The standard electrode potential of the silver silver chloride electrode in acetone water mixtures

PHYSl(;~I;

liD EX

THOOOCTlON

.

~

. .

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

Tables

1

15 ..

1 5"'

18 ..

36 ..

lNfROOOCTION

The study of the electromotive fprces

_,

of galvanic

cells of various types is a fundamental part of the' ~cience

of electrochemistry; but in additionJit is to a large

t a branch of the morE~ subj0ct of thermodynamics .. Jndef3rl, little progress was made, until it we.s rea,lized that

th~~ phenomena of electrochemlstry are subjl?ct to the

exact methods of thermodynamit~s .. Ttlf? application

methods to the subject th the s es of

exact; ma ti thr~ory was first d :'1a

nfnct-orily Gibbs, th the

cation of his results. Cons tly, even

ce of tho contributions of Gibbs was

r the cult ta of d

methods of ting his conclusions and employing them in

Elctmil numerical calculations .. Th.i s work has

out th t 11 by G .. !~ .. s in

errum in Denmark, and many other s in more recent

ln

1899 Nernst developed his osmotic theory of

cone en

tion cell .. This work, b~~ des t impetus to ""Ubj kl j' r~r· ,._, / t .,>' pCHH5i bl f:!

the normal elec 0 ten jl

obtaining such standard potent::i, s WlH~

is knmm tho evalut:d;ion of the absolu ta po t,i al of

trodf~

combination of e it is to

some s

r CJ.f

con ning ions at t HC

at 0

e

rectly to

e ac on was in

on

or

the s ·1907 G .. N

traduced act:Ivi ty, ch

as a corrttOJCt conr~en on ..

that some such ticul rly in the

mass action f~o in rt:HJ

only

Tht~ i an extension of t.he :f.dea

by ti ve ml:>.sses n.,

ly tl:w function ht:Is com~? to bo uned univer

theory HC ti Viti !~fl 1s tly S'-OUnd

c-the function is ano

en

..

For

an solution

we

can

..

-

G

Rf

ln fi

-

Q

is

partial

molal

'

N

is

the mol:

tion, and

ao

is a eons t d t

only

on

ure

sure ..

For· a

solution of' a substance

-G :RT ln a

a :1 s the ac t;i ty of

as

ere-+ ln a+

and

-

_{G 'Qo}

₊

_{RT ln}

are. the activities

ions ..

But the solu if~ at. equi brium

we

can so

G ::::: -o

o ...

₊

a~

..

..

ln

a. Of: RT

a+ + ln

t

a qu~stion of

tiqns, can ob

~rhe law of mass action, using e.c

d~~fini ti on.~ 1 .. e ..

g

as

activity

is

+

a_

a

+

coef:fi c:i. en t

tlH~ ra~io of

this ction

lu solutions ..

ano

~ctrcly

+ 2RT ln

f an ectroly 1 flC ty to it~ so t it

is

a

--

..

=

more simply.

ties~ is

tion

ce

a

molal:!

_•

ft. is mean ac

ty

co rmt ..

dis a

on

is as

..

..

..

:::: _m

v:e defin~ the stoichioroet:rica.l aet:i.vi ty

:r

+

a_

s function f es the d

l our

ec

it is

is

bla,ck requi i ~~ easily

eli eult:1es some is quinhydrone

ch consi s t,s of a

a on

ntion

is

occur ..

e di

piece

to a

tion of quinhydrone ..

cient

r

an

it

or

ent

Unum

is a complex consisting of one mol quantity of

one molecular

quem

ti ty

or

placed

ll on in which solubtli

ac

b

I

H

I

I

m

on

t;

s,

0

"

on

s

c

1

on

+

f

conVflr ·~m to

to 0 .. 118 3, a t 2

log

t

g th~ f~

on

m

0 .. 118.3 f ..

chlor·ide trode, on

po ti

a c 1

to be at

t-1on,

of

m

on

m

=

o

r

1

i.on by this mr~ t

t:ton lu t1on.. SUch a

e,

on ,

'l

'

