Tissues
Tissues
Tissues Tissues
Cells work together in functionally Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues
related groups called tissues
How is this done? How is this done?
Attachments Attachments
communication communication
Types of tissues: Types of tissues:
1. 1. Epithelial – lining and covering Epithelial – lining and covering
2. 2. Connective – support Connective – support
3. 3. Muscle – movement Muscle – movement
4. 4. Nervous – control Nervous – control
Lateral Surface Features Lateral Surface Features
Factors holding epithelial cells Factors holding epithelial cells together
together
Adhesion proteins link plasma Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells membranes of adjacent cells
Contours of adjacent cell membranes Contours of adjacent cell membranes
Special cell junctions Special cell junctions
Lateral Surface Features Lateral Surface Features
– Cell Junctions – Cell Junctions
Tight junctions (zona occludens) – Tight junctions (zona occludens) – close off intercellular space
close off intercellular space
Found at apical region of most epithelial Found at apical region of most epithelial types
types
Some proteins in plasma membrane of Some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused
adjacent cells are fused
Prevent molecules from passing Prevent molecules from passing
between cells of epithelial tissue
between cells of epithelial tissue
Tight Junction
Tight Junction
Lateral Surface Features – Lateral Surface Features –
Cell Junctions Cell Junctions
Adherens junctions (zonula Adherens junctions (zonula
adherens) – anchoring junction adherens) – anchoring junction
Transmembrane linker proteins attach Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the
to actin microfilaments of the
cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells
Along with tight junctions, form the Along with tight junctions, form the
tight junctional complex around apical tight junctional complex around apical
lateral borders of epithelial tissues
lateral borders of epithelial tissues
Zonula Adherens (Belt Zonula Adherens (Belt
Desmosome)
Desmosome)
Lateral Surface Features Lateral Surface Features
– Cell Junctions – Cell Junctions
Desmosomes (macula adherens) – Desmosomes (macula adherens) – two disc-like plaques connected two disc-like plaques connected
across intercellular space across intercellular space
Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called cadherins
proteins called cadherins
Proteins interdigitate into extra- Proteins interdigitate into extra- cellular space
cellular space
Intermediate filaments insert into Intermediate filaments insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side
plaques from cytoplasmic side
CDH1 - E-cadherin (epithelial) CDH2 - N-cadherin (neural)
CDH12 - cadherin 12, type 2 (N-cadherin 2) CDH3 - P-cadherin (placental)
CDH4 - R-cadherin (retinal)
CDH5 - VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial) CDH6 - K-cadherin (kidney)
CDH7 - cadherin 7, type 2 CDH8 - cadherin 8, type 2
CDH9 - cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin) CDH10 - cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin) CDH11 - OB-cadherin (osteoblast)
CDH13 - T-cadherin - H-cadherin (heart) CDH15 - M-cadherin (myotubule) CDH16 - KSP-cadherin
CDH17 - LI cadherin (liver-intestine) CDH18 - cadherin 18, type 2 CDH19 - cadherin 19, type 2 CDH20 - cadherin 20, type 2
CDH23 - cadherin 23, (neurosensory epithelium)
Desmosome Desmosome
Figure 4.7b
Desmosome Detail
Desmosome Detail
Lateral Surface Features Lateral Surface Features
– Cell Junctions – Cell Junctions
Gap junctions – passageway between Gap junctions – passageway between two adjacent cells
two adjacent cells
Let small molecules move directly Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells
between neighboring cells
Cells are connected by hollow cylinders Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein
of protein
Gap Junction Gap Junction
Figure 4.7c
Epithelial Tissue – Epithelial Tissue –
General Characteristics &
General Characteristics &
Functions Functions
Covers a body surface or lines a Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
body cavity
Forms most glands Forms most glands
Functions of epithelium Functions of epithelium
Protection Protection
Absorption, secretion, and ion transport Absorption, secretion, and ion transport
Filtration Filtration
Forms slippery surfaces Forms slippery surfaces
Special Characteristics Special Characteristics
of Epithelia of Epithelia
Cellularity Cellularity
cells are in close contact with each other with little or no cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular space between them
intercellular space between them
Specialized contacts Specialized contacts
may have junctions for both attachment and communicati may have junctions for both attachment and communicati on on
Polarity Polarity
epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
Support by connective tissue Support by connective tissue
at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane
Avascular Avascular
nutrients must diffuse nutrients must diffuse
Innervated Innervated
Regenerative Regenerative
epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration
Special Characteristics Special Characteristics
of Epithelia
of Epithelia
First name of tissue indicates First name of tissue indicates number of layers
number of layers
Simple – one layer of cells Simple – one layer of cells
Stratified – more than one layer of cells Stratified – more than one layer of cells
Classifications of Classifications of
