangerous type of fire 2. can spread from surface fires

3. spread rapidly jumping from crown to crown

Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the balance of nature.

Supporting Details

1. clear out brush & allow trees to spread seeds 2. should only fight fires that threaten or are caused

by humans Main Idea

Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches. Supporting Details

1. trenches dug down to mineral layer of soil 2. fire cannot burn past trenches

Main Idea

Surface fires are controlled with water. Supporting Details

1. firefighters carry water in backpacks 2. water pumped from nearby water source

Main Idea

Crown fires are controlled from the air. Supporting Details

1. occur high in tops of trees 2. sprayed with water or chemicals

(29)

W

rItIng

_d

Irec t to

toeFL iBT™

4. Reading Main Idea

Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high crop yields.

Supporting Details

1. requires the use of chemicals 2. chemicals destroying environment Main Idea

Planting the same crop in the same place every year attracts pests.

Supporting Details

1. pests have to be controlled with chemical pesticides

2. pollutes environment & affects fertility of soil Main Idea

Planting the same crop in the same place every year depletes the soil.

Supporting Details

1. chemical fertilizers have to be used 2. pollutes environment

Main Idea

In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a plant are grown.

Supporting Details

1. makes plants susceptible to disease 2. chemicals have to be used

3. entire crops may be lost

Organic farming works with natural resources, not chemicals.

Supporting Details

1. natural methods used to control pests & disease & maintain soil

Main Idea

Healthy soil is important for healthy crops. Supporting Details

1. natural fertilizers: compost & manure 2. rotate crops to maintain soil health Main Idea

Different methods are used for pest control. Supporting Details

1. crop rotation discourages breeding cycle of insects

2. companion planting encourages beneficial insects, discourages harmful insects

3. other methods: insect traps & pest-resistant varieties

Main Idea

Different methods are used for disease control. Supporting Details

1. weeding, pruning, spacing allow air to circulate 2. other methods: disease resistant varieties &