!=·~ eon rl t

tlt-

_were

_{thfJ. on en}

_accura

£! by this nv~ tho d .• [j t

f" <>

on

,, E't CU!'V(~ g t

..

tts ~1

2 mv,.

t.oc)

hi

cal th c solutions.,

s century th:::: i ea of on of

t but tho

s doub un ti.l t of

t ::ts

probabl £;,

elec to

O.n f~ in

move

t t~uch a tion can·

c currr~:n t ~~~ tion.·::

ly

ting f'ini of icms, so

is essent:i

ion-1 on

H

on ..

ln rst

ca on t.hoory of e i srd;i on of strong

s, r i t the d Jd

be ticl<-:s. owlnv

t

his

t: on it de~:H1i1'VI':':!d.

test step forward

th by Debye &

the ation now

i

ion:; beinl! char

'

ven ton .. Cons

. th

trihu

t of the

1

0 f},. Th"c> l:_,. tion for the ~1c t:i

t•

,, g EJ}C

ln

f

A is a universal De by

as ( and I is th~ ionic s

sum

10111'

to tl compl1 ca, ted

not Vr:' the

in modern ~(~

c:.

' when they by their nllm(') ..

1 g to

idr~al h

is con th .. of ionn on., ton-our

, but it

(,

- and

i1~

t:lply:ing the concentration (in gm .. ions per 11 tre) ion in solution by the its valency.

i .. e .. I

the it1n cone en tion c ..

i

..

s for

t the ac t:l vi t.y ent of an ion s on

i th

a.n ion is a eorrect

a, is the t:t ve

the ions .. lt is the m~an dis

up to

eh an ion can proach another ion~ K is

tion-to so to

J I ,,

for 8, t

t ven

..

f

1

+

t

..

ae

C is a constant th~

"' tion for

s CHbl to tho t

is

f

+

1 +

er

t

s on it is n~c~J~

i ~~ no method it t

ce to OtflO!' e·.cti

ty

..

'

in

ons,

on cl ng

f

lt is en tly a.ccura

'

solu

d 1s the

ty

the solu t:l on ..

ion sti tu ted

ln m

ln t•

ehlor1d~ el~ctrode can be obtain by an

tton method ..

obtain the valu(~,

it

irs

t1ve-~j r~ I'!:HH"rtm equ<:'ttion <Jr evalua.

acti

COf~!'fi ci en t th~

e4

m. fs re~ul

..

:1.' llZ _{- l o g m}

ant

-~ 2 .. E'

f;! 01'1 dely for the

tion

o.f

ac

·vi ty

y 0 m~~ _1$

a Sf~ns~~~, SlJ ·t:< ,, de vi ty co r:;.n t;~

is

.

th<) ~.t

'

t find a tic s

ties

on g of the Debya-niickel

A~R. concentrc1ted acid was

diluted to a density of about

1.1 .. s was twice distill and constant boiling

point acid was

th .. 9 A

0 .. 1 HCl was

a t as

s was

ssberger e.nd Pro

po sium carbona

ec

ter

the method of

Foulk

stock solution of

up from this and s

by Kalthoff 10

chloricle ses.

A.R ..

ii.C£:3 tone was puri

to methods by

11

being th

..

'

it was dis tilled off and thE:~ flrst

..

t

fractions Wt:!i:re dit:;carded .. ddle

tion

to stand over c cium chloride for S8Vq~r~1l

days .. The ace tone was thr~n dis tilled and the e fraction wa.s collected in thr:i! storage vessel,

ch was corkr3d and fi ttGd th a siphon a:nd calcium e tube .. A series of dfrt.1 ty determina.tions was

th

th

t.s

obtain-All

solu ons ware

up th

distill

1lle c f~

us

were

TI

as

1 vrero 1 .. 8 ems .. f:lS~ 8.