Epithelia
Epithelia
Classifications of Classifications of
Epithelia Epithelia
Last name of tissue describes shape Last name of tissue describes shape of cells
of cells
Squamous – cells wider than Squamous – cells wider than tall (plate or “scale” like)
tall (plate or “scale” like)
Cuboidal – cells are as wide as Cuboidal – cells are as wide as tall, as in cubes
tall, as in cubes
Columnar – cells are taller than Columnar – cells are taller than
they are wide, like columns
they are wide, like columns
Naming Epithelia Naming Epithelia
Naming the epithelia includes both the layers Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and the shape of the cells (second)
(first) and the shape of the cells (second)
i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
The name may also include any accessory The name may also include any accessory structures
structures
Goblet cells Goblet cells
Cilia Cilia
Keratin Keratin
Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming convention)
convention)
Psuedostratified Psuedostratified
Transitional Transitional
Simple Squamous Simple Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
nuclei
Special types Special types
Endothelium (inner covering) Endothelium (inner covering)
slick lining of hollow organs slick lining of hollow organs
Mesothelium (middle covering) Mesothelium (middle covering)
Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
cavities
Covers visceral organs of those cavities Covers visceral organs of those cavities
Simple Squamous Simple Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Function Function
Passage of materials by passive diffusion and Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
filtration
Secretes lubricating substances in serous Secretes lubricating substances in serous membranes
membranes
Location Location
Renal corpuscles Renal corpuscles
Alveoli of lungs Alveoli of lungs
Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae/serous Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae/serous memb.)
memb.)
Simple Squamous Simple Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Simple squamous
lining the walls of the
capillary
If it’s from a
mesothelial lining
Simple Cuboidal Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
single layer of cube-like cells with large, single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
spherical central nuclei
Function Function
secretion and absorption secretion and absorption
Location Location
kidney tubules, secretory portions of small kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
glands, ovary surface
Simple Cuboidal Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium
Epithelium
Simple Columnar Simple Columnar
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
single layer of column-shaped single layer of column-shaped
(rectangular) cells with oval nuclei (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
Some bear cilia at their apical surface Some bear cilia at their apical surface
May contain goblet cells May contain goblet cells
Function Function
Absorption; secretion of mucus, Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances enzymes, and other substances
Ciliated type propels mucus or Ciliated type propels mucus or
reproductive cells by ciliary action
reproductive cells by ciliary action
Simple Columnar Simple Columnar
Epithelium Epithelium
Location Location
Non-ciliated form Non-ciliated form
Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
some glands
Ciliated form Ciliated form
Lines small bronchi, Lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and uterus
uterine tubes, and uterus
Pseudostratified Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium Columnar Epithelium
Description Description
All cells originate at basement membrane All cells originate at basement membrane
Only tall cells reach the apical surface Only tall cells reach the apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
Gives false impression of stratification Gives false impression of stratification
Function Function
secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
by cilia
Pseudostratified Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium Columnar Epithelium
Locations Locations
Non-ciliated type Non-ciliated type
Ducts of male Ducts of male
reproductive tubes reproductive tubes
Ducts of large Ducts of large glands
glands
Ciliated variety Ciliated variety
Lines trachea and Lines trachea and most of upper
most of upper
respiratory tract
respiratory tract
Stratified Epithelia Stratified Epithelia
Contain two or more layers of cells Contain two or more layers of cells
Regenerate from below Regenerate from below
Major role is protection Major role is protection
Are named according to the Are named according to the shape of shape of cells at apical layer
cells at apical layer
Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
Many layers of cells – squamous in Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
or columnar
Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for protection
protection
Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Specific types Specific types
Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body openings
openings
Function Function
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
abrasion
Location Location
Keratinized – forms epidermis Keratinized – forms epidermis
Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and vagina
mouth, and vagina
Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous
Epithelium Epithelium
Non-keratinized vs.
