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Understanding Mutual Funds
1) Mutual Fund Definition
A mutual fund is a company that pools investors' money and invests on behalf of the investors. You can think of a mutual fund as a company that raises money from a group of people and invests their money in stocks, bonds, and other securities. Each investor owns units, which represent a portion of the holdings of the fund. Mutual funds are managed by professional fund managers who create specific portfolios with regards to the investment objectives.
2) Regulation Related to Mutual
Funds
In Nepal, Mutual Funds are governed by: • The Mutual Fund Regulations, 2067
(2010 A.D.)
• The Mutual Fund Directive, 2069 (2012 A.D.).
3) Fund Ownership
Mutual funds raise their funds from the general public and institutions. Each mutual fund investor is a "unit holder" of
the mutual fund scheme. All unit holders share in the funds’ gains and losses on an equal basis, proportionately to the amount they've invested. Investors are entitled to gains and losses realized on the entire portfolio, not to any individual security the fund is invested in.
4) Types of Mutual Funds
• Closed-End Funds
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• Open-End Funds
o An open-end fund is one that is available for subscription all through the year and is not listed on the stock exchanges. Investors have the flexibility to buy or sell any part of their investment at any time at a price linked to the fund's Net Asset Value (NAV). Open-end funds do not have restrictions on the amount of shares the fund will issue. If demand is high enough, the fund will continue to issue shares no matter how many investors there are. Open-end funds also buy back shares when investors wish to sell.
5) Fund Size
The corpus or the fund size differs from scheme to scheme. The corpus is fixed in case of closed-end fund. In the present Nepalese context, fund sizes usually range from around Rs. 600 million to Rs. 1 billion.
6) Asset Allocation
In the Nepalese context, Mutual Fund Companies will invest in a combination of or in all the following instruments as stipulated by Rule 34 of prevailing Mutual fund Regulation:
• Securities registered with SEBON • Securities called for public offering • Securities listed in Stock Exchange
• Debentures, treasure Bills and other instruments of money market issued by Government of Nepal or Government Agencies receiving full guarantee or protection of Government of Nepal or NRB
• Bank Deposits
• Money Markets Instruments
• Other areas prescribed by the SEBON
7) Management of Mutual Funds
A Mutual Fund's investments are chosen and monitored by a qualified fund manager who buys and sells securities for the most effective growth of the fund. The fund manager works on behalf of the unit holders and works on their interest.
8) Structure of a Mutual Fund
• Fund Sponsor
3 certain other restrictions. In the present context, Fund Sponsors are “A Class” Commercial Banks, as an example, Nepal Investment Bank Ltd.
• Fund Supervisor
o The Fund Sponsor appoints at least five people from different fields with relevant qualifications as Fund Supervisors, having complete faith and trust of the public. The primary function of the Fund Supervisor asides from the supervision of the fund is to protect the Unit holder’s interest.
• Fund Manager
o The Fund Sponsor, with the consent of the Fund Supervisor appoints the Fund Manager. The primary functions of the Fund Manager are to create the mutual fund scheme and to manage and invest the assets of the scheme in an efficient manner.
• Depository
o The Fund Manager appoints the Depository, with consent from the Fund Supervisor. The primary functions of the Depository are to maintain the record of the units, perform their transfer deed and to perform safe keeping of securities under the scheme.
9) Net Asset Value (NAV)
The Net Asset Value (NAV) indicates the underlying value of the mutual fund. The NAV is calculated by the mutual fund company. It shows how much each investor would receive if the mutual fund portfolio was to be liquidated and all liabilities were paid off.
The following formula is used to calculate the NAV: NAV = Fund Assets – Fund Liabilities
Total shares outstanding
In case of open-end mutual funds, shares of the mutual fund are sold and bought at the NAV price.
4 • NEPSE trading price at a premium to NAV – If the NEPSE price is above the NAV as
calculated by the mutual fund company, then the mutual fund is said to be trading at a premium.
o Reasons why mutual funds trade at a premium:
Increase in demand and decrease in supply of the mutual fund Highly regarded Fund manager
Trust that Fund manager makes good investment decisions and that he/she can continue such a trend in the long run
Expectation that the assets of the fund will perform well in the future • NEPSE trading price at a discount to NAV – If the NEPSE price is below the NAV, then
the mutual fund is said to be trading at a discount.
o Reasons why mutual funds trade at a discount:
Decrease in demand and increase in supply of the mutual fund Mediocre investment decision of the fund manager
Grim outlook of NEPSE
Expectation that the assets of the fund will under-perform in the future
10) How Investors Get Returns
The mutual fund company pays out dividends annually. Further, when the mutual fund scheme matures, the assets of the fund are liquidated and the realized profits are distributed amongst the holders of the mutual fund units.
11)Why Mutual Funds Are a Better Option Than Any Other Investment Vehicle
• Diversification - Depending on its scheme, a mutual fund portfolio consists of a variety
of securities. This mix of securities leads to the offsetting of losses on certain securities by gains in other securities. This diversifying away of risk leads to better returns in the long run.
• Cheaper Portfolio Construction - One can enjoy benefits of a portfolio of securities at
a cheaper price. For an investor to get benefits of the same exact mix of securities will cost more than buying mutual fund units.
• Professional Financial Management - The fund is managed by an experienced and
5 done to create the best mix of securities for the mutual fund portfolio. Hence, investors are better protected against adverse effects of the economy.
• High Liquidity - High Liquidity in closed end and open end mutual funds. Closed end
funds can be traded in the Nepalese Stock Market, which ensures high liquidity. Open end units can be sold to the mutual fund itself, which ensures high liquidity. So, investors do not have to worry about illiquidity in context of mutual funds.
• Tax Benefits - Tax benefits are being currently proposed to the Nepalese Government.
12)Can NRNs Invest in Mutual Funds?