OCH of tt 0<~11

..

em ~,

h (:.j

t de

was

!lt

en

et

heavy

area

1~5

x

1.0

em.,

t and Carapbol112 by imrner si on in a cold

sulphur! c acid - dichromate clr~tming xture prBpared

from C .. cals.. this was heated to 125°C .. and

allowed to cool to room temp,~rature.. Tlu~

trodes were thoroughly rin~ed in tap water and

boiled in distilled water .. The cleaning process

These were of the

ffJahn" typB as used by

nnd Beattie13) Allmand tJnd Hunter1

4,

a.nd

others .. · f11ey consis of

0.75

em. squares of

tinum welded to pl~ltirmm wit·e wh.ich made

contact th m1:n·cury throu e.ss tubes .. Before

ting they were clean in the same manner a.s the

quinhydrone trodes~ Thoy 1'\fere plated with s!l ver

by deposition from cyanide solution (7 .. of silver

tra.te

+

10 gms. potassium cyani 200 c .. c .. o.f

distilled water), usin.e: a silver rod as anode, 2

milliamps electrode baing passed for 16 hours.

were then washed thoroughly in running tap

boiled several times in distllled water.. .Finally

th were chloridized anodically in 0 .. 1 N hydrochloric

17 ..

6 pr~r trod by

trades so

t on a occasions - to c

g in the - but inr1 cthnr

experienced., lt was found tha.t

cibil1 ty of the cells v1as obtained by allowing the

chlori ectrodes to set

ec once only ..

Silver chloride was by on in

a. fmlu tion boiling in

con-cen t ni c d~

m(::t.hod of !! t pb

12

tlS

..

ec ef> WE:;~re Welter

t s dis lled \\1~1 until

ting.

Gas-heated watnr thermostats wsre

at 20°C;

25°C;

30°C;

th "·""' ... "-"'"

calibra against labora.tory s

were con troll by mercury-tolu~9n(~ re tors B.s .follows:

!

.01° at 20°C;

!

.005° at

25°C;

+

.01°

at 30°C;

! ..

01° at

40°C ..

ten ome th f:'ll

d Ins _" t~

th a ~enr:Ji ti of 170

m.m ..

"!!

ton

tly st labora. tory s

sto on th f:),

ent an un 1 :it con::ds of a

on of

t

A th.

ace

solu

to d

an

i

s

was

s

to

r~?move st

c d I'E:llnOVe

di water .. Th~~ ni

t\VO portions of the

to the bubbling connec up th this

out

ly

ser

~

arm

C

D to

the

stopco

45

for one

in po only

tes .. On being

through e pyrogallol

lu

through

so cell

solu

..

cells vtere

so

t

8 P:C t

Cf?ll tion

the c 1 .. ciert t t

n,

E.! 1'

cell t.ion.,

through a s

D

on

r:H{U i 1 11:rr i um

1n

about 15 minu s to th~3 new t thf'l two

t

lver chloride

t

in cases

s and the

are the runs tbe cells

in a c d bath, in sarlH:! manner

were

in nn

stopcock C c ts of

1

was neces

ents by

g to diffusion

or

trorl

could

et th comple

•

c

1 ..

in thf~ tion/,

thad of dBterm:tninv

the

tfon

E + l:n

m

ln

f

s not <:Jccura

..

'

tu

sion thf? activity

cinnt

ln

f

In

s A is t ch VIJ g,

as

At 25°C

in on 1 1 _"'

tlC£1 2

c ..

A CEln

A

=

0 .. 506 X

(

)t

54

is di ~1C c cnns t; of wa

at

2

is di AC c con~ t of thA tu:rA at

') _at

0 r:'ra

T ·· is tho absolute

th"'.l ele.H~tric cons

QL 1 ""16

~e.r OJ..

i.

d is

71h04

73 71,.,37

,0?

0

b

not much i t was en

vent ob

1

51

17

.9783

*

)

~

oughout arf; th.ose

17

the

"'

...