Keratinized
Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
generally two generally two layers of cube- layers of cube- shaped cells shaped cells
Function Function
protection protection
Location Location
Forms largest ducts Forms largest ducts of sweat glands
of sweat glands
Forms ducts of Forms ducts of
mammary glands
mammary glands
and salivary glands
and salivary glands
Stratified Columnar Stratified Columnar
Epithelium Epithelium
Description Description
several layers; basal several layers; basal cells usually
cells usually
cuboidal; superficial cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
cells elongated
Function Function
protection and protection and secretion
secretion
Location Location
Rare tissue type Rare tissue type
Found in male Found in male urethra and vas urethra and vas deferens, largest deferens, largest ducts of salivary ducts of salivary
glands, nasopharynx
glands, nasopharynx
Transitional Epithelium Transitional Epithelium
Description Description
Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar
Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous
Function Function
stretches and permits distension of urinary stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder
bladder
Location Location
Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra
urethra
Transitional Epithelium Transitional Epithelium
Relaxed state
Stretched
state
Glandular Epithelium Glandular Epithelium
Ducts carry products of exocrine Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
glands to epithelial surface
Include the following diverse glands Include the following diverse glands
Mucus-secreting glands Mucus-secreting glands
Sweat and oil glands Sweat and oil glands
Salivary glands Salivary glands
Liver and pancreas Liver and pancreas
May be: unicellular or multicellular May be: unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular Exocrine Unicellular Exocrine
Glands Glands
(The Goblet Cell) (The Goblet Cell)
Goblet cells Goblet cells
produce mucin produce mucin
Mucin + water Mucin + water mucus
mucus
Protects and Protects and
lubricates many lubricates many
internal body internal body
surfaces
surfaces
Multicellular Exocrine Multicellular Exocrine
Glands Glands
Have two basic parts Have two basic parts
Epithelium-walled duct Epithelium-walled duct
Secretory unit Secretory unit
Classified by structure of duct Classified by structure of duct
Simple Simple
Compound Compound
Categorized by secretory unit Categorized by secretory unit
Tubular Tubular
Alveolar Alveolar
Tubuloalveolar Tubuloalveolar
Types of Multicellular Types of Multicellular
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Vs. Endocrine Exocrine Vs. Endocrine
Glands Glands
Endocrine Gland Characteristics: Endocrine Gland Characteristics:
Ductless glands Ductless glands
Secrete substances directly into Secrete substances directly into bloodstream
bloodstream
Produce molecules called hormones Produce molecules called hormones
Which is
Which?
Basal Feature: The Basal Basal Feature: The Basal
Lamina Lamina
Noncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium Noncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
and the connective tissue deep to it
Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells
Functions: Functions:
Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
capillaries enter the epithelium
Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial cells Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial cells can migrate
can migrate
Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying connective tissue form the basement membrane
connective tissue form the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomal junctions… holding it Hemidesmosomal junctions… holding it all down!
all down!