65 .. 31~

..

m i

as Landolt Bornstein

e

constant B va BS as (

1

ts

solution at

25°C.

is

041329 X 1

t

valu8S of e cons t.an t

in

on is fJ the mean

a.nH1tor of 1.ons .. F:hle

cula for ~~ in Wli

00

-

60°c ..

found that 1 t is a cons t ov,n· thi 2 range of

tur I' b

0 of 1,,.:-; A

on

0

J".) A,.

tion e.;m now be used to de

2k log m + 2k 1 +

In

various cons

thP. s

"

this on

1':

is ~ .. m. f.

lver chlori

c~ctrode - but a flU:lnhyctron~~ elc:ct:.rode V;ras u , no

t

to obtain E, .:wtual r

e

was subtracted

rto ten r~1.

this

t t. 15 •

c,.

volt ..

,

.-" _..•

E

+

2k log m "';" 1 +

ts ob at thf;'l four

!!! == 70 31~r - F. ( Quinhydron o)

25

11

03538

529

.,,0174.7

.. 3410

.. 331.6

.,J272

E: -- .. 6997 - E (Quinhytlrone)

m '"" l<J (Quinby drone)

.. 06980

.. 3415

,.06421

,.)374

05603

.. .3309

1 1

..

..

538

.. ;osa

"

~0-17

..

1 ,.,

I

.36M

l

.,J?i/2

1

l .. (

.1;.0

ace

.. 2121

.. 21

.,2127

.. 2131

"21

wa

"

"

.. 2092

.,'?097

1 acetone - wa,

E ;: .6960 - fi: (Quinhydrone)

.. 06421 05603 .. 04811 03 02724 .. 02529 .. 01747 .01725 .. 008570 .. 006301 m .. 09280 .,06421 .. 05603 "0481 'l .. 01+443

OJ

.02724 .. 0171;7 ~008,570 006301

E '( Quinhydrone)

E .. 3200 .. 3055 "'2927 2709 .. 2705 .. 2350 .. 2198 ( Quinhydrone) ,.J467

..

3

l"3212 .. 3135 ,..3090

..

.2856 "

..

.. 2102 3760 .. 3905

·4251

.. 4255 .. 0

.~762 E .. 3419 3 .. 3674 .. 3751 .3796

..

..

..

•

..

.. 20 .2053 .. 57 !>;w56 .. 2057 59 57 ... 2065

..

ex ,. ,.2061~

.. 1975

.. 1 iit1

,.,1

.. 1

1

.. 1

.. 1

.,1

.,1

.. 1

20°C. acetone -

water

.E - ·

,.70.34 ...

E (Quinhydrone)

E ( Quinhydrone) E

--·

---~-

~----·~~~·---.-.09870

.3679

.. 20.33

,.07504

.. .3550

.. 20.37

.. 05565

.. .3414

.. 20.35

.. 05.3 .3392 .. ·2040

.-046.35 .<f> .332'7 .. 20.39

.. 03241

159

.2040

.. 02653

.. )063 .. 3971 .. 2044

.. 02533

.. 3043 .. 3991 .. 2041

.01550 ,.2806

.. 422

.;2046

.. 01194 •. 26S2 435 .. 2046

~.009504 ,.2575

_-445

.2044

.. 007243 #MJ+ 1 --459_. .20M;~

B:K

..

:.zoM~

~---~-,-~,-~ ~-"~-·

-~---25°C .. 201: ace toni'?

-

w~t ter

E ;;:;~;

.. 6997

-

E ( Qtlinhydrone)

-~'·-~·

_...__._.

11 g ( Ciuinhyd:rone) Ti' ...,_j'

.. 09870

.. .3648

.. 1999

.. 07504 .. 3520 .. 2002

.. 05565

.3379

' .,J61

.. 2003

.. 05358 .. .3360 ' .. 363

· .. ;woo

.. 04635

.. 3290 .. 2006

.. 03241 • .3122 .. 2007

.. 02653

... 3027 .,.397 .. 2007

.. 0253.3

... ,3001 .. 399~ .. 2012

.. 01222

.. 2651

.. 431/: . ,.2012

.. 01194

.2638 .. 435 .. 2014

,.009504 .. 25.31

.Lt.4t:

.. 2010

.0072l.r3 .. 2399

_{·A 59}

~2011

e)

m E ( Qttinhy clron e) ~

-

~~---~-.. 09€i70

.3621

$3

"1960

.. 07504 .,3490

.3470

··1963

.. 05 _3.34:5 .. 3615 .. 1968

.. 04635 .. 3257 .. 3703 .. 1970

.. 03241

.,JOS5

..