Epithelial Surface Epithelial Surface
Features Features
Apical surface features Apical surface features
Microvilli – finger-like extensions of Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
plasma membrane
Abundant in epithelia of small intestine Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
and kidney
Maximize surface area across which Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter or leave
small molecules enter or leave
Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
Epithelial Surface Epithelial Surface
Features Features
Apical surface features Apical surface features
Cilia – whip-like, highly motile Cilia – whip-like, highly motile
extensions of apical surface membranes extensions of apical surface membranes
Contains a core of nine pairs of Contains a core of nine pairs of
microtubules encircling one middle pair microtubules encircling one middle pair
Axoneme – a set of microtubules Axoneme – a set of microtubules
Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet
doublet
Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles
cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles
Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
A Cilium
A Cilium
Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
Most diverse and abundant tissue Most diverse and abundant tissue
Main classes Main classes
Connective tissue proper Connective tissue proper
Cartilage Cartilage
Bone tissue Bone tissue
Blood Blood
Components of connective tissue: Components of connective tissue:
Cells (varies according to tissue) Cells (varies according to tissue)
Matrix Matrix
Fibers (varies according to tissue) Fibers (varies according to tissue)
Ground substance (varies according to tissue) Ground substance (varies according to tissue)
dermatin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin sulfate, dermatin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate…
chondroitin sulfate…
Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme
Classes of Connective Classes of Connective
Tissue
Tissue
Connective Tissue Model Connective Tissue Model
Areolar connective tissue Areolar connective tissue
Underlies epithelial tissue Underlies epithelial tissue
Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
Has structures and functions shared by other Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues
connective tissues
Borders all other tissues in the body Borders all other tissues in the body
Structures within areolar connective tissue Structures within areolar connective tissue allow:
allow:
Support and binding of other tissues Support and binding of other tissues
Holding body fluids Holding body fluids
Defending body against infection Defending body against infection
Storing nutrients as fat Storing nutrients as fat
Connective Tissue Proper Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Areolar
Reticular Reticular
Adipose Adipose
Dense Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue
Regular Regular
Irregular Irregular
Elastic Elastic
Areolar Connective Areolar Connective
Tissue Tissue
Description Description
Gel-like matrix with: Gel-like matrix with:
all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for support all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for support
Ground substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and Ground substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and screted by the fibroblasts.
screted by the fibroblasts.
Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
cells
Function Function
Wraps and cushions organs Wraps and cushions organs
Holds and conveys tissue fluid Holds and conveys tissue fluid
Important role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight Important role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight against infection
against infection
Defenders gather at infection sites Defenders gather at infection sites
Macrophages Macrophages
Plasma cells Plasma cells
Mast cells Mast cells
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
Areolar Connective Areolar Connective
Tissue Tissue
Location Location
Widely distributed under epithelia Widely distributed under epithelia
Packages organs Packages organs
Surrounds capillaries Surrounds capillaries
Adipose Tissue Adipose Tissue
Description Description
Closely packed adipocytes Closely packed adipocytes
Have nucleus pushed to Have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet one side by fat droplet
Function Function
Provides reserve food fuel Provides reserve food fuel
Insulates against heat loss Insulates against heat loss
Supports and protects Supports and protects organs
organs
Location Location
Under skin Under skin
Around kidneys Around kidneys
Behind eyeballs, within Behind eyeballs, within
abdomen and in breasts
abdomen and in breasts
Reticular Connective Reticular Connective
Tissue Tissue
Description – Description –
network of reticular network of reticular
fibers in loose ground fibers in loose ground
substance substance
Function – form a Function – form a
soft, internal skeleton soft, internal skeleton
(stroma) – supports (stroma) – supports
other cell types other cell types
Location – lymphoid Location – lymphoid organs
organs
Lymph nodes, bone Lymph nodes, bone
marrow, and spleen
marrow, and spleen
Dense Irregular Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
Description Description
Primarily Primarily irregularly irregularly arranged collagen fibers arranged collagen fibers
Some elastic fibers and Some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
fibroblasts
Function Function
Withstands tension Withstands tension
Provides structural strength Provides structural strength
Location Location
Dermis of skin Dermis of skin
Submucosa of digestive Submucosa of digestive tract
tract
Fibrous capsules of joints Fibrous capsules of joints and organs
and organs
Dense Regular Dense Regular Connective Tissue Connective Tissue
Description Description
Primarily Primarily parallel parallel collagen fibers collagen fibers
Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers
Poorly vascularized Poorly vascularized
Function Function
Attaches muscle to bone Attaches muscle to bone