5 ,..1971

.. 02653 .. 2991 .,.J9(..,9 .. 1969

.. 02533

.. 2966 .. 3994 "'1972

.,0·1550 .. 2733 l!-237 .1976

.. 01194

.2601 <~4359 1971

.. 009504,

..

.. ·t972

00724.3

.. 2353

,.,4607

.. 1

OX .. 1

.. ~."'-"'"""""""""'"''"-·-""""'..,._.._ __ ""~~"'~=·· .. - ---'• '-"'~.<--~---.... -~"-"""""'-•

40°C.,

8 ·- .. 6886 - E (Quinhydrone)

m g (Quinhyd1•one) r~

.09870

.. 3565 .. 3321 .. 18P'7

.07504

..

.. 3454

_,

.. 05565 .. 3284 .. .3602 _"'1

.. 046.35

.. 3190

..

.. 1

.. 0321+ 1 .. 3015 ..1897

.. 0~!653 .. 2920

...

.. 1~94

.. 02533

.2891

.. 3995 .,1

.. 015.50 .. 2649 .. 4237 .,1896

.,01222 .. 2521 .. 4.365 .. 1905

,._01194 .. 2512

.. 4374

.. 1901

..

504 "239 5

"'4491

.1903

.. 00724,3

:.225.5 1

1904

ex

At

t BO 00

trnpola to ze:r.o m

off,.

e

c ..

136 vol vol

25

c

2110 fl ₁₃ ft

.30

c.

2061}

_"

_"'1 fl

GRAPH I.

of

+

_{.. 2}

volt

can

SG·f~n e I I

,

the

at

each tE:mpr~r~1. e on a f} ght

e,

e ex on

to

be ou.t

con-Bu

s, r~o t~l~ly 2'1

found that

t

curve ..

tions, in

1

icul t - this b

g to con·-.

g the c ls e next,

culties, s

. constants

on,

s can tn be accura to

t 1n the 1

'

e against

..

vnl:uos

t th tho~o ob taJnod

0

25

c ..

Hovorka

men tal errol' of' so that valuffs

above rB al on owing tO

tly incorre-ct vnlu~J po al of th<1

quin-electrode It throughout tha. t

not in ac~to:rH~ Via X

not;h g ln thH

bt:}

t ssibility not

so is

to in to cern tion ..

in this lnboratory con

error" dun to byd c concentrations studi

d is 23

..

r';O

no

lost

tion is 11 to

of

r' t.ton

e;:ihlr~ OVAP

t1 ty a.

t

..

j8Ct

th a.

t

tlle

tic ally if the corrnc t value is tak.;m tho plot of

E' " values

''0 s t the molflli ty should b>3 a ho:rizon

" ca:n be seen from the graphs, t.ho linns

()

ed

do not slope nmch, showing thHt the volue of 4 .. 3 A a

-

s Th~1 obt,a1nf~d lowest line at 1~0 on Graph C. by the I u~e iEJ of the the plot ori ~rinal the

ckel expression for the activity coefficient ..

ln f

points lie rly on H s t line with a

di t from that

obtained above. Ho•,vever the values 1.n dilu solution

carry the burden of· the ·extrB.pola t1. on, t:lnd.

method, though not so complicated is obviously less

accurate thATl that using the full equation ..

In Table X are listed, for purposes of comparison,

the values of the standard potential of the silvm·-silVF!r

uhloride elBctrodA in various organic solvAn ter

0

can b8 I'(·~~1di sGen n 1 _"""'><j f:' no _{!'5 G}

a be D

-

di t;" co.r.l fc t;~in t

'

e C'~l. it

tl ~·

"' some p st a

(JS tf; I al

'

in r

wa

_•

I l l trw in T<Ebl e X are

tt of nctric

constant .. of the ts on 8 1 t

fl-. tl

"'I:

!!