Attaches bone to bone Attaches bone to bone
Withstands great stress in Withstands great stress in one direction
one direction
Location Location
Tendons and ligaments Tendons and ligaments
Aponeuroses Aponeuroses
Fascia around muscles Fascia around muscles
Cartilage Cartilage
Characteristics: Characteristics:
Firm, flexible tissue Firm, flexible tissue
Contains no blood vessels or nerves Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Matrix contains up to 80% water Matrix contains up to 80% water
Cell type – chondrocyte Cell type – chondrocyte
Types: Types:
Hyaline Hyaline
Elastic Elastic
Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage
Description Description
Imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = Imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)
glassy)
Chodroblasts produce matrix Chodroblasts produce matrix
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
Function Function
Supports and reinforces Supports and reinforces
Resilient cushion Resilient cushion
Resists repetitive stress Resists repetitive stress
Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage
Location Location
Fetal skeleton Fetal skeleton
Ends of long bones Ends of long bones
Costal cartilage of ribs Costal cartilage of ribs
Cartilages of nose, Cartilages of nose,
trachea, and larynx
trachea, and larynx
Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
Description Description
Similar to hyaline cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage
More elastic fibers in matrix More elastic fibers in matrix
Function Function
Maintains shape of structure Maintains shape of structure
Allows great flexibility Allows great flexibility
Location Location
Supports external ear Supports external ear
Epiglottis Epiglottis
Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage
Description Description
Matrix similar, but less firm than hyaline cartilage Matrix similar, but less firm than hyaline cartilage
Thick collagen fibers predominate Thick collagen fibers predominate
Function Function
Tensile strength and ability Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive
to absorb compressive shock
shock
Location Location
Intervertebral discs Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis
Discs of knee joint Discs of knee joint
Bone Tissue Bone Tissue
Function Function
Supports and Supports and protects organs protects organs
Provides levers and Provides levers and attachment site for attachment site for muscles
muscles
Stores calcium and Stores calcium and other minerals
other minerals
Stores fat Stores fat
Marrow is site for Marrow is site for blood cell formation blood cell formation
Location Location
Bones Bones
Blood Tissue Blood Tissue
Description Description
red and white blood cells red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
in a fluid matrix
Function Function
transport of respiratory transport of respiratory
gases, nutrients, and wastes gases, nutrients, and wastes
Location Location
within blood vessels within blood vessels
Characteristics Characteristics
An atypical connective tissue An atypical connective tissue
Develops from mesenchyme Develops from mesenchyme
Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
Covering and Lining Covering and Lining
Membranes Membranes
Combine epithelial tissues and Combine epithelial tissues and connective tissues
connective tissues
Cover broad areas within body Cover broad areas within body
Consist of epithelial sheet plus Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue
underlying connective tissue
Three Types of Three Types of
Membranes Membranes
Cutaneous membrane – skin Cutaneous membrane – skin
Mucous membrane Mucous membrane
Lines hollow organs that open to surface of Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body body
An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria
lamina propria
Serous membrane – slippery membranes Serous membrane – slippery membranes
Simple squamous epithelium lying on Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
Line closed cavities Line closed cavities
Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
Covering and Lining Covering and Lining
Membranes
Membranes
Covering and Lining Covering and Lining
Membranes
Membranes
Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue
Types Types
Skeletal muscle tissue Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Characteristics Characteristics
Long, cylindrical cells Long, cylindrical cells
Multinucleate Multinucleate
Obvious striations Obvious striations
Function Function
Voluntary movement Voluntary movement
Manipulation of Manipulation of environment
environment
Facial expression Facial expression
Location Location
Skeletal muscles attached to bones Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
(occasionally to skin)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Function Function
Contracts to propel blood into circulatory Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
system
Characteristics Characteristics
Branching cells Branching cells
Uninucleate Uninucleate
Intercalated discs Intercalated discs
Location Location
Occurs in walls of heart Occurs in walls of heart
Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue
Characteristics Characteristics
Spindle-shaped cells with Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
central nuclei
Arranged closely to form Arranged closely to form sheets
sheets
No striations No striations
Function Function
Propels substances along Propels substances along internal passageways
internal passageways
Involuntary control Involuntary control
Location Location
Mostly walls of hollow organs Mostly walls of hollow organs
Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue
Function Function
Transmit electrical signals Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to from sensory receptors to
effectors effectors
Location Location
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Description Description
Main components are brain, Main components are brain, spinal cord, and nerves
spinal cord, and nerves
Contains two types of cells Contains two types of cells
Neurons – excitatory cells Neurons – excitatory cells