:1

Htl!!

ffim

8

mh

1-!1 ~Fl i ~t H~

m

"·"

ii

e

' li·

~·· _{tt r~}

2C

:':~ 1.~,

g

.:li

1!.

:~

00

~ It·! 4t:. l! _~

E :m _{~+l F:} Lin ~ I (±= _tt'

J·''

~ ... 1 ' ~ ~1~ :

+I H+

+t

±, j . : ttn:

·~+tf!m ! 1 ct

ttl '

j '

I•

. IF' If li lt:; ff

-a

t:tls

E!:I

ltlalittl

Ulr.:+ ~

.I

tttw:l

rn

TT+ _'!-:' h;~ r: I< I: l:

m

1m

rm

ll ~j:i 1rt

i

00

!.!; '

J

,: il:r :::r b

±

:

'Tf[

t:t It U: l!lk=

ff

• 2

orkfi

f7 fie ~ 100

mr

·l~·

j

h

~

flm 1s

h~-~

ra:.

.111

~

rl

ij f-Fmlf'ffi ~~ I;, I

If

Jmmn

~

Ll

ft< ~~

1

~ fK ....

~ Lm

h·1

~mtl!= ~

Wli!

~ 1*1 t! 1hl;

tti

cl ~JL =:1tt

v

'tf

tilmf

!h :M · 1·::1 ft.: :J

)> l):f

Jli.

'l fT '-IF

[1

j-.+ft R -:H

u l=l H1 ;

,,.. _{l:t !1,}

I H-~

l:i--12

GRAPH III.

H-l tH ttt _r-: ffl _(.!11

g

HlH

i=lc· l:l:l

r'

IH+I i+J !.tt l H

llfl

m'

w

ffi

It: ;l:l::!::tl4 ftj ! H ₁₁₁

b· U1 lllf : l [1:. _II

I•

Jr·

'

II

'

I ~ _{~ ~}

I+

en

m

~~

It

w

1£

Itt. _{~~m lll} I •

₁₆

!~ 1::

~H·

ft

I!

ltfiD

It . _{~~ If ~::}1'}

1•1

thl

_{fi' IH} [Ffl _{l:: ff lfl} :tt

m

_'ti ~ ~* m:t ' :. . "";. '~~fT:, t:: I•:

+h ~t 1\.,±~ '

h

1: ~Jim

l~l ~)_~It! · ~ 6: 1.: - ~ ~-, ~

'

~r I>

11' 11

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'

t

ter m oc c

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t

!r; meant ica i on

c 11 t

fferrmc<."' i t c::m

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In

er to be

othf'3r ts, ,, ,Cl 1n

c 5 'tVBr~ t

,

on a

1 _{' H} st cone en tion of

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, .. o

"·' c.

HJ~e

..

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in Column l WEn'e calcula by

the use eqtHD ti on:

fietmce as

· previously,. eemen t i but :t t

b in dilute solutions. ln Column l i are

sults obtained the full Debye t:ion ..

st term is se.me as a.bove, e second

1 s of tht3 same type as Hu 'B correc on the

ginal equ:q.tion - m is tho ty hyd.roch.lc)ri c

d and b is a cons t which T the

solute tempera fhe value us by ed

19 .

Thomas in 10-;t and 20% methanol-vva ter mixtures was 18 '

same as that used by Harned and E:'hle:::rs in pure water.

Since the valuCJs so calculated in methanol wate:r· mix

with the experimental values to

! ..

001 it was decidec1 to use the same value for b - .1366. As is

the a sa. tory

indeed, but it is not as good EHl thnt obtained by

b

t

,

t that thf'.>y a fur

(\n, as also

the

er"'_"" 18 i _n calculation of thn

lV

a1~e th8

curves

ob

ac ty

"' I l l the

I a.nd I I a.re tho sf~ obtai,ned by use

as

of

of th~J Deby tion .. t

is

a.c

en

hydrochloric

e

ty on

v ..

poin rmtly on

is

c

curve

the V<n~ia. on ent

805

793

773

764

7

m f ( 20°C)

~

~o~t ₁

.. 02 857

835

.-04 815

.. 05

80it-.. 06

792

07 785

778

.1 .

766

..,

__

1345

829

S17

807

eo;

79Z 78J,. ::2 1n

f (25°C) f

1 ace

nco B

(30° C)

I I I

899 871 841 ~03

798

r

- -

-~

5~ ₅

853 83S

828 3

807 791

793'

785

'774 760

?65 753

760

7l+8

'71r0 738

The results of thfl

proving the posB1b1li t;y of making .,:wcurat.e electromo

force me.E',surenHm ts in sol v0n t ti. o.f hiF:.h d1 ec tri c

constant, such as ace mixtures, ha.ve t~lf'\o

the validity and us 0.ss of the various forms

of the Debye-Htickel tion .. it been

shovm to give an accura tr0 extrapolD. tion m~"l thod for

evcduation of s elec

e measuremHn ts . .,

form 1 t ts ac vi t.y co cion ts

whi crt th values ob

theory hav01 beBn proposeLl, most

t boing tht:l t of Gron'Nall, t.md

Thi :~ 1 s s. co:mpli cat. s on con

th ~ but 1 t been

th considerable success ov-er Ek

they con dor that :1 t ves

activity coefficients of hydroehloric a

ture range ot' 0° - 60°C. g

to

:! .. ;

in

fourth decimal place, tb values calculated

imon tally ..

advcmces apply to strong electrolytes in rly dilu

b to d~vclop "?let ul

be <::tble to cmnpu the e& of el0ctrolytia

tion s fron1 our· fundnmen id.rra.s about

electromotive :force of cells

thout june on type

Quinhydrone / HCl

I

.AgCl

I

J.g

been made at ">50 "00

6~ - ' _,..'i '

0

40

c .. ,

1 ace res as t.

Vl'3r ch.lol'l d f;

by un ex

on.

those in

c solven

t:l vi ty coeff'i en

L.

2 .. Russ

s and Randall

Linhart

'7~ Lewis Randall

9,. Foulk and

worth

1 0.. Kol thoff and Sandell

12 ..

sbBrger Proskauer

t

Proc .• Am. Acad.. 259~ (190?)

physik. chem ..

AZ,

257 .. (1904)

"T'hermodynam:i csn.. (1923) 0

41,, 1175 .. (1919)

.. z ..

~\ 1~5, 305,

(192.3;,.

!!§., 1080, 1 09SL. ( 1924.)

J.A ..

c .. s..

1112. (1921).

Phy .. z~~

93 ..

(1

5).

J.~A .. c ..

s ..

A.2..~ 1227.. (1923}

"A tbook of Quanti t<1 ti ve

Irwrganic .P.ne.ly s•r,. (1 6).

c Solvents". (1935) ..

'1.3 .. · Jtacinnes and ttie J.. C,.S"' 1117 .. (1920)

·15" Harned and. Wright

16 ...

herlof

17 .. Wyman

19. rned and Thomas

20 .. .Fleysher

Phys ..

J ... A ..

c .. s ..

J .. A .. C,.f.L,

.. Soc. ~' 300 ..

4849 ..

(1 3) ..

j!,

4125.

(1932)-623.. (1930),.

2179.. (1 ) .,

(1936) ..

21.,.

" _('1929) "' A"'1?5, '?70

_"'

J~A

..

c .. s

ltr46 .. (1 "'~ ... t;) 6) ..

s, N .. Z .. ty. (19 ).,

~md Phy

..

358 .. ( 192S) ..

?5

""¥' li,!!: s J 1666 .. (1 5) 9

..

J .. i~ ...

.

~. '·~· ~ 1491 .. (1939) ..

ss~~ "l _{phy k ..}

_1£1,

_{254 ..}

L!,. 'II'

(1926) ..

san J .. A,.C -('1

1908.., (19,36) ~

..

\. ~

.

"'' _{45 ..} (1920) ..

" J!JQ

..

tchard J., (1 t:-~

'-." aL"~